Use Of Sodium Sulfate Research Articles

The effect of sulfur compounds on the content of microelements in tissue organism rabbits

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of nanotechnology and sodium sulfate on the content of mineral elements in the tissues of 110-day-old rabbits by feeding different amounts of nano sulfur citrate. Studies were conducted on young rabbits of the Hyla breed in the private sector. Rabbits for the study were selected at the age of 41 days on the principle of analogues, weighing 1.2–1.4 kg, were divided into six groups (control and five experimental), 6 animals (3 males and 3 females) in each. Animals were kept in rooms with adjustable microclimate and illumination in mesh cages measuring 50×120×30 cm, in accordance with modern animal health standards. The rabbits of the control group were fed without restriction a balanced granular compound feed, with free access to water. Animals of the first (I), second (II), third (III), and fourth (IV) experimental groups were fed a control group diet and fed with nano sulfur citrate for 2; 4; 8 and 12 mg S/kg body weight. A solution of nano sulfur citrate (1.0 g/dm3, pH 1.38) was obtained from the Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies LLC, Kyiv. The young of the fifth (V) experimental group was fed with a diet of the control group and water was given sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in the amount of 40 mg S/kg body weight. At the 58th day from the beginning of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered, taking into account the generally accepted bioethical norms of international regulations regarding the experimental work with vertebrate animals. Blood, tissues: liver, skin and wool were selected for the study. For determination of macro and microelements, the samples were pre-mineralized by dry aching method. After ashes, acid extraction was performed. In the prepared samples, the elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using AAS-115 C. The digital data were statistically processed using the Student's t test. Studies have found that the feeding of rabbit sulfur citrate in the smallest amount tested 2 mg/kg caused a significant increase in liver – Fe (P < 0.05) and skin – Zn (P < 0.05), whereas a larger dose of 4 mg/kg was affected by changes in blood Cr and Fe (P < 0.01), liver – Zn and Fe (P < 0.05), skin – Zn (P < 0.01), wool – Zn and Fe (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. It was noted that the use in the diet of rabbits supplements of sulfur citrate at the rate of 8 mg/kg was marked by the greatest changes in the investigated tissues of the rabbit body, in particular the higher blood levels of Cr (P<0,001), Fe (P<0,05) and Cu (P < 0.01), liver – Zn, Fe and Cu (P < 0.05), skin – Zn (P < 0.001), higher amounts of 12 mg/kg caused changes in liver content – Zn (P < 0.01) and Fe (P < 0.05), skin – Zn (P < 0.05) compared to the control, indicating the stimulating effect of the organic sulfur compound on the activation of the processes of assimilation of these elements in their body. The use of sodium sulfate in the amount of 40 mg S/kg body weight was less likely to affect the content of the studied mineral elements compared with the control group with a more pronounced effect: Zn in the liver and skin, Cr in wool. Therefore, feeding in the diet of rabbits II and III experimental groups of nano sulfur citrate in the amount of 4 and 8 S/kg body weight was more pronounced synergistic effect on the trace elements in the tissues of their body than the use of inorganic compounds and the control group.

Production of Sodium Bicarbonate from CO2 Reuse Processes: A Brief Review

Abstract Research activities discuss about the global environmental impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Government authorities and international conferences aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage the development of sustainable processes using renewable sources. In order to reduce emissions from the industrial sector, CO2 capture and reuse as a raw material in the production of marketable products have encouraged the development of technologies. Among many possible chemical products manufactured from CO2, sodium bicarbonate appears in this context as an important compound in the chemical, food, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Then, the main objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographical review of the main production processes available in the literature for synthesis of sodium bicarbonate and the main chemical reactions involved in the crystallization reactor. Regarding to the processes, soda ash carbonation from trona, the Solvay process and the sodium sulfate route were assessed and compared. Among the main raw materials used in the production process of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride is presented as most economically feasible while sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate are indicated as the most environmentally viable alternatives. Beyond, the global processes were presented for each route discussing advantages and disadvantages for the separation and purification steps required after the reaction. It is notable that the main raw material is sodium chloride due to its easy possibility of obtaining, from seawater, and large availability for applications at the food industry. Indeed, the production of sodium bicarbonate by means of the Solvay process was the route that presented the best results regarding to the technology development and economic cost. Use of sodium sulfate as raw material has proved to be a possible route, besides presenting numerous advantages such as production of valuable byproducts. However, this route may be not totally viable compared to conventional routes due to the complexity of products separation and purification. The review showed that there is a lack in the scientific literature regarding to the development of studies evaluating sodium bicarbonate crystallization and purification in a cost effective and technical detailed approach.

