Use Of Standardized Language Research Articles

Icelandic in late modernity: On language policy discourses, stylistic variation, and the fate of purism and standard language ideology

Abstract Social changes in late modernity have implications for the ways in which variation in Icelandic language use comes to be associated with different modes of communication, and for the labelling of forms in terms of “correctness” or “purity”. While a conception of “standard” still seems to prevail, there is continual transition as regards which particular linguistic traits and practices serve as manifestations of “standard language use”. A diachronic look at official language policies shows a gradual shift away from an ideal of preserving the traditional forms of Icelandic. A change took place around the turn of the millennium, with increased focus on domains of language use and the status of Icelandic as the national language. Currently, language-political discourses yet again suggest a broadened focus so that “the language” is being complemented by “the speakers” with an emphasis on human rights. Conflicts have emerged between the well-established “language-oriented” prescriptive practices, and the more recent “speaker-oriented” language planning efforts. But still the role of Icelandic as a national language and historical treasure seems to prevail, and in both camps, there are concerns that foreign languages pose a threat to Icelandic.

Penggunaan Bahasa Baku dalam Lingkup Universitas Negeri Medan di Tengah Fenomena Kedwibahasaan

This research is motivated by the lack of use of standard language among students which is influenced by the bilingual phenomenon that occurs among teenagers, especially students. In analyzing the data, researchers chose Medan State University students as research objects where data was obtained through distributing questionnaires contained in the Google Form link. This research aims to find out (1) how standard language is used among students, (2) what is the frequency of use of standard language within students, (3) what causes students to find it difficult to use standard language, and (4) what language is used more often by students. students in communicating other than standard language. The results of this research were that 8 people used standard language more often, 7 people used regional language more often and 12 people used slang more often. On average, participants chose to use slang more often than standard or regional language. This is because slang is used more often because the respondents are used to it and are often in environments where slang is also used.

FEATURE CHECKING AND SILENT NOUNS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE NOMINAL AGREEMENT

This paper presents a work on nominal concord in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) structures, such as the following: (ia) “10 ovos caipira vermelhos” (10 egg-PL caipira red-PL / ‘10 red pasture-raised eggs’) and (ia’) “10 ovos [(do TIPO) caipira] vermelhos” (10 egg-PL (of-the TYPE) caipira red-PL / ‘10 red pasture-raised eggs’). Most of the data were collected from written sources that require the use of standard language concerning agreement, id est, the redundant plural marking in the constituents of the DP able to bear inflection. That is why the morpheme -s is marked in ovos and vermelhos (ia). Being so, why is the word caipira (ia) unmarked with the plural morpheme? Following Kayne’s (2005, 2019, 2021a, 2021b), Pesetsky’s (2007, 2013), Höhn’s (2016), and Pereira’s (2016a, 2016b, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2024) approach on structures with apparent mismatch of agreement, I argue that (ia) licenses a silent noun TIPO (TYPE), preceded by the preposition de (‘of’), as illustrated in (ia’). Therefore, caipira is inflected in singular, because it agrees in number with a singular silent noun. This analysis also applies to other structures that license the silent nouns TAMANHO (SIZE), TOM (HUE), and SOBRENOME (SURNAME). As a result, there is no “unagreement”, in the phrases at stake, but agreement between the adjective and a silent noun, in the DP-internal cartography.

Patrones radiológicos en enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales

This article explores the role of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung diseases (ILD), discussing key tomographic findings, parenchymal changes, and the importance of identifying various radiological patterns, with a special focus on the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern. Given the complexity and diversity of manifestations of diffuse ILD, the collaborative evaluation of a multidisciplinary team, in which the radiologist plays a fundamental role in the diagnostic chain using HRCT, is essential. This exam enables the detection of parenchymal alterations in DILD, such as ground-glass opacities, consolidation, reticular patterns, traction bronchiectasis/bronchiectasis, and honeycombing. The interpretation and association of these findings, along with their distribution, facilitate the establishment of specific radiological patterns that, in addition to indicating possible etiologies, guide the most appropriate therapeutic options. The adoption of specific imaging protocols and the use of standardized language are essential to increase diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the incorporation of technological innovations, such as advanced photon counting technology and automated analysis through artificial intelligence, promise to significantly improve the identification and quantification of interstitial alterations, shaping the future of thoracic radiology.

