Use Of Sourdough Research Articles

The Influence of Fermentation Technology on the Functional and Sensory Properties of Hemp Bread.

In this work, the type of fermentation and baking technology used to make hemp bread was investigated. The physicochemical composition of flour and bread, the protein nutritional quality, fatty acids profile, texture, consumer acceptance, analysis of volatile compounds using an electronic nose and chemical compounds using an electronic tongue were determined. Differences in protein and total dietary fiber content were observed in the obtained breads. The use of sourdoughs had a minor effect on the physical properties of the bread tested (the volume and mass of the loaves, color, or crumb texture). There was no clear effect of the tested sourdoughs on the parameters of the crumb texture and its moisture, assessed physically, both on the day of baking and during storage. In this bread, the limiting amino acid was lysine (amino acid score from 56.22% to 57.63%), but the breads did not differ significantly in the value of this indicator. The n-6/n-3 ratio in breads containing hemp flour (from 3.73 to 4.48) may have a beneficial effect on human health. The best-rated bread was the HB4 with a score of 6.09. The acceptance of remaining breads were in the range from 3.91 for HB1 to 4.91 for HB2.

Assessment of Acrylamide Levels and Evaluation of Physical Attributes in Bread Made with Sourdough and Prolonged Fermentation

Over the past decades, there has been an increasing awareness regarding acrylamide content in cooked foods. The use of natural, homemade, organic and ecological ingredients has been promoted in our society as a strategy to combat the increase in cancer ratios. In this work, the use of sourdough and prolonged fermentation as a mitigation of acrylamide formation in bread were studied. In addition, to accomplish the required standards of industrial production, the dimension and acidity were also assessed. For this purpose, samples were elaborated using diverse fermentation times (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes) of the dough before baking and different sourdough percentages (0, 20 and 50%). High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for acrylamide determination in bread crust was applied. We could corroborate that a decrease in acrylamide levels was observed with fermentation time for samples containing 0 and 20% sourdough, being sharper the decrease for the latter. However, the samples containing 50% sourdough showed a quite different behaviour depending on the fermentation time interval. The physical study revealed that dimension of the pieces increased with fermentation time and sourdough content, until the excessive gluten degradation and acidification of the medium led to a flattening and decrease in elevation of the samples. This study revealed that the samples containing a percentage of 20% sourdough maintained the proper quality of gluten for longer fermentation times than the 50% sourdough samples, delaying the flattening of the samples with fermentation time. Statistical calculations were accomplished in order to elucidate the correlations between the different variables, observing that the titratable index was associated with the fermentation time, the sourdough content, the bulk density and the acrylamide content.

Sourdoughs as Natural Enhancers of Bread Quality and Shelf Life: A Review

Sourdough is a key component in traditional and artisanal bread making. It imparts unique flavors and textures to bread, which are highly sought after by consumers. The use of sourdoughs to prepare bakery products has been researched for more than 30 years, and accumulated research shows the performance of sourdoughs as an alternative to improve the organoleptic characteristics of bread and its shelf life. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the research carried out on the use of sourdoughs from lactic acid bacteria and their benefits in the quality characteristics of bread, as well as to present relevant and recent information on the use of sourdoughs and their aqueous extracts for the preservation of bakery products. Also, the advances in the identification of antifungal compounds have been revised. In general, it has been shown that incorporating sourdoughs into the bread formulation positively impacts the product’s flavor and helps slow down the bread’s aging process and spoilage. Also, it has been observed that the bioactive compounds formed by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during sourdough fermentation and their extracts have an antimicrobial, especially antifungal, capacity that significantly helps increase bread’s shelf life. Studying sourdough as part of fermentation processes and product development is essential to improve bread production’s quality, diversity, and sustainability, and to advance our understanding of the science behind this food tradition.

Perbandingan Penggunaan Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Ragi Instan pada Proses Fermentasi Roti

Bread is a snack made from wheat flour and has a high consumption value in society. Bread can be made using sourdough or yeast as one of the main ingredients in its manufacture. Sourdough has advantages in terms of nutrition compared to the nutrients contained in yeast. However, it is not yet known how the differences in the use of sourdough and yeast in the process of making bread. For this reason, this study aims to compare and identify the differences in the use of sourdough and yeast in bread making. This study used an experimental method to compare the two materials. Based on the experimental results, it was found that in terms of bread dough development with yeast it was faster than sourdough and had a distinctive aroma and texture on each bread.

Sourdough "Biga" Fermentation Improves the Digestibility of Pizza Pinsa Romana: An Investigation through a Simulated Static In Vitro Model.

