Use Of Steganography Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Fuzzy Logic-Based Key Exchange Protocol in Medical Image Cryptographic Protection Scheme

Images may be protected from hackers and attackers with the use of steganography. The rapid expansion of the internet has led to the widespread distribution of vast quantities of multimedia content, including photos, movies, and audio files, via various online platforms. To ensure the safety of sensitive information while it is in transit and upon receipt, a high degree of security is required. During the patient scanning procedure, hospitals and scan centers save many pictures of patients on personal computers. Protection from strangers who may see the patients' scanned photos would be necessary for this. Therefore, scan centers and hospitals all over the globe rely heavily on medical image security. The proposed technique includes Fuzzy Logic-Based Key Exchange Protocol in Medical Image Cryptographic Protection Scheme. To provide the utmost protection for the medical pictures, the cover image incorporates the secret image. At the outset, we standardize the cover and hidden photos. The cover image for this thesis might be a picture of nature or a benchmark; the hidden image, on the other hand, is a medical image in grayscale or binary format. After that, the normalized picture is processed using DWT. The hidden picture is embedded into the cover image using a fuzzy-based edge-related steganography approach, which uses these altered coefficients. To get the stego image, the embedded picture is normalized in the reverse direction. Additionally, this study suggests DT-CWT transform based picture security. Part one of the suggested approach to picture security is image steganography, and part two is picture cryptography. Module 1 uses the DT-CWT transform to fuse the coefficients of the cover picture with the hidden image. After that, the steganography picture is subjected to module 2, which is based on the IE calculation. Analysis of experimental data for the suggested picture security approach revealed improved outcomes for encrypted communication.

Implementasi Aplikasi Steganografi Berbasis Web Menggunakan Algoritma LSB dan BPCS

Steganography is a method for concealing sensitive information in seemingly unremarkable data. In recent years, the use of steganography in web applications has become popular due to its accessibility and ability to conceal data in various types of media. Implementing a web-based steganography program that makes use of the Bit-Plane Complexity and Least Significant Bit algorithms is the aim of this project. To enable users to access the application through a browser, the system is constructed utilizing web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript during the design phase. The LSB and BPCS algorithms are employed as methods to embed secret data into user-selected images. The least significant bit of each image pixel is utilized to hold a secret piece of information using the straightforward steganography technique known as LSB. On the other hand, BPCS is a more complex steganography method that combines spatial and frequency domain analysis to hide data within high-quality images. The findings of this study show that the technique of hiding sensitive information within photos is successfully implemented by the web-based steganography program employing the LSB and BPCS algorithms.

Survey in Image and Audio Steganography by using the Deep Learning Methods

Steganography is the practise of secretly encoding information into another medium (called a cover media) such that its existence cannot be identified. Steganography is the method that is utilised to successfully do this task. Through the use of digital image steganography, one is able to achieve the capacity of secure communication, which is vital in the bulk of the applications that are now being created. The use of steganography is applicable in a wide variety of advantageous settings. Its ascent to the forefront of current security systems may be attributed to a confluence of factors, including a phenomenal rise in processing power and a heightened awareness among individuals of the need of safeguarding their personal information. When it comes to the creation of a steganographic method, the most significant challenge that must be surmounted is finding the optimal balance between quality and quantity. The method is distinguished from linked systems like encryption and watermarking by its ability to embed information, as well as by the fact that it cannot be seen by the human eye. This article presents a thorough examination and analysis of some contemporary steganographic methods that are regarded as state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, we have included an in-depth discussion of the most important steganographic technologies now available. Recent steganographic techniques that are based on deep learning have been enhanced, which has enabled the resolution of issues that were previously present

Personalized Context-Aware Authentication Protocols in IoT

The IoT is a specific type of network with its own communication challenges. There are a multitude of low-power devices monitoring the environment. Thus, the need for authentication may be addressed by many available sensors but should be performed on the fly and use the personal characteristics of the device’s owner. Thus, a review and a study of the available authentication methods were performed for use in such a context, and as a result, a preliminary algorithm was proposed as a solution. The algorithm utilizes a variety of independent factors, including the user’s personal characteristics, knowledge, the context in which the authentication is taking place, and the use of steganography, to authenticate users in the dispersed environment. This algorithm encodes all of these factors into a single data vector, which is then used to verify the user’s identity or as a digital signature. Using this personalized context-aware protocol, it is possible to increase the reliability of authentication, given the emphasis on usability in low-computing-power but highly sensor-infused environments and devices. Although more testing is needed to optimize it as an industry solution, personalized protocols seem to have a future in the IoT world.