Student perceptions of diverse accents of English in a multilingual London post-1992 university

ABSTRACT Previous research in language attitudes has focused primarily on the attitudes of international students toward different accents of English, the attitudes of home or domestic students in the UK remain still under researched. However, the higher education sector in England is not homogenous, with the two-tier system between research-intensive universities and teaching intensive, or post-1992 universities. There is a lack of understanding of the language attitudes toward diverse accents of English of this underrepresented group of students found primarily in post-1992 institutions. With this in mind, this article has explored student perceptions of diverse accents at a post-1992 university through the Bakhtinian notion of heteroglossia. Contrary to previous attitude studies, our findings suggest that the participants have higher levels of empathy toward varieties of English signaled through accent and that the heteroglossic context of London had had a positive impact on those attitudes. However, the participants still expressed a detectable tension between conforming to the imposed norms of standard language use and pushing against them. The paper concludes with a call to challenge traditional deficit views of multilingualism and increase student critical language awareness in a safe structured environment.

Pedagogical processes and standard dialect use: Implications for creative multilingual interaction from a Yorùbá‐language classroom in southwestern Nigeria

AbstractIn many language classrooms in multilingual nations, standard dialects are associated with and promoted in formal domains. Through classroom pedagogical processes that reify standard language use, other dialects are relegated to informal domains and therefore devalued in classroom settings. Informed by critical pedagogy, this article challenges the reification of standard dialects and examines their relationship with learners’ language use through an analysis of a Yorùbá‐language classroom in southwestern Nigeria. Findings from ethnographic data—classroom observations, instructor interviews, educational language policy, and curricular documents—show that learners’ social, linguistic, and cultural experiences interacted with and sometimes contradicted classroom expectations. I argue that the expectation of standard dialect use stifles fluid interaction in the classroom but, paradoxically, triggers learners’ linguistic creativity. To bridge the gap between classroom expectations and learners’ experiences, I call for an alternative pedagogy that privileges language users’ multilingual realities for optimizing standard language use in the classroom context. The article also contributes to ongoing conversations in applied linguistics about standard dialect use and the lack of affirmation of learners’ linguistic creativity in educational contexts.

PKM BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA BAKU DAN KALIMAT EFEKTIF DALAM SURAT DINAS KANTOR DESA AMBEUA RAYA KECAMATAN KELEDUPA

The realization of orderly administration of governance and development, as well as improving public services, the government followed up with Wakatobi Regent Regulation Number 23 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for Official Manuscript Arrangement in the Wakatobi District Government Environment. The Ambeua Raya Village Office, Kaledupa District, Wakatobi Regency is one of the village government offices that serves correspondence activities that are required to act quickly to produce the information needed. However, the problem is that the village apparatus is still unable to provide maximum service, especially in writing standard language and effective sentences in official letter scripts. The purpose of this PkM is to provide knowledge to partners in writing standard language and effective sentences in the layout of official letter texts. The method used is lectures and questions and answers as well as direct practice in writing standard language and effective sentences in official letters. This PkM activity was very satisfying and went quite well. This is indicated by the increased knowledge and understanding of village officials regarding the use of standard language and effective sentences in official letter documents. Of course, the success of this technical guidance will have an impact on the quality of the performance of the Ambeua Raya Village apparatus, Kaledupa District. The increase was especially in the mailing communication services, both internally and externally. In general, the benefits of this technical guidance will bring a positive image to the leadership of the village head who is currently in office. In addition, the success of the Village Head will add to the fragrance of this village's achievements in the competition arena at the district or provincial level. This will certainly bring the good name of all the people in Ambeua Raya Village, Kaledupa District, Wakatobi Regency

The Effect of Tiktok on the Use of Standard Language in Grade 4 Elementary School Children