Baked goods manufacturing parameters and fermentation conditions interfere with the nutrients content and affect their gastrointestinal fate. Pinsa Romana is a type of pizza that, recently, has been commercially rediscovered and that needed elucidation from a nutritional and digestibility perspective. In this study, six types of Pinsa Romana (five made with indirect method and one produced with straight dough technology) were characterized for their biochemical and nutritional features. Several variables like indirect (biga) Pinsa Romana production process, fermentation time and use of sourdough were investigated. The Pinsa Romana made with biga including sourdough and fermented for 48 h at 16 °C ((PR_48(SD)) resulted in the lowest predicted glycemic index, in the highest content of total peptides, total and individual free amino acids and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and in the best protein quality indexes (protein efficiency ratio and nutritional index). The static in vitro digestion showed that the digesta from PR_48(SD) confirmed a reduced in vitro glycemic response after intake, and it showed a lower bioavailability of hydrophilic peptides. Furthermore, the inclusion of sourdough in biga enhanced the bioavailability of protein-related end-products including human health promoting compounds such as essential amino acids.

Strategies for Producing Low FODMAPs Foodstuffs: Challenges and Perspectives.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) as a promising therapeutic approach to reduce the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Hence, the development of low FODMAPs products is an important challenge for the food industry, and among the various foodstuffs associated with the intake of FODMAPs, cereal-based products represent an issue. In fact, even if their content in FODMAPs is limited, their large use in diet can be an important factor in developing IBS symptoms. Several useful approaches have been developed to reduce the FODMAPs content in processed food products. Accurate ingredient selection, the use of enzymes or selected yeasts, and the use of fermentation steps carried out by specific lactic bacteria associated with the use of sourdough represent the technical approaches that have been investigated, alone or in combination, to reduce the FODMAPs content in cereal-based products. This review aims to give an overview of the technological and biotechnological strategies applicable to the formulation of low-FODMAPs products, specifically formulated for consumers affected by IBS. In particular, bread has been the foodstuff mainly investigated throughout the years, but information on other raw or processed products has also been reported. Furthermore, taking into account the required holistic approach for IBS symptoms management, in this review, the use of bioactive compounds that have a positive impact on reducing IBS symptoms as added ingredients in low-FODMAPs products is also discussed.

Exploiting the Native Microorganisms from Different Food Matrices to Formulate Starter Cultures for Sourdough Bread Production.

The use of sourdough for bread production involves fermentation, which is dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast. Sourdough can be inoculated with a starter culture or through a food matrix containing microorganisms to initiate sourdough fermentation. Sourdough is used as leavening agent for bread making, and metabolites produced by LAB and yeast confer a specific aroma and flavor profile to bread, thus improving its sensory attributes. However, few publications report the effect of microorganisms from different food products and by-products on sourdough fermentation. This review focuses on using different starter cultures from various food sources, from wheat flour to starter cultures. Additionally, included are the types of sourdough, the sourdough fermentation process, and the biochemical transformations that take place during the sourdough fermentation process.

Changes in the Volatile Profile of Wheat Sourdough Produced with the Addition of Cava Lees.

The volatile fraction is of great importance for the organoleptic quality and consumer acceptance of bread. The use of sourdough improves the sensory profile of bread, as well as the addition of new ingredients to the fermentation. Cava lees are a sparkling wine by-product formed of dead microorganisms, tartaric acid, and other inorganic compounds, rich in antioxidant compounds as well as β-glucans and mannoproteins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of Cava lees (0–2% w/w) on sourdough volatile compounds to re-valorize this by-product of the wine industry. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was optimized to study the volatile fractions of sourdoughs. The parameters selected were 60 °C, 15 min of equilibrium, and 30 min of extraction. It was found that the addition of Cava lees resulted in higher concentrations of volatile compounds (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters), with the highest values being reached with the 2% Cava lees. Moreover, Cava lees contributed to aroma due to the compounds usually found in sparkling wine, such as 1-butanol, octanoic acid, benzaldehyde and ethyl hexanoate.