Efficiently Secure Data Communications Based on CBC-RC6 and the Overflow Field of Timestamp Option in an IPv4 Packet

In recent times, many researchers have directed their research efforts towards increasing the privacy and security requirements in the wireless communication networks area. The reason for this is the inappropriateness of using traditional security processes for reliable, efficient, and robust communication over networks that are not secured. Thus, this study contributes to the enhancement of security in wireless communication networks by proposing the use of steganography combined with cryptography so that secret information can be sent using IPv4 as cover to conceal secret messages, thereby, securing the messages. Steganography is described as the process of concealing secret data in a way that it cannot be traced by an intruder. Here, the intruder is unable to detect any modifications made to the original media. Meanwhile, cryptography is referred to as the process through which plain text can be converted into ciphertext to enable the transmission of data through certain channels of communication in a format that cannot be read by a normal user. Network Steganography is a mechanism that involves the use of protocols for communication that control the path of the channel via the network. Initially, the TCP/IP protocols have been a good candidate for network steganography, due to the many benefits that can be derived from its use. One of such benefits is that allows the creation of a variety of concealed channels that can be used for secret communication. In order to enable communication over the network, the use of Cryptographically Secure Pseudo-Random Number Generator (CSPRNG) is employed in the proposed system so that the encryption/decryption key can be generated. The initial step in our study involves encrypting the secret data that needs to be protected, and this is achieved through the use of the CBC-RC6 cryptographic algorithm. After the encryption has been successfully performed, a covert channel is created for the encrypted data through the use of the Overflow field of the Timestamp option of IPv4. With this method, debugging and measurement over networks is carried out using the timestamp option, and the aim of this is to build storage-based network steganography. One of the strategies used in this work to deter the possible detection of covert communication is the deployment of legal overflow data.

Сurrent state and prospects of steganography development in telecommunication systems

At present, it is necessary to ensure stable, continuous and hidden transmission of information, so it is advisable to consider the hiding of the very fact of the transmission of the message. Thus, the risk of access to information with limited access is significantly reduced. Along with this, additional messages can be encrypted. Thus, steganography is a science that provides information exchange in such a way that the very fact of the existence of a confidential message is hidden. It complements cryptography (data encryption) with another level of security rather than replacing it. To date, the use of steganography involves a number of methods for protecting information resources. It is divided into linguistic and technical. In turn, linguistic steganography is divided into: semagrams, open codes and closed ciphers. Technical steganography is divided into stego-text, stego-audio, stego-video and stego-image. For this purpose, such message carriers as images, text, audio or video are used. The media message and message (information) that needs to be hidden is broken down into bits, and these bits of information are hidden in each bit (in bits) of the media message. The information is encrypted by changing the different properties of the message carrier. Technical steganography uses special methods of signal protection, which it is advisable to implement in promising departmental means of digital communication. One of the ways to increase the hidden fact of the transmission of digital message by steganographic methods is the use of streamlined electromagnetic steganography. This concept involves the transmission of a low-power digital signal simultaneously with the radiation of a significantly more powerful legitimate source. Such a source, for example, can be a digital broadcasting transmitter. The hiding message transmission algorithm consists of three main stages: 1) the formation of electromagnetic radiation containing a hidden message 2) the additive linear addition of electromagnetic radiation containing a hidden message and stream electromagnetic container in space, 3) the demodulation of the total signal, followed by the release of the hidden message. Electromagnetic steganography, as an independent branch in the general theory of stego, with the creation of the theory of multiplayer detection has the prospects of qualitatively new development. The approaches of this theory allow to mask the hidden message not by reducing the spectral power density due to the use of broadband signals, but by ensuring the possibility of concealment of the ocular spectrum of the hidden message emitter under the ambient energy spectrum of radiation.

Approaches of Steganography & its Applications

Steganography is a science of hiding the presence of data so that it remains safe from intruders. In modern communication scenarios, the use of steganography is very valuable. It can protect the insecurity of wireless communication channels and having enough capability to surprise intruders. In this paper, a brief introduction of steganography along with its association to cryptography is discussed and we believe that it will be very helpful in the development of security protocols for various applications.

