Use Of Scanning Electron Microscopy Research Articles

The Deposition by Raffaello Sanzio: New analytical insights on old cross sections for the characterisation of pictorial palette

In 2020, 500th anniversary of Raffaello Sanzio death, his Deposition (1507), -the altarpiece known also as the Pala Baglioni, today located at the Borghese Gallery in Rome-has been subjected to conservative revision and preventive conservation project. This included in-depth diagnostic campaigns through most modern non-invasive techniques, together with the analysis of old cross sections from the same Pala. These latters, prepared between 1966 and 1972, preserved in ICR laboratory of chemistry and testing materials archive, have been used to deepen the knowledge of Raffaello painting techniques. The use of such cross sections was fundamental to verify the original pictorial film and restoration re-paintings before the conservation intervention in the same years.In this paper, the results of analytical insights on Raffaello pictorial palette are presented. The information is obtained by the analysis of the old ICR stratigraphic sections, through the use of Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and micro-Raman (632.8 nm), while Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) analysis through colloidal paste has been tested for the identification of organic lake-pigments present in low concentration and for the successful recognition of copper resinate, whose SERS spectrum is here reported for the first time, according to our knowledge. This combined diagnostic approach has made it possible to recognize the pigments employed in the different pictorial layers, such species in traces and those from organic materials, responding to open questions arising previous non-invasive analyses and highlighting further aspects of the illustrious master refined painting technique.

Characterization and mechanism analysis of interfacial shear strength between individual aramid fiber and epoxy by oxygen plasma treatment at elevated temperatures: Experiment and simulation

The weak adhesion between aramid fibers Ⅲ and the resin matrix, due to its smooth surface and high inertness of the fibers. This property restricts the mechanical properties of the composites in high temperatures environments. This work describes the treatment of aramid fibers Ⅲ with oxygen plasma to introduce reactive oxygen-containing functional groups onto fiber surface. The analysis focused on the impact of interfacial friction and interfacial wettability on the transfer of load across composites at various temperatures. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the fiber surface showed an increase in the number of active groups after plasma treatment. In addition, two new oxygen-containing functional groups -C-O- and -O-CO appeared. The use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) showed that the plasma treatment has an etching effect on the fiber surface and increases the roughness of the fiber surface. Furthermore, after plasma treatment, the fibers adhered to the resin matrix through hydrogen bonding and π-π bonding. The utilization of this technique led to a significant enhancement in the interfacial properties of monofilament composites across various temperature ranges. The IFSS of plasma-treated aramid fiber Ⅲ/EP exhibited increases of 38 % at the test temperature of 25℃. Surprisingly, the IFSS of plasma-treated aramid fiber III/EP exhibited a significant increase of 52 % at the test temperature of 120℃. In this paper, COMSOL software was utilized to simulate the IFSS before and after plasma treatment at different temperatures. Mechanistically explains the effect of temperature on the interfacial mechanical properties of composites.

EDM machining effectiveness for Ti–6Al–4V alloy using Cu–TiB2 ceramic composite electrode: a parametric evaluation

The study addresses the requirement for better machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) with a Cu–TiB2 ceramic composite powder metallurgy electrode. The electrode underwent analysis for relative density, hardness, and microstructure using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated a relative density of approximately 90.08%, a microhardness of around 142 H V, and an electrical conductivity of 46% IACS. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used as Design of Experiment (DoE) technique for this study to investigate the effects of pulse current (Ip), pulse on time (Ton), and discharge voltage (V) on Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR). Analysis of variance (ANNOVA) at a 5% significance level highlights the significant impact of Ip, Ton & V, and the interaction between selected parameter on MRR and SR. Results show a significant influence of pulse current (Ip) and pulse duration (Ton) on both MRR and SR. Rising pulse current correlates with improved MRR, with optimal parameters identified as a pulse current of 15 A, a pulse on time of 150 μs, and a voltage of 50 V. The study also looks into the usage of reverse polarity to improve surface finish compared to typical EDM methods. The use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses adds depth to the evaluation of surface formations on the workpiece. EDS analysis indicates the presence of 63.13 wt (%) of boron on the machined work surface, affirming the effectiveness of the developed Cu–TiB2 electrode in machining titanium alloy.