Improvement of Texture, Nutritional Qualities, and Consumers’ Perceptions of Sorghum-Based Sourdough Bread Made with Pediococcus pentosaceus and Weissella confusa Strains

Enriched gluten-free products are in high demand owing to increasing celiac disease worldwide. Sourdough fermentation can improve the quality of gluten-free cereals, rendering the resulting product beneficial as a functional food. This study produced sorghum bread (SB) using sourdough technology and evaluated the texture, nutrition profile, bioactive components, and sensory attributes of the product. The base formula was composed of sorghum flour and corn starch. Sourdough made with Pediococcus pentosaceus LD7 (PL7), P. pentosaceus SA8 (PS8), or Weissella confusa SD8 (WS8) was added at a 20% substitution level for bread production, while bread without sourdough addition was used as the control sample. The texture profiles of the SB were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) softer than that of the control. The sourdough breads possessed higher crude protein, ash, and dietary fibre contents than the control bread. Tannin and total phenol contents were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher in the sourdough breads compared to the control sample. The specific volume of the sample made with PS8 sourdough was the highest at 2.50 cm3/g compared to the other samples (2.17–2.46 cm3/g). The sourdough samples had higher scores for taste, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability than the control, with PL7 SB exhibiting the best overall acceptability (6.56). This study established promising use of sourdough with starters as an ingredient for baked products with improved technological and nutritional attributes as well as consumer acceptability.

In Vivo and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Fresh Pasta Produced Using Semolina-Based or Wholemeal Semolina-Based Liquid Sourdough.

The use of wholemeal flour and sourdough fermentation in different food matrices has received considerable attention in recent years due to its resulting health benefits. In this study, a semolina-based and a wholemeal semolina-based sourdough were prepared and added to the formulation of gnocchetti-type fresh pasta. Four types of gnocchetti were made, using semolina plus semolina-based sourdough (SS), semolina plus wholemeal semolina-based sourdough (SWS), semolina alone (S), and semolina plus wholemeal semolina (WS). The latter two were used as controls. The digestibility of starch was studied both in vitro and in vivo, and the glycemic response (GR) and glycemic load (GL) were determined. Starch digestibility, both in vivo and in vitro, was higher in wholemeal semolina than semolina pasta and the resulting GR values (mg dL−1 min−1) were also higher (2209 and 2277 for WS and SWS; 1584 and 1553 for S and SS, respectively). The use of sourdough significantly reduced the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content and increased the inaccessible digestible starch (IDS) content. The addition of sourdough to the formulation had no effect on the GR values, but led to a reduction of the GL of the pasta. These are the first data on the GR and GL of fresh pasta made with sourdough.

Impact of sourdough and transglutaminase on gluten-free buckwheat bread quality

Gluten-free (GF) bread based on starch has low sensory quality and stales faster than conventional wheat bread. At the same time, it is characterized by low nutritional value. Buckwheat flour can be used as an ingredient of GF bread improving favourably its nutritional properties. The application of transglutaminase (TG) that modifies proteins through cross-linking can further improve the overall quality of GF bread. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of TG used together with various doses of buckwheat sourdough, prepared using starter cultures L. plantarum ŁOCK 860 and L. brevis ŁOCK 1267, on the quality features of GF buckwheat bread. Compared to control, the exclusive addition of sourdough reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the specific volume of the bread, whereas the crumb was more cohesive and springy with a parallel TG addition. The crumb had lower density, similar to that of conventional bread. The flavor and aroma of the GF buckwheat bread were also improved noticeably. The use of sourdough had a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the crumb. Its structure became more springy. Moreover, the overall sensory quality of experimental bread increased, as the characteristic bitter aftertaste of buckwheat was less noticeable. In conclusion, the simultaneous use of buckwheat sourdough and TG had a positive effect on the total quality score which can lead to the increased sensory acceptability of the GF buckwheat bread.

Functional, Nutritional, and Sensory Quality of Mixed Flours-Based Breads as Compared to Durum Wheat Semolina-Based Breads.

Increasing preference of consumers and bakers towards bread manufactured with mixed flours and/or sourdough drove us to investigate about influence of flours and sourdough on crumb grain, chemical, sensory, and in vitro glycaemic index (GI) and antioxidant activity of bread. To this aim, we produced and compared six experimental breads: three were based on a mixture of flours (soft wheat, durum wheat semolina, barley, oat, rye, and buckwheat); three were semolina-based breads. Two different sourdoughs (wheat or mixed flours) were assessed. Compared to semolina breads, those containing a mixture of flours showed higher specific volume. The use of sourdough led to increased concentrations of total free amino acids (FAA). Mixed flours bread with addition of mixed flours sourdough was rich in some essential FAA and amino acid derivative bioactive gamma-aminobutyric acid. Type of flours had higher influence than sourdough addition on volatile organic compounds. All the mixed flours breads, although showing profiles of volatile organic compounds differing from those of semolina breads, resulted acceptable. In addition, they had lower GI and higher antioxidant activity than semolina breads. Type of flours had much higher impact on GI and antioxidant activity than sourdough.