Securing matrix counting-based secret-sharing involving crypto steganography

The privacy and confidentiality of our data are more fundamental to our existence than ever, especially with our growing dependence on online services and the transfer of information, be it for convenience or the unfortunate COVID 19 pandemic. Traditional security measures such as cryptography and steganography are essential. However, they are not sufficient anymore as when one party maintains complete control over the data, they may intentionally, or not, lose or reveal it. Thus, secret sharing schemes were introduced to address applications that require collective agreement by authorized personnel to access or modify, such as missile launching, sophisticated medical agreements, or high-level bank transfers. In standard secret sharing, the target key is distributed among several authorized participants in a way that only the intended group of them are needed to reconstruct the original target key. These schemes became popular as they fortified the security of both cryptography and steganography and accomplished extraordinary results combined with each. This work focuses on two particular secret sharing techniques known as counting-based secret sharing and matrix-based secret sharing, which is based on the former. These methods are simple and intuitive. Consequently, they are prone to attacks that may result in the successful guessing of the key. In this work, not only are the shares hidden but they are also encrypted beforehand so that should they be intercepted, the adversary cannot decipher them. In other words, two layers of security are added to the secret-sharing method: steganography and cryptography. We studied two image steganography methods: least significant bit (LSB) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT), each combined with XOR encryption for security and robustness acceptability verification. The research results demonstrated that the use of steganography and encryption along with the matrix-based secret sharing did not affect the quality of operation nor compromised the security of information presenting attractive remarks.

Steganography uses a Pixel Algorithm to Hide Image

Steganography is a way of hiding data in the context of an image, preventing a person from finding it by mistake. This is an explicit text file with an image file. Due to the need for steganography, we have proposed a new algorithm called the use of steganography. In our algorithm, we should have a cover and a message. It can be pixel-for-pixel in an image. In it, we will have to use every bit of encryption. This process will continue until the final track of encryption. After this step, the data is hidden in the image. We will send the image file to the client, and the client will need to change the process to download the source code to the image.

Enhanced Security Framework for Internet Banking Services

This research, Enhanced Security Framework for Internet Banking Services is aimed at developing a suitable framework, a system based on consolidating two algorithms, improved RSA with LSB steganography capable of providing secure transmission of customer Internet banking credentials as this is imperative since the online transactions are carried out using public networks that are vulnerable to varying forms of cyber threats and attacks on data confidentiality, integrity and authenticity. In conducting this research, a thorough analysis of the existing banking system used by most banks such as First bank, Stanbic IBTC and UBA, the FINACLE 10.8 and intellect(TM) PRIVACY security system used by POLARIS bank was carried out in order to ascertain the existing security features while at the same time, reviewing the existing, current Internet banking security models in a bid to concretely establish the gaps filled by this research. The data gathered for this research were collected using the key informant interview method (KIIM), visiting banks IT unit and observation of operational procedures and other technicalities as regards Internet security. Lecture notes, newsletters and journal articles relating to Internet banking security were thoroughly reviewed. It was however found that the existing applications were unable to stop offline credential stealing attacks, were also vulnerable to malicious attacks when credentials are stored on customer PCs. Hence, the use of steganography in this research to consolidate cryptographic algorithms (beginning from the use of PKI-cards on card readers). In building the system, the OOAD approach was used with tools such as Class Diagram, Sequence Diagram, DFDs, and UML use cases to capture the system functionalities in a bid to come up with a successful design. MATLAB R2015a was used to process images imported from JAVA platform and analysis carried out on five (5) standard gray USC-SIPI images of size 512 × 512tiff formats as data sets selected to conceal customer data after encryption by the RSA technique yielding very high PSNR and very low MSE values as required for a secure credential transmission.

Steganography Using Bin-Walk Tool & Its Overview

In this paper, a detailed overview on steganography & its Types, tools, techniques is conducted to study and look over them. This research involves the steganography using binwalk tool in the Necromancer. Necromancer is the vulnerable virtual machine, in order to gain the root access of VM (Virtual Machine) there are 11 flags to collect on the way, Few flags are found by using the Binwalk tool, to know the hint behind image, so we have used an Image steganography in one of flag of Necromancer. Flags are nothing but any encrypted code. Steganography refers to the act of camouflage the secret data within any image, audio, video in order to avoid the detection. The secret data is then extracted at its destination. The use of steganography are often combined with encryption as an additional step for hiding or protecting data.

