Use Of Specific Gravity Research Articles

Early Stage Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis by Applying Data Mining Methods to Urinalysis, Blood Analysis and Disease History

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disorder associated with breakdown of kidney structure and function. CKD can be diagnosed in its early stage only by experienced nephrologists and urologists (medical experts) using the disease history, symptoms and laboratory tests. There are few studies related to the automatic diagnosis of CKD in the literature. However, these methods are not adequate to help the medical experts. MethodsIn this study, a new method was proposed to automatically diagnose the chronic kidney disease in its early stage. The method aims to help the medical diagnosis utilizing the results of urine test, blood test and disease history. Classification algorithms were used as the data mining methods. In the method section of the study, analysis data were first subjected to pre-processing. In the first phase of the method section of the study, pre-processing was applied to CKD data. K-Means clustering method was used as the pre-processing method. Then, the classification methods (KNN, SVM, and Naïve Bayes) were applied to pre-processed data to diagnose the CKD. ResultsHighest success rate obtained by classification methods is 97.8% (98.2% for ages 35 and older). This result showed that the data mining methods are useful for automatic diagnosis of CKD in its early stage. ConclusionA new automatic early stage CKD diagnosis method was proposed to help the medical doctors. Attributes that would provide the highest diagnosis success rate were the use of specific gravity, albumin, sugar and red blood cells together. Also, the relation between the success rate of automatic diagnosis method and age was identified.

A Simplified Approach of Determining the Specific Gravity of Soil Solids

Many computations in the field of geotechnical engineering require the use of specific gravity of soil solids. Presently, specific gravity of soil solids is determined in the laboratory by the sensitive pycnometer/density bottle method, which is characterized by many complexities and difficulties. The present technical note suggests the use of some of the measurements taken during the routine shrinkage limit test in the laboratory to compute the specific gravity of soil solids fairly accurately. It is shown through exhaustive experimental results that the values of specific gravity of soil solids obtained from the proposed method is in very close agreement with those determined from the conventional pycnometer/density bottle method.

Specific Gravity of the Carcass and of Its Parts As Predictors of Carcass Composition in Broiler Chickens

Data from two strains of broiler cockerels reared either in floor pens or in individual cages were obtained to investigate the adequacy of specific gravity of the chilled carcass or of the individual carcass parts as predictors of broiler carcass composition. Relationships between carcass composition and specific gravity were generally linear. Except for the relationship between carcass composition and specific gravity of back, which was influenced by strain (P<.05), the relationships between carcass composition and specific gravity of chilled carcass or carcass parts were not influenced (P>.05) by strain or type of rearing. The addition of chilled carcass weight as a second variable generally resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction of the residual standard error of prediction. In terms of residual standard errors, the use of specific gravity of the individual carcass parts over specific gravity of the chilled carcass did not improve the accuracy of prediction. Due to relatively high residual standard error, it was concluded that specific gravity should be used to estimate compositional differences among sib or progeny groups of broiler carcasses rather than among individual carcasses.

The use of specific gravity of the egg to estimate shell thickness

1. Errors of the order of 10 μm could be introduced if specific gravity (SG) was used to estimate shell thickness when the comparison was being made between eggs from hens of different breeds or of different ages. 2. The precision of estimates made on the basis of SG measurements on eggs from within a flock of hens of uniform breed and age could be significantly improved by the use of egg weight information.

The estimation of food intake, and its seasonal variation, in the Hartebeest

SummaryThis paper describes a method of estimating the food intake of a grazing species, Coke's hartebeest, using material from thirty‐two freshly killed animals, taken in different seasons. The literature suggests that the retention time of particles in the cow's rumen is dependent on their specific gravity. The proportions of the leaf, sheath and stem of grasses in the hartebeest's rumen were assessed and their specific gravities measured. Their characteristic retention times, used in conjunction with the weight of rumen contents, allowed calculation of the daily intake of each hartebeest.The use of specific gravity is justified by the relationships between the specific gravity and proximate composition of the grass samples. The intakes showed a three fold range, with the lowest mean value of 26.1 ±4.7 g/kg.W*73. day in the dry season. A reduced intake of low quality feeds is consistent with published theories on the factors regulating the intakes of roughages by ruminants.The hartebeest's changing intake is paralleled by other changes in its digestive tract, notably the concentrations of nitrogen in the rumen and faeces. A regression predicting the hartebeest's intake from the faecal nitrogen concentration is developed.Intake is shown to depend upon the water content of the diet, through its effect on specific gravity and hence retention time. The water content is determined by the effective rainfall over the previous 3 months.The limitations of the method, particularly in the measurement of specific gravity, are discussed. A number of reported intakes by cattle and sheep, with the result of a feeding trial with one hartebeest, are presented to show that the estimated intakes may be close to their actual values.