Evaluating quasi-static and fatigue performance of IN718 gyroid lattice structures fabricated via LPBF: Exploring relative densities

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has unlocked the possibilities of fabricating complex structures of components such as lattice structures. Based on the literature review, the significance of the thickness effect on lattice structures has not been completely investigated yet. Therefore, this research aims to study the wall thickness effect on the mechanical performance of sheet-based lattice structures under quasi-static compression and fatigue loading conditions. For this aim, four geometries of lattice structures with designed relative densities of 12.5%, 25.0%, 37.5%, and 50.0% were fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process using Inconel alloy 718. The specimens were heat-treated to eliminate residual stresses and then tested under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading conditions to obtain the mechanical responses for each respective relative density. The experimental results from the quasi-static and fatigue compression tests on different geometries were compared and analyzed with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe the fatigue failure locations and their dependency on the surface morphology of those failure locations. In addition, the actual relative densities were also calculated to evaluate the geometrical deviations and correct the experimental results. Overall, the experimental data revealed that there are strong associations between the lattices with various wall thicknesses and corresponding quasi-static and fatigue performance.

Capturing the moment:a snapshot of Mediterranean bryozoan diversity in the early 2023

This paper is an update on the Mediterranean bryozoan diversity since the annotated check-list of Rosso & Di Martino (2016), following the publication of numerous new papers describing new taxa and new species, and adding new records of non-indigenous species. Of the 32 new species described, some replace records of cosmopolitan or widespread species, while some others are the result of the dismantling of species complexes. New records include mainly species and genera previously known from the near Atlantic and subordinately from the Pacific. In addition to replacements, removal of species/genera is also linked to formalized synonymies. These changes also reflect on the composition and representation of families. The updated bryozoan fauna consists of 587 species, 220 genera and 99 families. The different order proportions remain largely unchanged with cheilostomatids (c. 77%) dominating over cyclostomatids (c. 13%) and ctenostomatids (c. 10%). Ten families account for about half of the total species diversity. The new available information is the result of the investigation of habitats and localities previously overlooked, the examination of museum historical collections, as well as a more routinely use of Scanning Electron Microscopy with increasing support from molecular sequencing. Updated biodiversity check-lists represent a unique, simple tool to monitor biodiversity in agreement with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted by the United Nations.

Seed morphology of Hypericum(Hypericaceae)in China and its taxonomic significance.

The seed morphology of 40 taxa within the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) from China, representing 9 sections of the genus, was examined using both Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy to evaluate the taxonomic relevance of macro- and micro-morphological features. Details articulating variation in seed size, color, shape, appendages, and seed coat ornamentation are described, illustrated, and compared, and their taxonomic importance is discussed. Seeds were generally brown in color and cylindric-ellipsoid to prolonged cylindric in shape. Seed size displayed wide variation, ranging from 0.37-1.91 mm in length and 0.12-0.75 mm in width. Seed appendages were observed as a characteristic morphological feature. Seed surface ornamentation has high phenotypic plasticity, and four types (reticulate, foveolate, papillose, and ribbed) can be recognized. In general, seed color and shape have limited taxonomic significance. However, some other features represent informative characters that can be used efficiently in distinguishing the studied taxa at the section and/or species levels. The findings illustrate that considerable taxonomic knowledge can be obtained by investigating the seed features of Hypericum, and the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy can reveal inconspicuous morphological affinities among species and play a role in taxonomic and systematic studies of the genus Hypericum. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Macro- and micro-morphological features of seeds of 40 Hypericum taxa from China were examined using Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy, providing the first broad study regarding seed morphology for Hypericum from China. Details and variations of seed size, shape, color, surface ornamentation, and appendages are fully presented. Seed features and their variation have important taxonomic significance at the section and/or species levels within Hypericum.

