Use Of Space In Cities Research Articles

코로나 시대의 근로자 통행행태 및 요인에 관한 연구

COVID-19, which occurred in Wuhan at the end of 2019, spread around the world, and Korea also occurred in January 2020, and its high infectivity greatly affected the use of space in cities. In this study, inflow and outflow factors arising from COVID-19 and social distancing were analyzed using data from the SKT service population in Gyeongsangnam-do. The factors before and after COVID-19 were set as indicators to investigate the factors before and after COVID-19. As an analysis method, 2019 and 2020 were first visualized using Gyeongsangnam-do O/D data, and then community analysis and centrality analysis were used to find out whether the community and centrality actually changed in 2019 and 2020. After that, the spatial measurement model was used to find out the factors of the outflow and inflow population. The inflow of manufacturing, lodging, and service industries increased compared to the previous year, and the inflow of wholesale and retail industries decreased. It was found that universities were significant as a social factor, and the inflow population decreased in the area where the university was located, and the accessibility factor was not significant in 2019, but the inflow increased in the area where the bus stop was located compared to 2020. As for the outflow factors, in terms of land use factors, population density, number of houses, and urban parks were significant. It can be seen that the outflow population has increased in residential areas with high population density and number of houses and many urban parks. As economic factors, wholesale and retail, and educational service industries were significant. As a social factor, universities did not appear significantly, but the inflow factor decreased, and the outflow factor increased. Overall, the inflow is decreasing in the area where the university is located, and the outflow is increasing.

Barriers to urban agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa

Trends in urbanization and urban food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have stimulated critical debates around the potential benefits of urban agriculture (UA) to urban livelihoods. Some scholars suggest that UA can contribute to the food quantity, food quality and income needs of urban households. However, much of the evidence cited comes from single case studies, with particular attention paid to large cities and high-income countries. There is a resulting gap in understanding regarding what role UA plays in the food security of households in smaller African cities and towns. These smaller urban areas are likely to house a large fraction of SSA’s urban population in future and are important sites for early intervention by policymakers. Our analysis is based on survey data collected from 2,687 low- and low-middle income households in 18 urban areas with populations of less than 200,000 across Zambia and Kenya. We perform statistical analyses to investigate the association between UA and household food security and assess which types of households are engaged in UA. We found that 33% of households in our sample are engaged in UA and there was limited statistical significance in terms of the relationship between UA and household food security. Our results reveal three key barriers to UA, namely settlement formality, property rights, and distance from food retailers. These barriers imply the need for urban planners and policymakers to revisit how decisions are made about issues such as residential development, land tenure, transport infrastructure, and the use of space in cities, as these affect the ability of households to produce, sell, and access food. Policy and planning mechanisms should further recognize the embeddedness of UA within African urban food systems, in which traditional markets, informal trading, and modern food retail also play an integral role.

Noise pollution in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR): An emerging environmental threat.

Noise pollution in urban areas is an emerging environmental threat which local agencies and state authorities must consider in planning and development. Excessive noise is becoming a significant problem adversely affecting the physiological and psychological health of the citizens. Present study was carried out to assess and quantitatively evaluate ambient noise levels in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consisting of 9 cities namely Bhiwandi-Nizampur, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayandar, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Panvel, Thane, Ulhasnagar and Vasai-Virar. The noise environment was assessed on the basis of equivalent continuous sound pressure levels (Leq), day-night noise levels (LDN) and noise limit exceedance factor (NEF) during day and night time of working and non-working days in four different area categories, viz. industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones. Present study shows that silence zones have been the worst affected areas where noise pollution levels and NEF indicate excessive violation of permissible noise limits due to unplanned, congested and unruly spaces for developmental and commercial activities, followed closely by residential and commercial zones. Cities with separate industrial and commercial zones showed less noisy surroundings in comparison with those cities where land use pattern of industrial and commercial zones is around or overlapping each other. It can thus be concluded that appropriate demarcation and planned use of city space is important to avoid exposure to rising noise pollution levels. Based on the noise pollution in (MMR), various control measures are suggested including awareness campaign and strict compliance of the rules and regulations.

Building collaboration in the co‐production of knowledge with people with intellectual disabilities about their everyday use of city space

We engage with scholarship in participatory geographies and critical disability studies to consider the difficulties and prospects of co‐producing knowledge with people with intellectual disabilities in a project examining their uses of urban public space. The research employed an inclusive, collaborative design and had an explicit focus on social change, articulated in the research process (e.g., the development of research and self‐advocacy skills) and outcomes (e.g., lobbying to improve material conditions, challenging ableist assumptions about “intellectual disability”). Our analysis highlights three tensions: the time/spaces constraints faced in “slow” participatory work, the nature and duration of relationships among collaborators and the shifting relations of power and influence within the project. We reflect critically on how these tensions were negotiated and what lessons might be learned for participatory practice.

Measurement and analysis of vibrations in a residential building constructed on an elevated metro depot

As a place for trains to get maintenance, the metro depot often occupies a large amount of valuable urban lands. In recent years, the over-depot building is undergoing a rapid development, aiming at rational use of city space, while the train-induced vibration is one major concern. This paper presents the vibration tests in a seven-story residential building constructed on an elevated metro depot. Acceleration time-histories at different locations were measured and the corresponding frequency spectra were compared. The influence of track positions on vibration was investigated and the vibration serviceability was evaluated through two different indicators. Besides, a theoretical model of the residence structure was developed and validated through the test data. Parameter analysis was carried out based on the proposed model, so as to provide references to vibration control.