A study in grade 4 shows that using slang from the Tiktok application affects how children use familiar words. Identifying the influence of Tiktok on the use of standard terms in 4th-grade elementary school children is the aim of the researchers to conduct research. This research method collects data qualitatively to provide specific information about a particular problem. Qualitative and observational methods were used to collect this data, interviews and written tests. The subjects of this study were 26 grade 4 students of UPT SD Negeri 32 Gresik. This research on grade 4 students shows that half of the students use slang and mixed language. Also, common words are only used by half of the other students. With these results, teachers and parents can determine how much Tiktok impacts children's language styles

English in Adverts in Ghana

The paper examines the uses of English in TV advertisements in Ghana. The paper aims to establish the formal and functional properties of English used in TV adverts in Ghana and to examine the extent to which the language used in adverts deviates from the general principles of language. Data for the study is drawn from recordings of TV advertisements done by radio stations in Ghana and analyzed using qualitative approaches. The study finds that the advertisements exhibit formal properties of the English language, functional properties, and in some cases, a mixture of both formal and functional properties of the English language. Regarding the use of standard language or otherwise in advertisements, the paper shows that the general trend is the use of standardized forms with cases of variations in lexicon and spellings. In terms of the impact of these variations on the message of the adverts, the paper suggests that the variations did not alter the messages intended in the adverts. Therefore, the author recommends integrating more variations in adverts by marketing companies to activate people's memories and adopt both functional and formal English features to attract the elite and the non-elite.

Analisis Penggunaan Bahasa Baku pada Siswa Kelas IV SD Melalui Keterampilan Menulis Karangan Narasi

This study aims to determine the use of standard language in fourth grade students of SD Negeri Giling 03 Pati through narrative essays. This research is a qualitative research by applying descriptive method in the process. Based on the research, it was found that 1) The writing results of fourth grade students at SD Negeri 03 Giling Pati are more than 50% of the number of students who are less in using standard language, 2) Students in using standard words at school, at home, and in everyday life rarely done so that students are not accustomed to writing using the correct standard words according to the rules, 3) When writing students do not use standard words influenced by external and internal factors. Conclutions, external factors that influence students in writing not using standard words consist of: (a) Teacher's mastery of the standard word is lacking, (b) Development of information and communication technology, and (c) Student association and living environment. Internal factors consist of: (a) writing practice using standard words that are still lacking, (b) students' knowledge and understanding of standard words are still lacking, (c) students' interest in writing is low, and (d) students are not careful.
 
 Keywords: Standard Language, Writing Skills, Narrative Writing

Analisis Kesalahan pada Penulisan Spanduk dan Beberapa Papan Nama

Banners or banners are print media used to present or disclose all existing data in any form. Basically, a banner is a stretched material containing essays and images that are usually circulated as a medium to raise an item to the community as a whole. Many non-standard words were found and errors were also found in the composition of the accentuation marks and these problems caused the writing to be inconsistent with the EYD. The main use of language is as a special device, as well as an instrument for exchanging messages with others. In today's circumstances, everyone is considered to communicate in a language because they can articulate the intended message. However, given the different circumstances of language, not all dialects are equally positive or negative, depending on the circumstances. The motivation behind this paper is to (1) describe the predominance of standard language use and accentuation among the general public. (2) Understand the improvements used in Indonesian and accentuation marks in accordance with the Indonesian spelling rules. The scientific technique used in this study uses subjective and observational strategies. There are several banners and billboards near the road that are used as a source of exam information. The findings of this study indicate that there are several bilingual sentences from different parts of spelling, style, accentuation, and sources.