Steganalysis of Quantization Index Modulation Steganography in G.723.1 Codec

Steganalysis is used for preventing the illegal use of steganography to ensure the security of network communication through detecting whether or not secret information is hidden in the carrier. This paper presents an approach to detect the quantization index modulation (QIM) of steganography in G.723.1 based on the analysis of the probability of occurrence of index values before and after steganography and studying the influence of adjacent index values in voice over internet protocol (VoIP). According to the change of index value distribution characteristics, this approach extracts the distribution probability matrix and the transition probability matrix as feature vectors, and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality. Through a large amount of sample training, the support vector machine (SVM) is designed as a classifier to detect the QIM steganography. The speech samples with different embedding rates and different durations were tested to verify their impact on the accuracy of the steganalysis. The experimental results show that the proposed approach improves the accuracy and reliability of the steganalysis.

RETRACTED: A hybrid security strategy (HS2) for reliable video streaming in fog computing

Abstract Recently, digital communication and storage over the Internet through the cloud have increased in a rapid manner. Accordingly, data security becomes a vital issue as there are many hackers who want to steal or alter others’ private data. Fog computing comes to secure and facilitate the connection to the cloud. It works as an intermediary between the cloud and the peripheral devices. Accordingly, the channel between the fog and those devices must be secured against attacks. Many efforts have been done to secure the fog through the use of steganography to embed important data into a cover digital medium and cryptography to encrypt the data into a meaningless form. As steganography and cryptography have their own advantages, combining them into a hybrid system will certainly promote the security level. Video steganography uses video as a cover media for hiding secret data as video streaming over internet is very popular and common that cannot be doubted by intruders. The advantage of using video files as a cover is that they are more secure against hacker attacks due to their relative complexity compared to other multimedia types and the data redundancy which permits to embed large amount of secret data. In this paper a new hybrid security strategy (HS2) merging the advantages of both cryptography and steganography for securing the fog has been proposed. HS2 embeds a secret image into a video as the host medium. HS2 has two main contributions. The first is a new encryption technique that depends on α-blocks of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) merged with an adder/subtractor to generate a strong secret key for each block. All blocks outputs are combined using a nonlinear function to construct the final key. Such generated key will be XORed with the secret image to produce the encrypted secret image. The second contribution is a new steganography methodology based on an enhanced discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) to embed the encrypted secret image into a cover video. Experimental results and security analysis have shown that the proposed HS2 outperforms recent security strategies and resist common attacks when applied to the fog environment.

Perancangan dan Analisis Kinerja Steganography pada MPEG SAOC Menggunakan Improved Spread Spectrum

Object-based audio technology is important for audio reproduction because of providing the users with an ability to change the audio composition. As a result, MPEG Spatial Audio Object Coding (SAOC) as an international standard for encoding object-based audio has been widely used in many applications. However, the object-based audio transmission scheme is different than conventional audio transmission technology, so the use of steganography in MPEG SAOC needs to be further studied. In this work, a steganography technique has been developed based on Improved Spread Spectrum (ISS). There are two embedding configurations used in this study: embedding on MPEG SAOC audio objects and embedding on MPEG SAOC downmix signals. The performance of these two embedding configurations was analyzed by measuring ISS embedding capacity. As a comparison to the ISS method on channel-based audio, the ISS is also applied to Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). Based on the experiments, the embedding capacity of both proposed configurations varies depending on the bandwidth of audio signals. However, the downmix signal has a capacity of 20% higher than the audio objects. Moreover, the ISS embedding capacity on the MPEG SAOC downmix signal is similar to the embedding capacity on the AAC. 

A hybrid security strategy (HS2) for reliable video streaming in fog computing

Recently, digital communication and storage over the Internet through the cloud have increased in a rapid manner. Accordingly, data security becomes a vital issue as there are many hackers who want to steal or alter others’ private data. Fog computing comes to secure and facilitate the connection to the cloud. It works as an intermediary between the cloud and the peripheral devices. Accordingly, the channel between the fog and those devices must be secured against attacks. Many efforts have been done to secure the fog through the use of steganography to embed important data into a cover digital medium and cryptography to encrypt the data into a meaningless form. As steganography and cryptography have their own advantages, combining them into a hybrid system will certainly promote the security level. Video steganography uses video as a cover media for hiding secret data as video streaming over internet is very popular and common that cannot be doubted by intruders. The advantage of using video files as a cover is that they are more secure against hacker attacks due to their relative complexity compared to other multimedia types and the data redundancy which permits to embed large amount of secret data. In this paper a new hybrid security strategy (HS2) merging the advantages of both cryptography and steganography for securing the fog has been proposed. HS2 embeds a secret image into a video .mp4 as the host medium. HS2 has two main contributions. The first is a new encryption technique that depends on α-blocks of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) merged with an adder/subtractor to generate a strong secret key for each block. All blocks outputs are combined using a nonlinear function to construct the final key. Such generated key will be XORed with the secret image to produce the encrypted secret image. The second contribution is a new steganography methodology based on an enhanced discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) to embed the encrypted secret image into a cover video. Experimental results and security analysis have shown that the proposed HS2 outperforms recent security strategies and resist common attacks when applied to the fog environment.