Establishment of a spontaneously started sourdough in Vietnam

The use of sourdoughs in bread baking in Vietnam has recently been increased but little is known about microorganisms in those sourdoughs. This study was to assess changes in pH value and microbial density of a sourdough from bread flour (BF) and a sourdough from all-purpose flour (AF) during propagation. The results showed that the type of flour did not cause a significant difference in pH changes, but it could contribute to the distinct levels of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast in the two sourdoughs. The BF sourdough gained proper maturation in 15 days when it reached pH of 3.69, 1.3 x 109 CFU g-1 LAB and 7.4 x 108 CFU g-1 yeast. Meanwhile, the AF sourdough had lower levels of LAB and yeast (3.9 x 108 CFU g-1 and 1.0 x 108 CFU g-1, respectively). Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of Lactobacillus plantarum in the BF sourdough on the 10th and 15th days of the propagation process. Wickerhamomyces anomalus was found on the 10th day while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was detected on the 15th day. This sourdough can be used in further studies to assess the benefits of sourdough in bread baking.

Influence of different leavening agents on technological and nutritional characteristics of whole grain breads obtained from ancient and modern flour varieties

The aim of the work was to assess the influence of the leavening agent on several technological, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of breads prepared with whole soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flours. As leavening agents in bread-making, baker’s yeast, biga, and sourdough were utilized. Two ancient varieties, Andriolo and Verna, and a modern grain variety, Bologna, were used. Analysis of the obtained breads included the measurement of the phenols content, the antioxidant activity, the in vitro protein and total digestibility, the texture profile, the crumb grain characteristics and the microbial shelf-life test. The results of the principle component analysis of bread features indicated a clustering depending especially on the leavening agent rather than on the employed flour, particularly when sourdough was used. Protein digestibility, crumb grain characteristics, and shelf-life led to the main differences among the samples. Ancient wheat flour displayed similar features when the same leavening agent was applied. Particularly, the use of sourdough levelled the differences due to flour, leading to breads with similar technological and nutritional characteristics. The findings highlighted a marked effect of the leavening agent on bread final characteristics.

Influence of Process Parameters on Sourdough Microbiota, Physical Properties and Sensory Profile

ABSTRACT Sourdough is the result of a fermentation process involving mainly LAB and yeasts. The present microbiota increase acidification, leavening and flavour. Moreover, consumers demand for more nutritious, healthy and clean-label products, has increased the use of sourdough in bread-making. Generally, LAB rapidly acidify the sourdough medium due to organic acids production (lactic and acetic acid, mostly). Nevertheless, different process parameters may influence sourdough microbiota, inducing changes in both sourdough and the resulting bread. Finally, sourdough fermentation involving probiotics can provide extra health benefits to its consumers. Also, long fermentations can reduce FODMAPs and phytate content, besides lowering the glycemic index.

Enzymatic and microbial conversions to achieve sugar reduction in bread

A standard level of sugar addition to bread is 2% (flour base) but sweet baked goods including hamburger buns, hot dog buns and some sandwich bread contain more than 10% sucrose. This study aimed to provide an integrated assessment of different strategies for sugar-reduced bread by using isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) as bulk sweetening agent, polysaccharide hydrolases to generate sugars from flour polysaccharides, and sourdough. Trained panel sensory analyses of the intensity of sour and sweet tastes were compared to the concentration of organic acids and the sugar concentration of bread. Sourdough fermentation reduced the sweet taste intensity of bread produced with 9% sucrose. This effect was more pronounced with Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which converts fructose to mannitol with concomitant production of acetate. Addition of up to 20% sourdough fermented with Weissella cibaria 10 M, which does not produce mannitol and less acetate when compared to L. mesenteroides, did not substantially reduce the sweet taste intensity. Bread produced with 9% IMO tasted less sweet than bread prepared with 9% sucrose but partial replacement of sucrose with IMO maintained the sweet taste intensity. Addition of 4.5% IMO in combination with W. cibaria sourdough, amyloglucosidase and the fructosidase FruA enabled production of bread with 50% reduced sucrose addition while maintaining the sweet taste intensity. In conclusion, the single use of a sweet bulking agent, of amyloglucosidase or fructanases or the use of sourdough alone, did not maintain the sweet taste intensity of sugar-reduced bread, however, a combination of the three approaches allowed a reduction of sucrose addition without reducing the sweet taste intensity.

