Use Of Shear Walls Research Articles

The Influence of Structure Height and Use of Shear Walls on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures

Bengkulu is one of the areas prone to earthquakes. The application of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete buildings must be done to minimise lateral forces due to earthquakes. The reinforced concrete structure system commonly used to withstand these lateral forces is a double system using sliding walls. Shear walls are structural elements that can affect rigidity and withstand lateral loads due to earthquakes. In addition, the structure's height will affect the load acting on the structure and the dimensions of the planned structural elements. This study aims to analyse the influence of structural height and the use of sliding walls on the behaviour of reinforced concrete building structures. The analysis in this study used spectrum response method analysis with the help of the ETABS application. Results show that the use of shear walls makes the structure stiffer at lower levels, and the higher the structure will result in the period of the structure, the primary shear force, the deviation between levels, and the influence of P-delta increases.

Lessons learned from four recent Turkish earthquakes: Sivrice-Elazığ, Aegean Sea, and Dual Kahramanmaraş

Türkiye is located in an earthquake-prone region where almost all of its population resides in risky areas. In the past 100 years, there has been a strong earthquake every two years and a major one every 3 years. This study investigates the impact of four recent earthquakes, that occurred between 2020 and 2023, on reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. The first, Sivrice-Elazığ, struck the eastern part of Türkiye on January 24, 2020, with a moment magnitude of Mw = 6.8. The second, the Aegean Sea, hit the western part of the country on October 30, 2020, with an Mw of 6.6. The third and fourth are the February 6, 2023 dual Kahramanmaraş earthquakes with Mws of 7.7 and 7.6, which struck the eastern part of Türkiye approximately 9 h apart. Immediately following these earthquakes, a technical team investigated each of the damaged areas. This study summarizes their findings on RC buildings. It was discovered that the majority of the collapsed or severely damaged RC buildings were constructed before 2000. The main reasons for this included technological limitations, specifically on producing high-quality concrete, as well as a lack of public policies and enforced laws in the construction sector to maintain an acceptable international standard. Furthermore, the damage patterns of buildings from these four earthquakes indicated poor workmanship, low material quality, improper structural framing, a common appearance of soft and weak stories, the inadequate use of shear walls, and defective reinforcement configuration. The significance of soil studies and the enforcement of building inspections are also discussed, along with the earthquake codes. The study concludes that the maximum peak ground accelerations from the dual Kahramanmaraş earthquakes were almost triple the code-prescribed values. Therefore, it is recommended that the current mapped spectral acceleration values be revised and that buildings constructed before 2000 should be prioritized while determining their structural performances.

Analisis Struktur Beton Bertulang Tahan Gempa Untuk Berbagai Variasi Tinggi Bangunan

Indonesia is a country prone to earthquakes because it is located at the confluence of the Pacific and Trans-Asiatic Circum. Padang is included in the 5-6 earthquake area (KDS E & F), which is an area that has the potential for an earthquake accompanied by the possibility of a tsunami., comfortable and safe against the dangers of an earthquake or tsunami. The most influential factor in the planning of high-rise building structures is the strength of the building structure itself, where this factor is closely related to the safety and resilience of the building in holding and accommodating the loads acting on the structure. Instability in the structure is a basic thing that must be avoided and considered for various types of building heights. An unstable structure when subjected to loads causes the structure to experience a greater deformation than a stable structure. One way that can be done to make the structure more stable is to combine the structure with Shear Walls. Shear wall systems can be used to withstand vertical forces such as gravity loads and horizontal/lateral forces such as earthquake and tsunami loads, thereby preventing excessive swaying of the structure. The use of shear walls is also intended so that when an earthquake and tsunami occurs, the lateral forces that affect the structure are not only resisted by the beam and column elements in the structure but are also resisted by the shear wall system. because the placement of the shear walls that are not appropriate causes the shear forces that occur in the columns and beams to be greater. The research object is multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings with variations in height of 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 floors. Buildings 5, 7 and 10 floors are designed with an open frame system, while buildings with floors 7, 10, 15 and 20 are designed with a double system, namely open portals and shear walls as lateral load resisters. Open portals use a Special Moment Resisting Frame System (SRPMK) design, while shear walls use a Special Structural Wall System (SDSK) design. The calculated structural loads are dead loads, live loads, superimposed dead loads and earthquake loads. Building location in the city of Padang with moderate soil conditions. The strength and stiffness of structures with shear walls are higher than those without shear walls