Modeling Delivery Spaces Schemes: Is the Space Properly used in Cities Regarding Delivery Practices?

This paper discusses through modeling methods how the space is used in cities regarding urban freight transport. We will examine this question through one specific object: the loading/unloading (l/u) spaces. By comparing two fields of study (Lyon and Bordeaux in France), their actual situations and various scenarios, we will demonstrate why urban planners have to combine a large variety of solutions to improve the use of space in cities.

Flanöör nõukogude provintsipealinnas. Üks vaatenurk Peeter Sauteri romaanile „Indigo”. The Flaneur in a Soviet Provincial Capital: A Perspective on Peeter Sauter’s Novel Indigo

In the second half of the 20th century, there have been breakthroughs in the field of urban studies: the city environment is no longer perceived as something static, but rather as something dynamic. Likewise, the city is no longer regarded as a „thing” or a „form”; rather, the object of research is the ways in which the city is represented and constructed. In connection with these changes, the concept of the flaneur has come into use (or has been readopted), in the meaning of a subject who lives in the city and makes use of cityspace. For some time the concept of the flaneur has no longer signified the type of the wealthy stroller in the Parisian cityscape. It has been thought that the flaneurs of today are skateboarders and teenagers passing time in shopping malls. In the context of Estonian culture, traits of the flaneur have been recognized in the happenings and performances of the 1970s art scene, which, in ways similar to the literature of the time, took as their goal facilitating the overcoming of alienation from the urban environment. The character of the flaneur can also be found in Soviet-era Estonian literature. Peeter Sauter’s Indigo (1990) can be regarded as one such „flaneur-novel”. Indigo has been recognized as a literary breakthrough, one of the high points of the renewal of prose that took place during the 1990s. The protagonist of Indigo, who is named O, has several traits that connect him with the flaneur, including a symbiotic relation to the city, a preference for the public over the private sphere, a distantiated relation to his fellow citydwellers, and voyeuristic tendencies. At times, the Tallinn cityscape is described in detailed precision. The protagonist often expresses a deep devotion to his home city, and he distinctly prefers aimless wandering of the city streets to spending time in his home environment. O is likewise in conflict with the self-representation of power that dominates the city streets, and with ideologized public space.

The child friendly cities initiative in Italy

This paper reviews the strengths and limitations of different child friendly cities initiatives in Italy and the many measures by national, regional and local governments to support them. These measures include a new law, a national plan of action, more funds and an award available to the cities that achieve the most. City initiatives have sought to respond to the constraints that industrialization and urbanization have placed on children’s safe mobility, use of city space and participation. Many of the initiatives described have promoted children’s participation in city governance, often through children’s councils that developed proposals for city governments. Also described are special provisions by municipal authorities to ensure more attention to children’s issues, many of them involving environmental improvements that benefit children (for example, making children’s routes between home and school safer, expanding parks, creating bicycle tracks). The paper also describes children’s assessment of impacts, also their critical views of administrators who failed to keep their promises and teachers who were too controlling in participatory projects.

The child friendly cities initiative in Italy

This paper reviews the strengths and limitations of different child friendly cities initiatives in Italy and the many measures by national, regional and local governments to support them. These measures include a new law, a national plan of action, more funds and an award available to the cities that achieve the most. City initiatives have sought to respond to the constraints that industrialization and urbanization have placed on children’s safe mobility, use of city space and participation. Many of the initiatives described have promoted children’s participation in city governance, often through children’s councils that developed proposals for city governments. Also described are special provisions by municipal authorities to ensure more attention to children’s issues, many of them involving environmental improvements that benefit children (for example, making children’s routes between home and school safer, expanding parks, creating bicycle tracks). The paper also describes children’s assessment of impacts, also their critical views of administrators who failed to keep their promises and teachers who were too controlling in participatory projects.

Proposed New City Zoning Performance Standard for Noise in Chicago

The older concept of industrial zoning was based on limiting use of city space to industries and specified the type of industry according to the manufacturing process involved. The modern concept of establishing zoning and prevention of neighborhood nuisances is on the basis of a performance standard rather than arbitrary use classification. In the new proposed zoning ordinance in Chicago, maximum allowable performance criteria are set in regard to various nuisances such as noise, smoke, air pollution, odors, traffic, sewerage, potential explosion, and vibration. This paper will discuss the limiting noise spectrum which has been set up for the City of Chicago. It was decided that the limiting levels should apply to the residential boundary nearest the plant. This implies that if a plant finds itself surrounded by other industrial property, it can make more noise than if it borders on a residential district. From the experience of many years of study of urban noise conditions, the following limiting spectrum was reached for the City of Chicago: Below 75 150 300 600 1200 2400 Above 75 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 4800 72 67 59 55 46 40 34 32 For the boundary between industrial and commercial areas (for instance, shopping centers), the same relative spectrum was chosen, but all the levels were raised by 7 db. It should be emphasized that this standard was determined empirically for Chicago and would not apply necessarily to other communities. For instance, in many suburban communities much lower levels might be specified. After specification of the above spectrum, the principle has been tested by observations of zoning experts and building inspection officials and has been approved by these agencies. Since the drawing up of the standard, one Chicago plant has been silenced to the above specification and the neighborhood noise complaints eliminated.