Investigating effective variables to produce desirable aroma in sourdough using e‐nose and sensory panel

The present study introduces a procedure for designing a sourdough with a desirable aroma to promote the acceptability of sourdough bread’s flavor. Different combinations of the most common flours and microbial species in sourdough fermentation were designed using the D-optimal algorithm and evaluated by panelists. We selected a combination of rye, barley, and oat (1:1:1) fermented by co-culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Kluyveromyces marxianus. Also, we presented a novel method for choosing the most effective factors on the aroma intensity using an electronic nose (e-nose) system via singular value decomposition method. The effect of fermentation conditions (i.e., time, temperature, and dough yield), amino acids (phenylalanine, leucine, and asparagine), sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, and sorbitol), and enrichment by other parts of the grain (starch, embryo, and bran) were examined. Reducing temperature and increasing DY and time lead to producing stronger aroma in selected sourdough. Overall, fructose, phenylalanine, and bran among studied ingredients showed the highest impact on the intensity of aroma. Practical applications Improving the flavor is among the most challenging issues facing food manufacturers. The use of sourdough in the bread industry is a traditional method and has recently gained popularity among producers and consumers as it can improve texture, shelf life, and nutritional value. However, the fermentation process does not always lead to the desired flavor. Therefore, to solve this problem, an extensive study in flours and microbial strains widely used in sourdough production was conducted and the best combination was proposed. This product is a suitable alternative to chemical flavors. For future studies, the strategy proposed for detecting the most effective factors in aroma generation using an e-nose can be used for flavor improvement in other food products.

FERMENTATION OF MULTIGRAIN DOUGH – AN APPROACH TO REDUCE GLYCEMIC INDEX FOR HEALTHY BREAD

The use of sourdough as the starter culture for bread making is one of the oldest processes in food fermentation and is very much prevalent in being used for the manufacture of various multigrain breads. The fermentation process of breads from mixed flours is one way, reported to reduce the glycemic index as compared to white bread. In this paper, we have discussed the use of (autochthonous) native culture vs pure culture use, in fermentation to prepare a starter culture sourdough by propagative fermentation. Since such a dough is incorporated in the sourdough bread making process (1:3), by the initial process of intermittent back-slopping (at intervals of 3.5 and 7 days) to propagate sourdough with a starter culture, as a part of the process, we observed the reduction in glycaemic index of the sourdough itself to as low as GI=40, at 3rd day of fermentation when the pure consortium and at 5th day of fermentation GI=43, when the native consortium was used. The sourdough process is thus an essential tool, aimed to make healthy breads, as it is incorporated as an ingredient in the process, to make sourdough bread.

Lactobacillus-fermented sourdoughs improve the quality of gluten-free bread made from pearl millet flour.

The study investigated the effect of sourdough made from combinations of four Lactobacillus spp. on the physicochemical properties, consumer acceptability, and shelf life of bread made from pearl millet flour. Fermentation based on both single and multiple species reduced the pH of the dough and increased its titratable acidity and H2O2 content. The addition of sourdough increased the elasticity and reduced the stiffness of the pearl millet dough. Sourdough fermented with L. brevis had the greatest effect on loaf height, specific volume, porosity, and moisture content. During storage, the moisture content of the bread crumb decreased, but that of their crust increased. Sourdough-based loaves retained their moisture better than conventional loaves and the sourdough suppressed the development of mold for a longer period. An organoleptic assessment showed that the sourdough-based bread was more palatable than either conventional or chemically acidified ones. The tissue softness, chewiness, and flavor of the pearl millet bread decreased during storage. The use of sourdough based on either L. brevis, L. paralimentarius, or L. brevis + L. paralimentarius is recommended to produce high-quality pearl millet-based bread.

Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Technological Functions of the Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis in Sourdough: A Review.

The use of sourdough asaleavening agent in bread making is a very old method that can be traced back to ancient times. Sourdoughs harbor a complex microbiota that is affected by multiple factors including factors related to cereal plants, grains, and sourdough processing techniques. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis is the key autochthonous bacterium of the traditional sourdough microbiota and it is said to be "sourdough adapted" species. Despite the great dominance of this bacterium in sourdoughs, the origin of this species still remains unclear. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis positively influences all aspects of sourdough and fermented foods. However, the positive influence of this species on sourdough is a strain-dependent characteristic. The first purpose of this review was to discuss factors affecting the microbiota of sourdoughs with particular emphasis on reasons behind the remarkable prevalence of L. sanfranciscensis in this ecological niche. The second objective was to discuss the genotypic and phenotypic classification of L. sanfranciscensis strains and the influence of this species on technological and functional characteristics of sourdough including its influence on rheological properties of dough and bread characteristics, texture, aroma, and shelf-life through the inhibition of fungal growth.