The Effect of Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC) Between Aggregate Inclusion and Matrix on Thermal Conductivity of Cement-Based Material

The effect of Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC)onthermal conductivity of mortar has been studied at the interface between the limestone and cement paste. A novel methodology, which involves the use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to scan the image of the interface in mortar, the software PlotDigitizer to create a set of points of the interface, and the FE software Abaqus/CAE to perform heat transfer simulation, is proposed in this study. Moreover, several hypotheses at the interface such as the gaps, flaws, and Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) are also highlighted. Temperature drop, thermal conductivity, and the TCC coefficient has been calculated for each model in order to understand the effect of TCC on cement-based materials thermal properties. The results show that the temperature drops at the interface are very low and the TCC coefficients are very high so that it can be ignored in heat transfer simulation except for a large air gap at the interface. Thus, it can be concluded that the TCC has no influence on the thermal conductivity of mortar.

Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Evaluate and Determine host:parasite interactions in a large animal model

Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Evaluate and Determine host:parasite interactions in a large animal model

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF LYCIUM (SOLANACEAE) SPECIES IN IRAN

Lycium (Solanaceae) has more than 100 species in arid and semi-arid parts of the world. In Iran, this medicinal plant is represented by 6 species, on which no palynological study has been conducted. Pollen morphology of 7 taxa are considered for the first time to evaluate the species relationships based on palynological data. Observations were made by use of Scanning electron microscopy on untreated pollen grains. Multivariate statistical analyses were carried out for qualitative and quantitative pollen features in the species studied. Results show that all pollen grains were monad, isopolar, zonotricolporate in prolate and preprolate shape. Exine sculpture was of striate and regulate patterns. Variations in pollen grains are considered to overcome the identification problems in species separation in morphologically similar taxa in this genus in Iran. The importance of pollen features in delimitation in some genera of Solanaceae was previously proven and the present study elucidates that some features as exine sculpture and some quantitative characters are of diagnostic importance in Lycium species native to Iran.

Characterization and Antibacterial Properties of Eriobotrya Japonica Extract Loaded Silver-Nanoparticles

Background: Currently, developing methods for the formation of nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties based on green chemistry are the research hotspots. In this research, green biosynthesis of Eriobotrya japonica extract loaded silver nanoparticles and their characterization were the main objectives to achieve. Methods: Green synthesis of E. japonica leaves extract-loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out and its effect on bacterial growth was examined. The reduction of silver ions in the solution was observed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The properties of AgNPs were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Xray Diffraction (XRD). Also, their antibacterial effects were checked against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results: It was revealed that 5-50 nm sized spherical to elongated nanoparticles were synthesized that possessed comparatively better antibacterial potential against E. coli and S. aureus than the conventional extract of the E. japonica leaves. Conclusions: Green synthesis and effective utilization of Eriobotrya japonica extract loaded silver nanoparticles are a promising approach for nanoparticle production avoiding negative environmental impacts.

Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Wastewater using Activated Carbon from Rice Husks

The presence of pharmaceutical residues in discharges that end up in rivers is a growing concern for the disruption of aquatic ecosystems and human health. The risk of exposure to these medical wastes becomes greater because they are not biodegradable even after sewage treatment. This study aimed to remove trimethoprim (antibiotic), paracetamol (painkiller), and nevirapine (anti-retroviral) from wastewater using activated carbon made from rice husks, an agricultural waste that was investigated as a potential adsorbent. The instrument used for analysis was a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The powdered carbon of rice husks was carbonated at a temperature of 500oC and then activated by phosphoric acid to increase its porosity. After activation, it was successfully characterized by the use of Scanning electron microscopy which showed irregular cavities with open fine pores. Fourier transform infrared showed different functional groups which determined adsorbent- adsorbate interactions while X-ray diffraction revealed amorphous particle arrangement. The effects of the adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, and initial drug concentration were studied. Freundlich and Langmuir's isotherms were used in the evaluation of adsorption phenomena. Thus, obtained results showed that rice husks activated carbon is an effective adsorbent.

Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy to detect metallic contamination in candies

Candies are foods made from sugar mixture with other ingredients with multiple shape, aroma, color, and consistency. Their consumption is prevalent in children, but spread through all age groups. The packaging ink of some candies may adhere to the surface of the product. These wastes are difficult to remove, and may be ingested. Scanning Electron Microscopy with dispersive energy spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) is used to analyze chewable candies. The results revealed mainly calcium, silicon, potassium, chlorine and sodium. The transfer of iron, titanium and aluminium from the packaging to the candies was observed in 3 lots. Lead residues were found in one batch. From the total samples (n = 40), 15 % were contaminated with packing ink. From those, 66.7 % presented traces of metal and 16.7 % are contaminated with lead. Finally, the results evinced SEM/EDS as an interesting tool for metal analysis in food being easy to operate, portable and non-destructive.

ULTRAMICROSCOPIC ERYTHROCYTES PROFILE AS A COMPONENT OF THE BABESIOSIS PATHOGENESIS

The aim is to identify the ultramicroscopic features of the erythrocytes as a component of the babesiosis pathogenesis using scanning electronic microscopy. Materials and methods: Blood samples from 18 domestic dogs with clinically, microscopically, molecularly and genetically confirmed babesiosis served as the study material. The group of comparative control consisted of clinically healthy people (n=31) and domestic dogs (n=6). The method of scanning electron microscopy was used to study the spatial (three-dimensional coordinate system: the plane formed by the axes OX; OY; OZ) pathology of the size and shape of erythrocytes, microrelief of blood cells surfaces, membranopathies (raptures, macromolecules, conglomerates, micropores). The native peripheral blood smears of various origins were performed in accordance with the generally accepted method without fixation, staining/contrast. For this purpose, 0.01 ml of native blood was applied to the degreased surface of the metal platform (S=1 cm2), dried in the air of the laboratory premise, analyzed (× 2000), using the resources of the equipment (SEO-SEM Inspect S50-B; energy dispersive spectrometer AZtecOne with detector X-MaxN20 (Oxford Instruments plc, UC) and power source in the gun: tungsten cathode with thermoelectron emission. This scanning electron microscope made it possible to examine the object under conditions of accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The analysis of the obtained results was performed in comparison. Results: Under conditions of babesiosis development, the erythrocyte link of hematopoiesis responded by the reduction of the number of normocytes (99.0 % in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 77.3 % in dogs with babesiosis), increased of the number of regenerative forms of erythrocytes (1% in clinically healthy people and domestic dogs, 1,5 % in dogs with babesiosis), appearanced of degenerative forms of erythrocytes with characteristic pathology of cell size and shape, membranopathies (damage of the integrity of the membrane with the formation of defects). Conclusions: Changes of the ultramicroscopic erythrocytes profile is one of the leading component of the babesiosis pathogenesis. The use of scanning electronic microscopy helps to obtain ultramicroscopic data on the presence of extraerythrocytic forms of Babesia on the background of the impossibility of diagnosis of anisochromia with detailing of inclusions in erythrocytes.

Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite/Graphene Oxide/Zirconia Oxide Composite Coatings: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

The current study aimed to characterize the hydroxyapatite, zirconia, and graphene oxide nanocomposite coatings on titanium substrate by the use of electrophoretic deposition. In the first stage, besides the characterization of the created composite coating, the thickness and uniformity of the created coating were evaluated by the use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Also, the distribution of the Nano-powder particles was investigated by the elemental analysis. In the second stage, by the use of X-ray diffraction analysis, the position of the materials used in the coating was drawn and investigated. In the third stage, in order to evaluate the coating’s corrosion behavior due to the addition of nanoparticles to the hydroxyapatite and compare it with the non-coated sample, the electrochemical analyses in the form of chemical polarization were investigated and analyzed with drawing the related charts. Finally, in the fourth stage, the antibacterial tests on the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus bacteria on the coating were conducted and compared to the uncoated alloy samples. The corrosion test results indicated that the use of nano-composite coating leads to the increase in corrosion resistance of the surface. The antibacterial tests results demonstareted that the use of nano-composite coating effectively decreases the bacteria growth on the surface.