FEMA P695 seismic performance evaluation of Cold-formed steel buildings with different shear wall strengths and stiffnesses

Lateral load capacity and stiffness of CFS framed OSB sheathed shear walls can be improved by increasing the number of fasteners between sheathing panel and framing members or by providing sheathing on both sides of panel. Both of these methods could be a viable option to meet high seismic demands when the number of walls is limited by architectural or other concerns. With the increasing use of CFS building systems in high seismic regions, such applications are expected to be more widespread in the future. The present study aims to investigate the seismic response of CFS framed archetype buildings utilizing OSB sheathed wall panels with different levels of stiffness and shear resistance. Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted on 28 archetype buildings and collapse performance evaluation was performed according to FEMA P695 methodology. Load-displacement hysteresis behaviors of wall panels measured in a recent experimental study were adopted to simulate the shear wall response in the numerical models. Buildings utilizing shear walls that are sheathed with OSB panels on one side with 300 mm fastener spacing possess limited overstrength and fail to satisfy the performance criteria regardless of the response modification coefficient used for design. With the use of shear walls that are constructed with 50 mm fastener spacing and single or double sided sheathing configurations, the building design is governed by drift limitation instead of strength requirement. Irregular drift profiles occur with lateral displacements localizing at the first floor when shear walls with single sided sheathing and loose fastener layout is utilized. Using shear walls with a dense fastener layout results in a uniform distribution of lateral displacements among floors.

Assessment of seismic retrofitting interventions in reinforced concrete structures

Destruction of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, particularly non-ductile RC structures, in recent earthquakes demonstrate their vulnerability under lateral forces generated in an earthquake. Despite the extensive literature on the subject and the wide variety of strengthening techniques available, there is no consensus on the efficiency of these techniques in improving the seismic performance of RC structures. In this study, a five-storeyed RC-framed building is considered to evaluate its seismic performance through static non-linear pushover analysis. To examine the effect of various cases encountered in practice, the pushover analysis is carried out on the RC frame for various cases, i.e. a bare RC frame, an RC frame with masonry infills but with an open ground storey, and RC frames with shear walls with a variety of thicknesses and steel reinforcement ratios. Further, to investigate the effect of retrofitting, the RC frame is strengthened using local jacketing and bracings. From the results, it is observed that the initial stiffness and base shear of masonry infilled RC frame with an open ground storey exhibit an increase of 2.6%, and 19%, respectively, as compared to the bare frame. The use of shear walls increases the initial stiffness and base shears, and they increase by 6–14% and 8–20%, respectively, with an increase in the reinforcement ratio in the shear wall. Retrofitting with the use of both diagonal bracings causes the base shear to increase by a factor of 7.7 as compared to that of the open ground storey. Finally, the probability of damage to the RC frame in all cases was compared using seismic fragility curves.

Analysis of the Effect of Shear Walls on Building Structural Deviations in High-rise Buildings Monde City Tower M2 Batam City

High-rise buildings are structures that are prone to lateral loads. Every high-rise building design requires a strong structure to withstand lateral loads due to earthquake and wind loads. The use of Shear Walls can reduce the displacement that occurs due to lateral loads received because of earthquake loads and wind loads. This study aims to analyze the effect of Shear Walls on the Monde City Tower M2 Apartment building in Batam City. The method used in this study is a numerical analysis in the form of modeling a 15-story apartment building located in Batam City. The building is modeled into 2 types, namely (V1) a structure without using Shear Walls and (V2) a structure using Shear Walls according to the structural drawings. The earthquake analysis was carried out using the response spectrum method with the software ETABS v 18.1.0 for the structural analysis calculations. The results of the analysis obtained in the form of the deviation value from a structure that uses shear wall have decreased the deviation in the X direction by 12.5476 % and a decrease in the deviation in the Y direction by 68.1254 %. P-Delta in a structure that uses a shear wall is much better in structural stability than a structure that only uses a frame system.

Study of a Flat Slab Building with a Shear Wall at Periphery and X-Bracing

Abstract: Flat slab construction practice faces great risk during severe earthquake shaking. In the study two different types of flat slab buildings are taken into account; flat slab with shear wall at X-Bracing and flat slab with at periphery. This lateral force resisting mechanism strengthens structural stiffness of these flat slab structures. It is observed that the lateral force resisting capacity of flat slab structure increases significantly with the use of shear wall.