Method for extraction of gold and silver from technogenic pyrite raw materials

The paper contains the results of hydrometallurgical processing of technogenic pyrite raw materials. The method is based on selective extraction of gold and silver from ore by solution, which contains sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate. The most promising results were obtained utilizing solution with sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate concentration of 25 g/L and leaching time – 1 hour. Under these conditions, the extraction of gold was 67%. The use of sodium sulphate and sodium sulfite allows to extract gold and partially silver from refractory sulfide ores.

Conversion of chloride salts with the use of sodium sulfate when crystallizing salts from chloride-sulfate solutions

Conversion of chloride salts with the use of sodium sulfate when crystallizing salts from chloride-sulfate solutions

General Principles and Strategies for Salting-Out Informed by the Hofmeister Series

Overarching principles for salting-out extraction are long-established but poorly disseminated. We highlight the opportunity for more widespread application of this technique using the Hofmeister series as a foundational basis for choosing the right salt. The power of this approach is exemplified by the aqueous workup of a highly water-soluble nucleoside in which the use of sodium sulfate allowed for high recoveries without relying on back extraction.

Improvement in the docosahexaenoic acid production of Schizochytrium sp. S056 by replacement of sea salt.

Schizochytrium is a marine microalga that requires high concentrations of sea salt for growth, although problems arise with significant amounts of chloride ions in the culture medium, which corrodes the fermenters. In this work, we evaluated that cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production can be improved when using 1 % (w/v) sodium sulfate instead of 2 % (w/v) sea salt in the culture medium for Schizochytrium sp. S056. In practice, the use of sodium sulfate as the sodium salt led to chloride ion levels in the medium that can be completely removed, thus avoiding fermenter corrosion during Schizochytrium sp. S056 growth, reducing cost and increasing DHA production, and simplifying the disposal of fermentation wastewater. Additionally, we demonstrated that the osmolality of growth media did not play a crucial role in the production of DHA. These findings may be significantly important to companies involved in production of PUFAs by marine microbes.

Solubility in the reciprocal quaternary K+-Na+-SO42−-VO3−-H2O system at (293.15 and 313.15) K

The equilibrium solubility studies of the Na2SO4+KVO3+H2O system at 293.15 and 313.15K have been performed. Based on the results, the equilibrium plots for the system in a planar projection have been obtained according to the Jänecke method. The plots enable the determination of the optimal conditions for the conversion reaction of potassium metavanadate into complex salt sodium, potassium metavanadate with the use of sodium sulfate. The aim of the process is the recovery of vanadium compounds from solutions obtained after leaching spent vanadium catalyst.

Sodium sulfate–diatomite composite materials for high temperature thermal energy storage

This work explores the use of sodium sulfate and diatomite to formulate composite materials for high temperature thermal energy storage applications. Sodium sulfate in the composite functions as a phase change material (PCM) and diatomite as a structural skeleton for shape stabilization. It is found that sodium sulfate and diatomite have an excellent chemical compatibility with the PCM melting temperature at around 880°C. It is shown that the composite containing 45% diatomite gives an optimal formulation in terms of energy density, salt leakage and mechanical strength. The results also suggest that the composite with the optimal formulation has an application window of 890–980°C. Failures occur to the composite materials at temperatures above 1000°C.

The therapeutic activity of sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium-magnesiac mineral water in the functional disorders of the biliary tract.

Functional disorders of the biliary tract involve gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi and cause pain and/or digestive troubles. In this context, in addition to pharmacological treatments, an important role is played by the use of sodium-sulphate and sulphate-bicarbonate mineral waters that, because of their composition into ions macro and trace elements, can stimulate the release or modulate the activity of some neurohumoral regulators of the digestive process. We want to do a study on the effects of hydropinotherapy with a sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium mineral water in patients suffering from pain and other symptoms caused by biliary dyskinesias, biliary sand (without gallstones), or following a cholecystectomy (post-cholecystectomy syndromes). We enrolled 43 patients suffering from those affections; all the patients did two cycles in one year of hydropinotherapy with Acqua Santa at Italy's Chianciano Spa; 20 of these patients did a third cycle of hydropinotherapy in the second year of the study. At the end of the second and of the third cycle we compared the frequency of eleven main symptoms in both groups and we also performed an longitudinal-observational study on the frequency of those symptoms before the beginning of the first cycle of the therapy and at the end of the second and of the third cycle. Statistical analyses were based on the use of Pearson's χ2 test. The frequency of the symptoms observed at the end of second and third cicle of hydropinotherapy was significantly lower than that considered before starting therapy. The differences were statistically significant. The results of our research regarding the hydropinotherapy by sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium mineral water show a significant improvement of symptoms in patients suffering from disturbances of biliary tract.