Investigation on the impact of physical properties of the coal-ash slurries on the erosion wear performance of WC coated steel by using Image processing technique

ABSTRACT The various properties of carrier flow (e.g. coal, fly, and bottom-ash slurries) having a major impact in determining the equipment life of various slurry transportation components such as pipelines, pump impellers, bends, etc. Also, in literature, how the size and shape of different erodent affect the various erosion characteristics remain undiscovered. In this study, we propose the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Image J software, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Ducom slurry pot tester to investigate the effect of particle shape and size, circularity factor, and the impact of various process parameters on the erosion wear of WC-10Co-4Cr-coated SS-410. The experiments were performed by using three different types of erodents such as coal, fly, and bottom ash. The circularity factor, microhardness, and pH value were also measured before the experimentation. Furthermore, Taguchi’s approach was used to optimize the impact of influencing parameters. From experimentation, it was revealed that the acidic coal particles able to generate more erosion wear due to their irregular shape and size. The erosion wear generated by these erodents were in the following order: coal > bottom ash > fly ash. Moreover, the particle sizes having the highest impact on the erosion wear rate of SS-410.

Isparta-Eğirdir Sultan II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev Kervansarayı Kazılarında Bulunan Temrenler

The number of studies on comparisons of technical features of arms in the sophisticated history of Medieval Ages is very limited. One of the reasons for this deficiency is the disregard of this topic in researches, and another reason is that the unclear information about the layers of archaeological finds. Such is the case for Medieval Anatolia as well. Excavation finds like knives, arrowheads and spearheads are not included in the interpretations of war history. Understanding the war technology of Crusaders, Seljuks and Mongols can only be possible by morphologic, archaeo-metallurgical and terminological examinations of the original excavation finds. In this study 64 arrowheads, which were revealed during the 1993, 2006 and 2007 excavations at Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev II Caravanserai, Isparta-Eğirdir, were discussed in morphologic, archaeo-metallurgical, and terminological perspectives. The finds were evaluated by their layer contexts, dimension, weight, morphology, terminology and typology features; they were classified in accordance with their figural features and compared with contemporary examples. Discussions and proposals were made about naming the types with proper technical terms which are mentioned in arrow treatises and warfare books related to the period. 8 of these arrowheads were examined by using archaeometric methods, their micro-structures and the others were determined by the use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS). Apart from the other published medieval arrowheads the samples subjected in this study are the first samples to be directly dated in light of the stratigraphic data collected from the layer contexts that were found in the excavation. Thus, the different types of arrowheads determined by this study are significant in means of the data collected from their technological features such as internal structure and hardness, for a comparative study with other contemporary samples, and building a data base on the technique data of Anatolian Seljuk arrowheads.

Effects of process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL114A alloy under directional solidification

Directional solidification (DS) processing parameters have significant influence on microstructure of ZL114A alloy. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize DS processing parameters to control its properties. This work is aimed at studying the effect rule of DS processing parameters on microstructure of ZL114A alloy. The specimens of this alloy were prepared using high-vacuum DS equipment. In the process of DS, temperatures change from 700 °C to 800 °C, and pulling rates increase from 100 μm/s to 200 m/s. Microstructure of specimens was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of specimens were measured by means of universal tension tester and microhardness tester. Effects of melt temperatures and pulling rates on the microstructures and mechanical properties were studied and discussed. Experimental results show that the microstructure can be improved with the decrease in melting temperatures and the increase in pulling rates. However, the microstructure became coarser when the pulling rate is too higher. Therefore, a set of processing parameters were optimized as melting temperature of 700 °C and pulling rate of 150 μm/s to improve the microstructure of ZL114A alloy.