S613 Standardized General Endoscopy Lexicon for Learners

Introduction: Physicians completing subspecialty training in gastroenterology are expected to develop competence in performing general endoscopic procedures including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Endoscopy education is often provided through an apprenticeship model where trainees work with various endoscopists and develop skills in real-time procedures. Inherent to this model is heterogeneity in the education provided. Recent research exploring essential teaching competencies for those involved in endoscopic education suggests usage of succinct standardized language when teaching endoscopy, but to date no one has examined the breadth of terms used or developed consensus around specific language to be used in this aspect of medical training. In this study we surveyed terminology used worldwide by expert teachers of endoscopy and, through a Delphi process, developed a standardized lexicon for general endoscopic education. Methods: We invited 26 physicians identified as expert endoscopy educators from various countries around the world to participate in this Delphi process. A total of 20 physicians participated. Four rounds of surveys were completed. Common terminology was identified in round 1. Rounds 2 through 4 consisted of surveys where participants indicated terms they were most likely to use when instructing learners during endoscopy. A consensus threshold of 70% was defined for term inclusion into the lexicon. Terms that achieved a 70% minimum consensus were included as “recommended terms”. Terms that offered balance to the lexicon but did not reach the threshold consensus were included as “suggested terms”. Results: After 4 rounds of surveys, 36 recommended terms and 5 suggested terms were included in our general endoscopy lexicon (Table). Conclusion: Through this international Delphi project, we constructed a general endoscopy lexicon for learners. The use of standardized language has been shown to have several benefits in other areas of healthcare including improved communication, quality of patient care, and knowledge generation. We expect that adopting a uniform lexicon will improve quality of endoscopic education for learners. In addition, because this study was conducted on an international level, we anticipate this lexicon to be applicable to trainees throughout the world. Future projects exploring standardized language for advanced endoscopic procedural education should be considered. Table 1. - Terms included in general endoscopy lexicon post-survey Endoscopy Instruction Committee Consensus (%) Final Stance Scope Manipulation Rotate (torque)clockwise/counterclockwiseRotate (torque) right/left 100* Recommended Big wheel/dial up 94.42 Recommended Big wheel/dial down 88.9 Recommended Little wheel/dial up 88.9 Recommended Little wheel/dial down 88.89 Recommended Advance scope 77.78 Recommended Pull scope back 100% Recommended Brush Manipulation Put brush out 100%* Recommended Pull brush inWithdraw brushAdvance brush 83.33* Recommended Brush tissues 56.25 Suggested Clip Manipulation Open clip 93.75 Recommended Close clip 81.25 Recommended Rotate clip 87.5 Recommended Deploy clipFire clip 91.67* Recommended Cautery - Monopolar, Bipolar – Manipulation Advance cautery probe 75 Recommended Start cauteryCut/coagulate 58.33* Suggested Forceps Manipulation Open forceps 93.75 Recommended Close forceps 81.25 Recommended Advance forceps 91.67 Recommended Withdraw forceps 100 Recommended Pictures/Video Take a picture/video 77.78 Recommended Air (blue button) Insufflate 72.22 Recommended Water (blue button) Clean your lens 88.89 Recommended Suction (red button) Suction 77.78 Recommended Through the Scope Balloon Dilator Manipulation Advance dilator 56.25 Suggested Inflate balloon 100 Recommended Deflate balloon 56.25 Suggested Bougie Dilator Manipulation Advance wire 81.25 Recommended Advance dilator over wire 87.5 Recommended Net Manipulation Open net 93.75 Recommended Close net 93.75 Recommended Use of Electrocautery Pedals (blue, yellow) Blue pedal 81.25 Recommended Yellow pedal 81.25 Recommended Snare Manipulation Open snare 93.75 Recommended Close snare 93.75 Recommended Cut 56.25 Suggested *The committee consensus to include both terms in the lexicon

Representation of Standard Language on The Dilan Characters in The Novel "Dilan 1990"

Dilan is 1990’s novel by Pidi Baiq. The novel, which was published by Pastel Books in 2014, was able to achieve maximum sales, especially in terms of youth segmentation. This can be seen from the high enthusiasm of young people toward Dilan's novels. It is not surprising that the novel can attract readers, judging by the interesting and simple story ideas as well as the humorous and romantic demeanor. In addition, the storyline of the characters in it can be told very well by the author accompanied by dialogue, and the words in it are written using standard language characters and accents. Thus, this writing is structured based on the aim of presenting the use of standard language for the character Dilan in the novel Dilan: Dia is Dilanku in 1990. The writing method used to support this writing is using a qualitative method.

