Use Of Spent Mushroom Substrate Research Articles

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate as an Inoculant Carrier and an Organic Fertilizer and Their Impacts on Roselle Growth (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Soil Quality

The potential of using spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as inoculant carrier and organic amendment on the growth of Hibiscus sabdariffa was evaluated. SMS, peat and vermiculite were mixed with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Different treatments were applied in the cultivation of H. sabdariffa. We found that application of NPK fertilizer, SMS based inoculant, and peat based inoculant significantly promoted plant growth and chlorophyll content compared to other treatments. SMS based inoculant was the best treatment for increasing biomass and chlorophyll content, followed by NPK fertilizer. In addition, application of SMS inoculant or only SMS as soil amendment showed a significant improvement in soil properties including soil NPK, organic matter, soil PGPB and soil enzyme (i.e. soil fluorescein diacetate and dehydrogenase) as well as peat inoculant application. Our results suggested that SMS could be considered as an alternative low-cost, potential carrier in biofertilizer production or soil amendment for providing soil nutrients and recovering soil fertility in farming.

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate in New Mushroom Crops to Promote the Transition towards A Circular Economy

The use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in new cultivation cycles has already been reported due to its economic and environmental viability. When considering the application of the circular economy concept in the production of edible mushrooms, the re-use of the SMS within the same process is highly attractive, because it allows a better use of the biomass and the energy involved in the process and, therefore, tends to improve energy efficiency and resource conservation. However, this alternative generates important challenges, which derive from maintaining the quality standards of the mushrooms produced and, at the same time, not incurring excessive costs that are detrimental to the process itself. In our opinion, the main difficulty of the process in achieving success is regarding the biological and agronomic parameters that involve the production of the mushroom. It is useless to apply SMS in new cycles if the mushroom harvest is impaired and farms become non-viable. However, numerous examples are reported here where SMS was recycled into new substrates for either the same or different mushroom species without negatively affecting yield compared with using substrates prepared from 100% fresh raw materials. Thus, we suggest that each farm has its own specific technological study, since a small variation in the raw material of the compost, and mushroom cultivation practices and casing layer used, can influence the entire viability of the mushroom circular economy.

Valorization of bio-waste for the removal of aluminum from industrial wastewater

In recent years, aluminum has been appearing increasingly in the aquatic environment in various ways as a result of human activities. One sustainable method of remediating this is by recycling the waste materials that are used to remove heavy metals from wastewater. The objective of the present work is to develop an environmentally friendly method to remove any aluminum that is present in industrial wastewater. It involves the use of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) from Agaricus Bisporus as an adsorbent. The disposal of SMS creates serious problems in Agaricus Bisporus cultivation. These are both environmental and economic. One solution is to use the SMS as bioremediating agent to remove the heavy metals from the industrial waters. This will make use of a readily available agricultural waste as a valuable resource, as well as decrease the consumption of both chemicals and energy during the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The upscale feasibility experiments that were conducted in bioreactors have shown that the SMS achieved efficiencies of more than 95% in removing aluminum from wastewater with 2.66 kg of SMS at a hydraulic retention time of 16 days. Output concentrations of less than 1 ppm of aluminum were achieved in most of the bioreactors. In some cases, an aluminum concentration of zero was reached. The experiments revealed the pH of the optimum biosorption to be between 5.9 and 6.5. The best configuration to obtain the highest aluminum removal efficiency was a simple bioreactor that contained SMS without peat. The removal of aluminum remained active for at least 10 weeks in a continuous daily flow of 1 L/day. Its low environmental impact, simplicity and cost effectiveness indicate that the proposed method is well₋suited to the treatment of industrial wastewaters by the use of SMS and, in particular, to the elimination of such metal ions as aluminum.

Direct Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate from Pleurotus pulmonarius as a Readily Delignified Feedstock for Cellulase Production

The feasibility of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as an alternative fermentation feedstock for cellulase production has been demonstrated in this work. Utilization of SMS as a substrate has been attempted widely due to its high cellulose content and readily available in smaller particle size. On top of that, the availability of delignified SMS by the action of Pleurotus pulmonarius during mushroom cultivation offers another benefit to its use whereby no chemical pretreatment would be required prior to fermentation. The recovery of crude laccase and manganese peroxidase from delignified SMS were found to be 3 and 1.4 U/g, respectively. Further to this, the cellulase production from SMS by Trichoderma asperellum UPM 1 under solid state fermentation was optimized by applying central composite design, resulted in increment of 1.4-fold in CMCase (171.21 U/g) and 1.5-fold in β-glucosidase (6.83 U/g), with the optimum temperature of 27.5 °C, initial moisture content 81% and initial pH of fermentation 4.5. Therefore, this study showed that the direct utilization of SMS is feasible for promising cellulase production by T. asperellum UPM 1.