EDX/XRD-based identification of micrometer-sized domains in scanning electron micrographs of fired clay

The thermal and mechanical properties of bricks are strongly dependent on both the chemical composition and the microstructural features of the used fired clay material. Focussing on the latter, we here identify, in terms of volume fraction, shape, and orientation characteristics, one-to-several micrometer-sized subdomains (“material phases”) within the SEM-imaged microstructure of two raw clays fired at 880 and 1100 centigrades: (1) quartz grains, (2) muscovite, (3) Fe–Mg mica, (4) feldspar grains, (5) decarbonated dolomite, (6) pores, or (7) binding matrix. This identification rests on the simultaneous use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), with correspondingly obtained data entering statistical analyses based on the Otsu algorithm, and complemented by minimum grain size and grain shape requirements, as well as by logical exclusion criteria. Crystalline and amorphous phase shares were additionally confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction measurements (PXRD). As for the investigated clays, an increased firing temperature results in dehydroxylation of muscovite, and in a reduced appearance of feldspar grains.

Investigations of corrosion behaviour of SnSb12Cu6Pb alloy in 0.1M H2SO4 and 0.5M NaCl solution

Purpose: The results presented the microstructure and corrosive behavior of SnSb12Cu6Pb alloy (B82) in H2SO4 aqueous solution and NaCl aqueous solution. Design/methodology/approach: The electrochemical corrosion has been investigated in two different aqueous solutions: 0.1M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 0.5M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution measuring of potential changes relative to immersion time and conducting mass loss test. Microscopic investigations before and after corrosion tests were made using scanning electron microscopy. Findings: The obtained results indicate very good corrosion resistance of the alloy tested in NaCl solution. Corrosion progresses faster in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution compared to sodium chloride aqueous solution. Also, it was found that the dominant mechanism of corrosion degradation in both solutions is selective corrosion which is a particularly undesirable type of corrosion because it involves the loss of one alloying component and the formation of porous structure on the alloy surface. Research limitations/implications: The aqueous solutions used in this study are not a natural working environment of the bearing. However, a comparison of acidic and neutral solutions allows explaining the corrosion behavior of tin babbitts due to contaminants of oil lubricants. Further research should be conducted in more aggressive environments characteristic of industrial conditions. Practical implications: One of the important properties of bearing alloys are corrosion resistance. Corrosion properties are extremely important for the transport and storage of metallic components before they are used. Also, the working environment can have a destructive effect on the properties of the materials used. Industry environment, aging stagnant oil, and some acids may lead to selective corrosion of the tin, copper, lead, or antimony components and leaving a rough and weakened the babbitt surface. Electrochemical corrosion can contribute to the acceleration of bearing wear and consequent to bearing damage. Originality/value: Studies of the corrosion of tin-babbitt bearings are not extensive in the literature due to rare tin corrosion. This study could be an important complement to knowledge about the corrosion behavior of tin-based bearing alloys.

Effect of Mo Addition on the Chemical Corrosion Process of SiMo Cast Iron.

The study was carried out to evaluate five SiMo cast iron grades and their resistance to chemical corrosion at elevated temperature. Corrosion tests were carried out under conditions of an actual cyclic operation of a retort coal-fired boiler. The duration of the study was 3840 h. The range of temperature changes during one cycle was in the range of 300–650 °C. Samples of SiMo cast iron with Si content at the level of 5% and variable Mo content in the range 0%–2.5% were used as the material for the study. The examined material was subjected to preliminary metallographic analysis using scanning microscopy and an Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system. The chemical composition was determined on the basis of a Leco spectrometer and a Leco carbon and sulfur analyzer. The examination of the oxide layer was carried out with the use of Scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. It was discovered that, in the analyzed alloys, oxide layers consisting of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, SO2, and Fe2SiO4 were formed. The analyzed oxide layers were characterized by high adhesion to the substrate material, and their total thickness was about 20 μm.