A Review on Study of Performance Assessment of Multistorey Building Subjected to Earthquake Using STAAD Pro

Abstract: From the beginning of life on Earth it is evident that natural catastrophes cause a lot of destruction to human life and property. One of the major natural phenomena is the Earthquake. Sudden shaking of ground is a difficult challenge to any structure standing on earth. Due to Improper design of the structure without seismic resistance many buildings have collapsed, and lives have lost during earthquakes. Different shapes & materials of buildings have been used to achieve the strength required to withstand the earthquake. In modern era, lots of seismic force resisting techniques are being used to make a structure/building earthquake resistant. These techniques include introducing Shear walls. to enhance the structure. In this paper, I present a Comparative analysis of earthquake resisting techniques on a multi storey building with the help of different types of Shear walls and using software. The comparison is done between an un-Resisting structure, parallel shear walls, Lshaped shear wall, diagonal bracings, X-shaped bracings & V shaped bracings. The use of shear walls helps to strengthen then structure to make it more Earthquake resistant. The analysis in done on a G+10 building for seismic zone III as per IS 1893:2002 codal provisions. The software that I have used to carry out this analysis is Staad pro v8. It is found out that shear walls contribute largely in reducing the deflection by increasing the strength and stiffness of the building. The results of this project can further be used to enhance the seismic strength of buildings using combination of seismic resistance techniques. Keywords: Storey drift, storey shear, maximum displacement, shear wall, STADD pro.

EFFECTS OF SHEAR WALLS ON A TYPICAL FOUR-STORY REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO SEVERE EARTHQUAKE EVENTS

Various seismic-resistant design methods are used to ensure the stability of multi-story buildings against lateral forces caused by earthquakes. Utilization of reinforced concrete shear walls is one of the most reliable methods of design and construction of earthquake-resistant buildings because it increases structural resistance to lateral loads and stiffens and strengthens the structure, thereby minimizing earthquake-induced damages. This paper investigates the beneficial effects of using shear walls in the structural design of a typical low-rise building to improve its resistance to earthquake events. To this end, a four-story reinforced concrete structure is modeled first without shear walls, then with the addition to shear walls. The 2002 Denali Alaska earthquake is used as an example of a severe seismic excitation because it is considered the most massive strike-slip earthquake in North America in almost 150 year. SAP2000 is used to perform the dynamic analysis. In order to obtain an accurate representation of the structure’s behavior, response modal nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis is utilized to analyze and compare the response of the building with and without shear walls. Study results showed that shear walls are very effective in achieving compliance with seismic design codes. In addition, the use of shear walls significantly reduces the shear stresses, bending moments, and displacements of the various members of the structure.

The study of shear wall uses in buildings during the architecture design process

In Indonesia, an earthquake-prone area, building designs must be earthquake resistant, and using shear walls is one of the ways to make buildings more earthquake resistant. However, determining the requirements and optimal position of shear walls is difficult. Miscalculating in their positioning can cause torsion and other unpredictable behavior. Previous studies were done to know shear walls’ optimal areas and positioning. The first way was trial and error, but this method was ineffective and took a long time. The second way, MATLAB programming, is actually very effective since the needs and orientation of the walls can be determined precisely. Nevertheless, not all structural engineers and architects master the programming language. This study, therefore, proposes relatively simple formulas and procedures to determine the optimal area and positioning of shear walls for architects preliminary design during architecture design process. The accuracy test for the formulas and procedures was carried out using ETABS simulation experiments on 10 building models with various irregular categories. The result showed the formulas and procedures proposed in this study were quite accurate in calculating the needs and position of shear walls. Optimal conditions, furthermore, were quite easy to achieve in symmetrical geometric compositions (1 or 2 axes) while organic or random geometric compositions were quite difficult to achieve. When the use of shear walls achieves optimal condition, the strength and stiffness of a building are increased, and the distribution of its strength and stiffness is relatively even, hence anticipating deformation behavior and reducing building eccentricity.