PENGGUNAAN BAHASA BAKU DALAM DISKUSI SISWA KELAS XI MADRASAH ALIYAH IBNU KHALDUN BOBANEIGO HALMAHERA BARAT

The research objectives are (1) to explain how the use of standard language in the discussion of class IX students of Madrasah Aliyah Ibn Khaldun Bobaneigo West Halmahera. (2) Describe the extent to which the use of standard language in the discussion of class IX students of Madrasah Aliyah Ibun Khaldun Bobaneigo West Halmahera. The method used in this research is quantitative description method. The population and sample in this study were all students of Class XI Madrasah Aliyah Ibn Khaldun Bobaneigo, North West Halmahera, totaling 25 students. Data analysis is quantitative or statistical. Based on data analysis and conclusions can be seen (1) Based on the results of the initial test, class XI students of Madrasah Aliyah Ibnu Khaldun Bobaneigo West Halmahera obtained a score range of 81- 100 very good qualifications amounted to 4 students by 20%, students who obtained a score range of 71-80 good qualifications amounted to 4 students by 20%, students who obtained a score range of 61-70 sufficient qualifications amounted to 2 students by 10%, and students who obtained a range of a score of 50-60 lacking qualifications amounted to 15 students by 50%, and (2) The final test results showed that the class XI Madrasah Aliyah Ibnu Khaldun Bobaneigo West Halmahera had been able to use standard language, students who obtained a score range of 81-100 qualified very well ( SB) as many as 5 students by 25%, students who get a score range of 71-80 good qualifications (B) as many as 5 students of the same size r 25%, students who get a score range of 61-70 are quite good (CB) as many as 15 students are 75%, and not students who get a score range of 50-60 have poor qualifications (K).

Informe estructurado de mamografía espectral con contraste

Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is a relatively new breast imaging modality that provides morphological and functional information. It has proven useful in different clinical scenarios (symptomatic patients, inconclusive findings on other imaging tests, known neoplastic disease) and constitutes a valid alternative to MRI. Structured reports have been successfully implemented in breast imaging since the BI-RADS was adopted. The use of standardized language facilitates communication among professionals and promotes the optimal characterization of the findings. This standardization also enables recommendations for the management and monitoring of results. Since CESM is a relatively new technique, there is no specific BI-RADS lexicon for its interpretation. Various authors have proposed approaches to reporting CESM; the most widely accepted of these combines reporting high- and low-energy images together according to the BI-RADS lexicons for mammography and MRI.

The Use of Various Indonesian and Elements of Code Experts, Code Mixing as a Mean of Communication in University Level: Case Study of Indraprasta University, Jakarta

Language is always used as a mean of communication among students, lecturers, staff, and structural officials at the Indraprasta University, Jakarta, English Education Department and Mathematics Education Department. The requirement to use Indonesian is not completed maximally due to the influence local and foreign language. As language users among students, lecturers, academic staff and structural officials, they are required to use Indonesian based on its context. The use of language can be seen from the use of standard language indicating good and correct use of Indonesian. The methods of the study were conducted by observation, interviews, and documentation with a sub-focus domain of the various Indonesian use and elements of code experts as well as code mixing as a means of communication. Data were collected by conducting research documents on the use of the Indonesian with a study of language functions and ethnographic methods starting with the selection of a culture. The results of the study show that the use of the formal and informal domain dominate the use of Indonesian. In addition, there is an element of code expert and code mixing both spoken and written at the English Language Education Study Program and Mathematics Education Study Program at Indraprasta University, Jakarta.

Palatoplasty in children: nursing diagnoses and interventions related to the immediate postoperative period.

To identify the main nursing diagnoses and interventions in children in the immediate postoperative period of palatoplasty. Documentary and retrospective study, developed in a Brazilian public and tertiary hospital, between August and September 2020. Children who underwent only palatoplasty, between January and December 2019, aged between 10 and 24 months, were included. Those with medical syndromes and/or comorbidities were excluded. The Theoretical Framework of Basic Human Needs and the NANDA International and Nursing Interventions Classification Taxonomies were used. Data underwent descriptive statistical analysis. The sample consisted of 126 children. Psychobiological needs such as oxygenation, hydration, nutrition, elimination, cutaneous-mucosal and physical integrity, pain and environmental perception predominated. Based on them, nine nursing diagnoses, with four focusing on the problem and five on risk, as well as 17 interventions, were identified. The use of standardized languages to identify affected human needs and, based on them, diagnoses and interventions, favored clinical reasoning for the construction and organization of clinical nursing practice.