Use of specific gravity in the measurement of cerebral edema.

Use of specific gravity in the measurement of cerebral edema.

The use of specific gravity and its reciprocal in predicting the carcass composition of pigs slaughtered at three weights

SUMMARY1. Carcass dissection data and specific gravity determinations from 76 pigs slaughtered at either 120 lb., 200 lb., or 260 lb. live-weight have been analysed to study the value of specific gravity and its reciprocal in predicting fat and lean in the carcass.2. Possible effects that the bone content of the carcass might have on the accuracy of prediction have been investigated.3. Specific gravity was highly correlated with percentage fat and lean in the half carcass. Correlation coefficients for the reciprocal were of similar magnitude but opposite in sign.4. The residual standard errors in percentage lean and fat at constant specific gravity were 1·74% and 1·72% respectively.5. The replacement of specific gravity by its reciprocal did not increase the accuracy of prediction for either lean or fat tissue expressed as a percentage of the trimmed half carcass.6. The muscle/fat ratio exerted a markedly greater influence on specific gravity than did the muscle/bone ratio. However, the inclusion of the latter ratio in equations relating specific gravity and percentage lean in the carcass, reduced the residual variation.7. Application of the pooled regression equations to independent data, obtained by the use of identical techniques, has given promising results.

The Use of Specific Gravity of Certain Untrimmed Pork Cuts as a Measure of Carcass Value

The Use of Specific Gravity of Certain Untrimmed Pork Cuts as a Measure of Carcass Value

Examination of Rubber Latex and Latex Compounds. Part II. Chemical Testing Methods

Abstract LATEX compounds are purchased either on the basis of total solids content or the so-called dry rubber content. The total solids probably furnish a more reliable basis of evaluation, as the determination can be made with a high degree of accuracy. The dry rubber content is not a precise determination, as the proteins, fatty acids, and other non-rubber constituents are included, and in the case of compounded latices some of the compounding materials are included in the value and some are not. Hauser (8) and Noble (9) include in their books useful chapters on testing latex. Total Solids The total solids are determined by weighing about 2 grams of the sample in a low covered weighing dish about 6.25 cm. (2.5 inches) in diameter on an analytical balance. A metal weighing dish is preferred for more rapid drying. Tinned 60-ml. (2-ounce) ointment cans are satisfactory and so inexpensive that they may be thrown away if they are at all difficult to clean. The sample is dried, preferably in a vacuum oven. The temperature may be increased to 120° C. in a vacuum without any apparent oxidation or deterioration of the rubber. A sample of normal latex may be completely dried in about 10 minutes if the drying arrangement is right. Results are accurate to better than 0.1 per cent. Methods involving the use of specific gravity are worse than useless when applied to preserved latex as a concentration control. Even in the case of unpreserved, unwatered normal latex on the plantations, the hydrometers must be calibrated especially for the latex from the estate on which they are to be used.

Specific gravities of minerals: an index of some recent determinations

As a first-aid in the identification of non-metallic minerals I have for many years made use of specific gravity, which is a character that can be easily and rapidly determined hy the use of heavy liquids. A small, clean fragment of the mineral to be tested is dropped into one or other of a series of tubes containing methylene iodide with various small known Crystals as indicators. Adding benzene from a dropping-bottle, the density of the liquid is quickly brought to that of the mineral. This preliminary determination of the specific gravity gives a useful clue as to the nature of the mineral—what it may or may not be ; and the same fragment can then be used for confirmatory optical and micro-chemical tests.