ChemInform Abstract: Unique Salt Effect on the High Yield Synthesis of Acid‐Labile Terpene Oxides Using Hydrogen Peroxide under Acidic Aqueous Conditions.

AbstractThe use of sodium sulfate as an additive in the oxidation of various terpenes with hydrogen peroxide allows the synthesis of acid‐labile epoxides in high yields.

Material Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Cement Paste Structural Fill

Fly ash can be effectively used as compacted or flowable fill material in the construction of structural fills for building foundations, embankments, base and subbase courses for highways and railroads, dikes, levees, bridge abutments, and landfill cover in lieu of conventional earth materials. In this study, high volume fly ash cement paste composite formed of various combinations of fly ash, cement, lime, silica fume, and chemical admixtures has been examined in terms of its physical (dry unit weight, void ratio, apparent specific gravity, linear shrinkage), mechanical (unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength), and durability properties (hydraulic conductivity, soundness by use of sodium sulphate) at 0, 100, and 200mm slump values. The results indicate that the cement paste, providing certain advantages over conventional fill materials with its lower unit weight, higher strength, and higher volume stability can be designed for any required engineering performance for use in the construction of compacted to self-compacting structural fills and promises high volume fly ash utilization with low technology requirements avoiding scarce use of raw resources.

Making of anhydrite cement from waste gypsum

The paper presents the results of research on the utilization of phosphogypsum produced as the waste of phosphoric acid manufacture. Phosphogypsum is a fine powder with high calcium sulfate content. The phosphatic and fluoride impurities present in phosphogypsum cannot be removed completely either by washing or chemical treatments. However, phosphogypsum, when heated at elevated temperature, produced an anhydrite and the impurities become inert. The formation of anhydrite cement was examined by microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Data showed that a stable anhydrite can be produced by heating phosphogypsum at 1000°C. The effects of different chemicals on setting and hardening of anhydrite cement and its hydration characteristics were studied. Results show that with the use of sodium sulfate and ferrous sulfate activators, maximum attainment of strength can be achieved. A correlation was established between hydration and chemically combined water. Microscopic studies revealed that formation of euhedral prismatic and rhombic shaped gypsum crystals govern high strength development in the anhydrite cement. Manufacture of anhydrite cement from phosphogypsum is recommended because of its lower energy requirements than the traditional building materials.

甲状腺腫よう内ｔｈｙｒｏｇｌｏｂｕｌｉｎの生化学的検討

Glycoproteins in human thyroid tumors were fractionated by affinity chromatography in a concanavalin A (ConA)-Sepharose 4B column. Anti-human Tg (thyroglobulin; 660kDa glycoprotein consisting of 10% carbohydrate) antibody-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was performed on the fractions which were bound or not bound to ConA. Tgs which were purified from each fraction were subjected to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) affinity electrophoresis, and their characteristics with respect to the structural changes of their carbohydrate chains were studied. Human Tg, purified by the HPLC system, was used to immunize rabbits. Anti-human Tg antibody was purified from rabbit anti-serum with the use of sodium sulfate. Following are the characteristics of Tg in thyroid adenoma: (I) Tg which was dissociated into 12S subunits due to the definitely decreased iodine content of Tg in tumor tissue, was present in the fraction bound to ConA. (II) When ConA-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography was performed by linear gradient elution with 0-500mM methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside (MeM), the fraction which was eluted with 0-200mM MeM contained most of Tg which had been dissociated into 12S subunits. (III) Tg which was eluted with 0-200mM MeM had a strong affinity for WGA. (IV) Tg which was eluted with 200-500mM MeM showed no affinity for WGA. (V) Tg which was not bound to ConA showed a relatively strong affinity for WGA. (VI) It appeared that Tg preparation mentioned in (V) was 19STg and its dimer, and Tg which was dissociated into 12S subunits could not be found in the fraction not bound to ConA. Tg not bound to ConA had a higher iodine content than Tg bound to ConA.