The accent of nouns type vòda and žèna in contemporary Bosnian

The aim of this paper was to explore the accent of disyllabic feminine nouns of e-declension with a short ascending accent (type vòda and type žèna) in contemporary Bosnian standard language reference books and the standard language use, given the previously observed tendency towards losing accent alternations in a paradigm. Based on the comparative analysis of accent types of 29 nouns in Bosnian dictionaries and the previous description of accent by Daničić (1925), we concluded that the process of losing accent alternations in a paradigm of many analyzed nouns has advanced. For instance, as specified in Bosnian dictionaries, 12 nouns, namely bùha, djèca, gòra, hrđa, ìgla, ìgra, màgla, mùha, snàha, zmìja, zòra and žèlja belong to the invariable accent type, while being previously considered variable by Daničić. The accent types in the paradigm of the aforementioned 12 nouns were explored among 23 participants to check whether the loss of alternations also characterizes the standard language use. The findings showed that the process of losing alternations in paradigms of the majority of the investigated words has advanced in the standardized language use in comparison to the description by Daničić. In fact, according to Daničić all of these nouns belonged to the variable accent type (type vòda), and according to the results related to the standard language use the majority belong rather to the invariable type (type žèna). However, in contrast to the description in Bosnian dictionaries, where these words are mentioned only as belonging to the invariable type, it should be emphasized that in the standard language use almost all, although in a smaller percentage, were also found with alternations – which indicates that accent alternations in a paradigm of the majority of the investigated words are suppressed but not completely lost. Keywords: accent, accent type, accent alternations, standard language reference books, standard language use.

Analysis of Standardized Nursing Languages Application in the Context of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital in Indonesia

Background. Documentation of nursing care is important in applying care to patients, in terms of their workload coming into the context of indirect nursing care. The focus of his study is to assess the application of nursing diagnoses in hospitals. The phenomenon that occurs in the order of nursing services was found that nurses only focused on documenting nursing assessments, but formulating nursing diagnoses was not clearly illustrated and there are still different perceptions in relation to writing a nursing diagnosis phrase. Objective. The purpose of this study is to identify the application of Standardized Nursing Languages in the context of nursing diagnoses in hospitals in Indonesia. Method. This study uses a descriptive correlation design using simple random sampling and obtained 132 nurse respondents. Closed questions (with answer choices prepared by the researcher) and open questions (in the form of frequently used diagnostic questions) were used. The instrument was first tested for validity and content validity with a CVI (0.9) and CVR (0.85) value, which means that the instrument is relevant and important to use. Results. It was found that almost half of the respondents (48.49%) nurses did not use a standard diagnosis. Only the level of education has a relationship with the application of the use of standard language nursing in Indonesia (p-value = 0.006) where the higher the education of nursing will have an impact on accuracy in diagnosing. Whereas for other variables such as gender, career ladder level and position in nursing were found no relationship with the ability in the accuracy of writing diagnoses. Conclussion. As the results shows that the use of the standard language of nursing is not fully used by nurses in Indonesia. Standardization and equalization of perception by nursing professional organizations are needed to be a guide for all nurses in carrying out documentation of nursing care

Persistent features – Corpus-based evidence for reallocation processes in German

Abstract This study aims at tracing a reallocation process of a grammatical feature alongside the dialect-standard axis with the aid of corpus linguistics methods; more precisely with an integrative application of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The phenomenon under investigation is articles without the definiteness marker d- in German, usually ascribed to the Bavarian dialect area. Analyses show, however, that this apparently dialectal feature diffuses to other communication settings closer to the intended standard language use. This process is accompanied by a refunctionalisation of reduced article forms, indicating the relevance of language-internal relations for reallocation of grammatical features. The methodical approach should be easily applicable to other variants and – as many European languages show a diaglossic repertoire – relevant to other languages as well.