A Parametric Study on the Effects of Shear Wall Locations in a Typical Five-Story Reinforced Concrete Structure Subjected to a Severe Earthquake

To minimize earthquake-induced damages in structures, one of the most reliable ways to design and construct earthquake-resistant buildings is to utilize reinforced concrete shear walls because they increase the structural resistance to lateral loads and effectively stiffens and strengthens the structure. This is known as the best seismic-resistant design method that ensures the stability of multi-story buildings against lateral forces when subjected to strong earthquakes. This paper investigates the effects of the shear wall location in a typical low-rise building to improve earthquake resistance. The study initially models a five-story reinforced concrete structure without shear walls and then adds shear walls at different locations in the structure. SAP2000 is used to perform dynamic analysis under the 1994 Northridge earthquake, an example of severe seismic excitation. Response modal nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis is utilized to obtain an accurate representation of the structure’s behavior. The response of the building with and without shear walls is analyzed and compared for various locations of the shear walls in the structure. Study results show that shear walls effectively reduce horizontal displacements and story drifts to achieve compliance with seismic design codes. The use of shear walls also significantly reduces shear stresses, bending moments, and displacements of various members of the structure. Numerical values and maximum percent of possible changes in the design parameter are reported in the paper. Various seismic demands of the elastic models (with and without shear walls) have been evaluated and compared. The presented work claims that shear walls effectively reduce shear stresses. It is a fact that increasing the stiffness of the structure in severe seismic zones could simultaneously attract more seismic forces, and if the reinforcement is not detailed appropriately, it could reduce the ductility of the structure. The structural elements, including frame elements and the shear walls are inelastic.

20 Katlı Betonarme Yapının Farklı Perde Duvar Yerleşimlerine Göre Deprem Analizi

Especially in recent years, there has been a marked increase in the construction of tall residential and commercial buildings. Due to this significant increase, the effects of lateral loads such as earthquake loads and the problems of providing sufficient strength and resistance against earthquakes have attracted much attention. Severe earthquakes could cause severe damage or collapse in tall buildings. Academic studies have shown that structural damage caused by the earthquake is the cause of the large displacement. Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. With Shearwall systems, the lateral loads on the building are reduced by countering the effects of lateral loads on high buildings. Thus, the use of shearwalls in buildings could prevent large displacement and damage caused by this displacement. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and behaviour of the shear walls, which have different placement, performance of the building under the earthquake loads. To the aim, a reinforced concrete structure with 20 stories have been modelled by SAP2000 V22 finite element program to conducted earthquake analysis of the structure.

Exploration on Use of Shear Wall in Multistory Building with Seismic Analysis

Exploration on Use of Shear Wall in Multistory Building with Seismic Analysis

Effect of configuration of shear walls at story plan to seismic behavior of high-rise reinforced concrete buildings

In developing countries, the need for shelter, working area, shopping and entertainment centers is increasing due to the increasing population effect. In order to meet this need, it is necessary to turn to high-rise buildings. Significant damages have been observed as a result of insufficient horizontal displacement stiffness of high-rise buildings in major earthquakes in previous years. It is known that as the height of the structure increases, the displacement demand of the structure also increases. Since it is accepted that the structure will make inelastic deformation in the design of the structure, these displacements increase to very high levels as the number of stories increases. For this reason, damages can be much higher than expected. In order to limit the level of damage that may occur in high-rise buildings, the horizontal displacement of buildings is limited in many regulations in our age. This limitation is possible by increasing the rigidity of the structures against horizontal displacement. In recent years, the use of shear wall has increased due to the horizontal displacement limitation in the regulations. The use of shear walls in buildings limits the horizontal displacement. However, the choice of where the shear walls will be placed on the plan is very important. Failure to place the shear walls correctly may result in additional loads in the structure. It can also lead to torsional irregularity. In this study, a 10-storey reinforced concrete building model was created. Shear wall at the rate of 1% of the plan area of the building was used in the building. The shear walls are arranged in different geometric shapes and different layouts. The earthquake analysis of 5 different models were performed. Equivalent Earthquake Load, Mode Superposition and Time History Analysis methods were used for earthquake analysis. The results were compared and a proposal was made for the geometry and configuration of the shear wall.