Securing Information for Commercial File Sharing by Combining Raster Graphic a nd Vector Graphic Stseganographies

Commercial applications cannot declare use of steganography as its security model so as not to spoil the norm of “hidden” secret. Proposed paper suggests a model that can withhold security even after declaration of steganography’s presence allowing applicability in commercial scope. File to be secured is compressed and converted to byte stream and hidden in both raster graphic and vector graphic cover images and encapsulated in a PDF and shared. To extract the secured file from the cover images a key is required by the party intending to receive the secured file. This key is shared by Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Key Agreement Protocol. The intended receiver extracts the file by applying steganalysis. To implement this model an android application is developed that shares files by securing it in aforesaid fashion and transferring them via Wi-Fi Direct. Most of the digital image steganography researched are based on raster graphic cover images. The proposed model is designed so that limitations present in raster and vector steganographies each can be counterfeited to produce a secure solution that can be offered in digital image steganography. This solution is suggested as security model in commercial scope.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЦИФРОВЫХ ВОДЯНЫХ ЗНАКОВ ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ

At the moment, due to the development of global networks, protection of intellectual property from illegal copying is of great importance. A lot of research is devoted to use of steganography for copyright protection. Steganographic methods not only secretly transmit information, but also solve problems of authentication noise immunity, protecting data from unauthorized copying, tracking information movement in a network and for searching it in multimedia databases. Most areas of applied mathematics are used as a tool for steganography, and the term «stego» has long been used by Internet users as an important component of modern information security technologies.

A hybrid approach to metamorphic cryptography using KIMLA and DNA concept

Increasing dependency on digital data in today's word required security in term of digital language. Some researcher advocates the use of cryptography to cope the required demand. On the other hand side some researcher advocate the use of steganography. Beauty of cryptography lies in the fact that o/p i.e., encrypted message is difficult to decode if key is unknown. On the other hand beauty of steganography lies in the fact that, secret message is hidden in such a way that it does not attract the attention of unauthorised user. In the proposed work, an effort has been made to fertilise the strength of both concept i.e., steganography and cryptography. DNA concept is used for encrypting the secured text. For hiding the message KIMLA algorithm is used. Implementation results shows that proposed algorithm is efficient in terms of providing security (robustness, payload capacity, etc.).

The Need for Steganalysis in ImageDistribution Channels

The rise of social networks during the last 10 years has created a situation in which up to 100 million new images and photographs are uploaded and shared by users every day. This environment poses an ideal background for those who wish to communicate covertly by the use of steganography. It also creates a new set of challenges for steganalysts, who have to shift their field of work away from a purely scientific laboratory environment and into a diverse real-world scenario, while at the same time having to deal with entirely new problems, such as the detection of steganographic channels or the impact that even a low false positive rate has when investigating the millions of images which are shared every day on social networks. We evaluate how to address these challenges with traditional steganographic and statistical methods, rather than using high performance computing and machine learning. To achieve this we first analyze the steganographic algorithm F5 applied to images with a high degree of diversity, as would be seen in a typical social network.We show that the biggest challenge lies in the detection of images whose payload is less then 50% of the available capacity of an image.We suggest new detection methods and apply these to the problem of channel detection in social network. We are able to show that using our attacks we are able to detect the majority of covert F5 channels after a mix containing 10 stego images has been classified by our scheme.

Review on Image Steganalysis Using INRIA Dataset

Steganography can be defined as the science of private communication while steganalysis is the science of detection of embedded messages in digital media with the use of steganography (Each of steganography and steganalysis are under much interest from media and law enforcement entities). Blind steganalysis had the attempt of differentiating steganographic images from cover images without knowing the method of steganography. Popular data-sets are common in various areas like image processing, artificial intelligent, and security which allow the researchers to validate their approaches. INRIA dataset is one type of image dataset which include Holiday, Copydays and BIGANN evaluation datasets. This paper presents study on number of researches using INRIA dataset for image/ information retrieval and especially blind image steganalysis. All these works depends on statistical properties of image. No one use machine learning tools like deep learning especially convolution neural network to detect attack in image using INRIA dataset.