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS),SMSfrom anAgaricus bisporuscrop (SMS1) and a mixture ofSMSs from anA. bisporuscrop and aPleurotuscrop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application ofSMS, especiallySMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced bySMSapplication. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use ofSMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate and Manure Compost for Honeydew Melon Seedlings

This experiment was conducted to investigate the possibility of mixing spent mushroom substrate (SMS) with manure composts for honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. inodorus) seedling production in organic agriculture. The treatments evaluated were 100 % SMS, mixtures of SMS, and chicken manure compost, mixtures of SMS and cattle manure compost in different ratios: 80, 60, 40, and 20 %. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications under greenhouse conditions. Some physical and chemical characteristics of growing media were determined. Germination rate, morphological growth, survival rate, and nutrient uptake of seedlings were also measured. The results indicated that the addition of manure composts to SMS-based growing media produced a decrease in pH values, air capacity, an increase in electrical conductivity, total water holding capacity, and a difference in nutrient concentrations. Eighty percent SMS can be used in mixtures with manure composts for honeydew melon seedling production. However, SMS at the rate of 40 % gave the most suitable condition for honeydew melon seedling performance.

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Supplementary data for: Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate for Production of Bacillus thuringiensis by Solid-State Fermentation

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate as Growing Media for Tomato and Cucumber Seedlings

The aim of this research was to evaluate weathered spent mushroom substrate (SMS), made from spent Flammulina velutipes mushroom substrate, as a growing medium for nursery seedlings. Two vegetable species, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Mandy), were grown in 8 media of SMS in various ratios with perlite or vermiculite. A mixed substrate of peat with perlite (1:1; v:v) was used as the control (CK). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. Prior to sowing, some physical and chemical properties of the growing media were determined. Results showed that all the mixtures had desirable physical and chemical properties for their use in nursery tomato and cucumber seedlings except for the T4 (SMS:vermiculite = 1:1; v:v) and the T8 (SMS:perlite = 2:1; v:v) mixtures. Compared with the CK, increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and index of seedling quality were found in the T3 (SMS:vermiculite = 2:1; v:v) and T6 (SMS:perlite = 4:1; v:v) growing media. SMS should be considered as an alternative for the widely used but expensive and resource-limited peat in greenhouse cultivation.

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate in Stabilizing Disturbed and Commercial Sites

Severely disturbed sites such as abandoned mine sites, pipeline construction sites and commercial/industrial sites have been successfully stabilized utilizing Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS). Depending on the application rate, SMS can provide some or all of the nitrogen, phosphate, potash and calcium carbonate equivalence to allow for permanent stabilization by vegetation. SMS also has been substituted as a mulch to protect seeds during germination. The use of SMS as a substitute for lime, fertilizer and mulch requires a properly engineered and installed surface water control system as an integral part of the planning process.

Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for Corn (Maize) Production and its Effect on Surface Water Quality

Mushroom farmers have large quantities of spent mushroom substrate after their crops are harvested. This material is used for a variety of purposes including the growth of field crops. SMS was incorporated into a poor quality soil before planting 90-day corn. Field plots were established where spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was incorporated at 22.5, 45.0 or 90.0 kg m−1, plus an untreated control on each of three years. Analysis of SMS indicates its nutrient level was 0.9-0.6-1.0 (N-P-K). Starter fertilizer was applied at planting along with an insecticide, but no herbicide. No additional fertilizer was used. Corn yields were significantly higher in SMS amended plots and the nitrogen content of both grain and stover was significantly higher than the control. Surface runoff water quality values from SMS amended soil were in the same range as those from the control treatments, the plots that received no SMS. Annual incorporation of up to 90 kg m−2 of SMS into land planted to corn did not degrade the quality ...

Preface: Nature and Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate

Preface: Nature and Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate

The Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as an Organic Manure and Plant Substrate Component

The effect of the addition of SMS to soil on the growth of perennial ryegrass was studied in a pot experiment. SMS raised the analyzed levels of P, K, Mg and Electrical Conductivity (EC) but not the level of NO3-N. At the first harvest, there was a positive response of growth up to a rate equivalent to 50 t/ha but above this growth declined. By the final harvest, there was a positive response of dry matter production up to the highest rate, 400 t/ha. The calculated nitrogen efficiency of dry matter production for SMS averaged 3.1 as against 21.1 for calcium ammonium nitrate. Leaching an SMS/peat column with distilled water at 10 day intervals over a 60 day period recovered 94 percent of the K in the leachate, 33 percent of the P and only 15 percent of the N. In SMS/peat mixes, early growth of tomato seedlings did not respond to rates above five percent of SMS by volume and was reduced when the SMS rate was above 20 percent. When the plants were grown on to a more mature stage, there was a response up to 20 percent SMS. In three experiments, SMS was used as a single nutrient source to supply N, P and K respectively. When used as a source of P and K, there was little benefit from increasing the rate of SMS above five percent. However, when used as a source of N, plant growth increased up to a rate of 25 percent SMS. There was no response to the addition of trace elements to SMS/peat substrates. When an SMS/peat substrate, containing five percent SMS by volume was supplemented with extra N, plant performance was as good as in a peat substrate with inorganic fertilizers.