Earthquake Resisting Techniques on A G+10 Storey Building with the Help of Shear Walls & Bracings, using Software

From the beginning of life on Earth it is evident that natural catastrophes cause a lot of destruction to human life and property. One of the major natural phenomena is the Earthquake. Sudden shaking of ground is a difficult challenge to any structure standing on earth. Due to Improper design of the structure without seismic resistance many buildings have collapsed and lives have lost during earthquakes. Different shapes & materials of buildings have been used to achieve the strength required to withstand the earthquake. In modern era, lots of seismic force resisting techniques are being used to make a structure/building earthquake resistant. These techniques include introducing Shear walls, Bracings, base isolation, column jacketing etc. to enhance the structure. In this paper, I present a Comparative analysis of earthquake resisting techniques on a G+10 story building with the help of different types of Shear walls & Bracings, using software. The comparison is done between: an un-Resisting structure, parallel shear walls, L-shaped shear wall, diagonal bracings, X-shaped bracings & V-shaped bracings. The use of shear walls and bracings helps to strengthen then structure to make it more Earthquake resistant. The analysis in done on a G+10 building for seismic zone III as per IS 1893:2002 codal provisions. The software that I have used to carry out this analysis is Staad pro v8. It is found out that shear walls and bracing contribute largely in reducing the deflection by increasing the strength and stiffness of the building. The results of this project can further be used to enhance the seismic strength of buildings using combination of seismic resistance techniques.

The Use of Moment-Resisting Frames and Braced Frames for Lateral Stability of Multy-Storey Precast Concrete Structures

Precast structures for multi-storey buildings can be designed with economy, safety and high performance. However, depending on the height of the building and the intensity of the lateral loads, the lateral stability system must be carefully chosen in order to maximize the global structural performance. In Brazil, the most common method for lateral stability is achieved by moment resisting precast-frames, wherein the moment-rotation response of the beam-column connections are responsible to provide the frame action, which will govern the distribution of internal forces and the sway distribution along the building height. On the other hand, in Europe, bracing systems comprised by shear walls or infill walls are mostly used, wherein beam-column connections are designed as hinged. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between these methods for lateral stability, applying nine structural simulations with moment resisting precast-frames, shear walls and infill walls solutions, divided in three groups - 3 building with 5 storeys (21 meters high), 3 buildings with 10 storeys (41 meters high) and 3 building with 20 storeys (81 meters high). All first storeys are 5 meters high, while all the others are 4 meters high. The results from all structural analyses are compared. As conclusion, while moment-resisting beam-column connections are more feasible for applying in low-rise precast buildings, the use of shear walls and infill walls are more efficient for tall buildings due to decrease of lateral displacements, having a reduction of second order effects but also increasing the reactions at the foundations of bracing elements.

Practical modelling issues for masonry building retrofitted with squat shear wall

Summary Damage observed following moderate to large earthquakes has shown masonry buildings are vulnerable to lateral shaking. The results of statistical analyses in Iran show that 90% of schools in the retrofitting list are unreinforced masonry buildings. A Practical Guideline for Seismic Rehabilitation of Masonry Schools has been published in Iran. This guideline proposed 2 retrofitting methods for retrofitting masonry schools: use of shear wall and shotcreting the perimeter of building. In the case of shear wall, their construction is usually expensive; there are less projects retrofitted by shear walls, and in most retrofitting masonry schools projects, perimeter shotcrete is used. The main aim of this study is offering recommendation to improve this guideline, resulting in more economical approaches. This study proposes including lateral resistance of masonry walls in resisting seismic loads and in the case of shear wall foundation proposes strip shallow foundation for concrete shear walls by including effect of rocking, sliding, and settlement response. It has been shown that with including masonry walls in lateral resistance of building, a considerable reduction in maximum drift occurred. Interaction of soil and structure by considered strip shallow foundation reduces the base shear and increases maximum drift of the building.

Performance of Buildings With Shear Walls in Earthquakes of the Last Thirty Years

The author describes observations of shear wall performance in severe earthquakes in which modern reinforced concrete buildings stood the test of violent shaking, starting with the Chilean earthquake of May 1960 through most of the subsequent strong earthquakes, up until the Armenian earthquake of December 1988. Despile the excellent behavior of shear wall-type concrete structures as compared to concrete frame-type structures, building codes continued, up until the last decade, to give preference to concrete ductile frame structures (which are subject to higher distortions) while placing a substantial penally on the use of shear walls. This code approach was due to the lack of experimental and analytical background information on shear wall behavior. While a large body of information on shear walls accumulated during the 1980s, still more experimental and analytical studies are needed to create a solid basis for a rational seismic design approach. The availability of such information should encourage a wider use of shear walls for earthquake resistance