Comparison of fixatives for maximal retention of radiolabeled glycoconjugates for autoradiography, including use of sodium sulfate to release unincorporated [35S]-sulfate.

Previous studies have used [35S]-sulfate as a specific marker to autoradiographically localize sulfated glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Embryonic chicks were labeled with [35S]-sulfate, followed by previously reported routine fixation and processing techniques. Subsequent processing revealed loss of radiolabeled macromolecules and retention of unincorporated label in the tissue, using these procedures. Biochemical analysis after various fixation and processing procedures demonstrated that an additional agent, such as cetylpyridinium chloride, was necessary in the fixative to retain the highly aqueous soluble sulfated macromolecular components. Molecular sieve chromatography was used to monitor digestate solutions for the identity of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans as indicated by selective enzymatic removal. Retained unincorporated [35S]-sulfate could be completely removed by rinsing the tissue in dehydration solutions containing exogenous sodium sulfate. This new procedure ensures the quantitative retention of sulfate labeled macromolecules in fixed tissue with the complete removal of unincorporated radiotracer, both of which are necessary for meaningful autoradiography.

Preparative isolation of cerebrosides (galactosyl and glucosyl ceramide)

An improved method for isolating cerebrosides from natural sources is described. The method is particularly suited to large scale work and can be adapted to the isolation of sphingolipids that are less polar than the gangliosides. It is based on the use of sodium sulfate to absorb the water from chloroform-methanol tissue extracts, the use of triiodide to cleave the ether linkage of plasmalogens, and the use of alkaline methanolysis to cleave the ester linkages of the glycerolipids. The final separation of the lipids is done with a silica gel column.

Spectrophotometric study of the reactions of arsenazo III with alkaline-earth metals

Arsenazo III is used as a spectrophotometric reagent for alkaline-earth metals. The molar absorptivities of the calcium, strontium and barium complexes at 650 nm are 4·40 × 10 4, 4·00 × 10 4 and 3·65 × 10 4 l.mole −1.cm −1 respectively. The interference of magnesium is eliminated at pH 5-6. The use of sodium sulphate as masking agent permits the determination of small amounts of calcium, strontium and magnesium in the presence of barium. The alkaline-earth ions can be determined in the presence of each other at pH 4·2 at the 2-10 μg level. Some organic solvents such as dioxan, acetone and ethanol increase the sensitivity and selectivity in acidic medium. The stability constants have been measured and the structure of the complexes is discussed.

Use of Sodium Sulfate for Copper Removal from Molten Iron

This paper describes the results of studies to improve the effectiveness of Na2SO4 for removing copper from molten iron. These studies included the use of sulfate mixtures, recycling of used slags, and additions of Na2SO4 in lump form versus powder. The results can be summarized as follows

The Use of Sodium Sulphate in Glass

(1951). The Use of Sodium Sulphate in Glass. Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 91-97.

Intercrystalline Cracking in Boiler Steel

In 1934, Powell (1) estimated the cost of repairs and replacement on boilers damaged by intercrystalline cracking or embrittlement during the preceding four years at approximately 200,000 dollars per year. In spite of this outlay no extensive experimental work was in progress on this specific problem, although a related investigation concerning the solubility of sodium sulphate in boiler water salines was under way at the Bureau of Mines. This situation existed because many operators believed a satisfactory solution to the difficulty was available if conditions believed to be correct were maintained in boilers. These conditions which had been accepted as correct involved principally the maintenance in the boiler water of such concentrations of sodium sulphate and alkalinity that the ratios suggested by the A.S.M.E. for the prevention of embrittlement were satisfied. These ratios it will be recalled were based upon data gathered from boilers throughout the country and were later supported by the important pioneer work of Parr and Straub. On the other hand many competent engineers believed that the use of sodium sulphate for protection was based on contradictory operating data. The solubility studies at the Bureau of Mines under the auspices of the Joint Research Committee on Boiler Feedwater Studies attempted to establish an accurate basis for the use of sodium sulphate

The use of sodium sulphate for the preparation of concentrated protein-free tissue extracts

The use of sodium sulphate for the preparation of concentrated protein-free tissue extracts