Use Of Saturation Research Articles

Use of saturation diving technique for tunnel boring machine cutterhead intervention in the Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link Sub-sea Tunnel Project, Hong Kong

The entire Tuen Mun–Chek Lap Kok Link (TM-CLKL) was commissioned on 27 December 2020 and it comprises a 9km-long dual 2-lane carriageway between Tuen Mun and North Lantau, Hong Kong. Construction of the 5km-long sub-sea tunnels was carried out by two 14m diameter Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs). The tunnel alignment for the TM-CLKL sub-sea tunnel section is in mixed ground condition with the first 500 m in mixed geology of slightly to moderately decomposed granite and completely decomposed granite (CDG), followed by soft ground condition with CDG, alluvial sand, alluvial clay and marine deposit. This mixed ground geology requires regular TBM cutterhead interventions to change the worn-out cutting tools during the tunnelling operation. As the tunnel alignment is up to 55 m below the sea level with the deepest seabed level at -21 mPD, in order to maintain the cutting face stability during the intervention, the intervention pressure could be up to 6 bars. This paper describes different techniques used for TBM interventions under the sea such as trimix bounce mode and saturation mode that appears first time in Hong Kong under a high hyperbaric pressure to change the worn-out cutting tools at the TBM cutterhead.

<b>Pedagogical innovation with the use of ICT: perceptions of faculty members from Brazil, Spain and Mexico about their practices

This article emerges from an exploratory qualitative study conducted with faculty members from higher education institutions in Brazil, Spain and Mexico. The goal of the study was to analyse the perceptions of faculty members from the looked at institutions, on pedagogical innovation resulting from the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in their teaching practices. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire forwarded by e-mail. Content analysis technique was used to study the data. Results showed three types of perceptions held by faculty members in relation to pedagogical innovations arising from the use of ICT in their practices. Most firmly believe and identify innovations resulting from the use of ICT. A smaller number of participants also identify innovations, but point out that, in addition to the use of ICT, they are the result of the teacher's attitude. There is also the opinion related to the saturated use of ICT, without the perception of innovation.

Novel Defogging Algorithm Based on the Joint Use of Saturation and Color Attenuation Prior

Novel Defogging Algorithm Based on the Joint Use of Saturation and Color Attenuation Prior

Normality Versus Paracompactness in Locally Compact Spaces

AbstractThis note provides a correct proof of the result claimed by the second author that locally compact normal spaces are collectionwise Hausdorff in certain models obtained by forcing with a coherent Souslin tree. A novel feature of the proof is the use of saturation of the non-stationary ideal on ω1, as well as of a strong form of Chang's Conjecture. Together with other improvements, this enables the consistent characterization of locally compact hereditarily paracompact spaces as those locally compact, hereditarily normal spaces that do not include a copy of ω1.

Petiole Segmentation Method Based on Multi-Structure Elements Morphology

Leaf and petiole can be divided by using computer image processing technology. It has an important role for the feature extracting of leaf and the accuracy of characteristic analysis. In this paper, we compare the distribution of multi-channel histogram in HSV color model, and then select the appropriate channel and threshold value to process the image. Here we use the method of mathematical morphology with the element of multi-structure and multi-scales to smooth the leaf boundary and eliminate the isolated points in the image. Finally, we realize the effective segmentation between the leaf and petiole. Results show that when the condition of the color difference is not obvious, we can better remove the petiole by the use of saturation and brightness channel, and choose the appropriate structure elements according to the direction and size of the petiole. It can provide technical support for the accurate segmentation and extraction of feature information on the leaf.

ADVANCEMENTS IN UNDERWATER OIL DETECTION AND RECOVERY TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT The marine salvage and commercial diving industries have increasingly been sought out to prevent oil spills from submerged shipwrecks, and to detect and recover spilled oil below the surface once a subsea spill occurs. In recent years, underwater oil recovery techniques have advanced from predominantly surface-supplied diver installed vacuum or pumping systems in relatively shallow waters to the use of saturation diving systems and remotely operated vehicles at greater depths. Underwater oil detection technologies have advanced permitting the detection of spilled oil in the water column, on the bottom and in the subsurface. For oil trapped within a sunken shipwreck, neutron backscatter technology has been successfully applied to locate oil inside the ship. Additionally, the International Maritime Organization, U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have published regulations, guidance and studies in the past five years in an effort to improve submerged oil detection and recovery operations. This technical paper will provide an overview of the regulatory framework, basics of underwater oil spill response operations and an analysis of recent technological advances available to detect and recover oil at depth. Multi-beam sonar, real-time mass spectrometry, saturation diving systems, diver-operated recovery systems, and remotely operated vehicle systems will be discussed. Recent case studies will frame the presentation of advances in subsea oil detection and recovery equipment. Finally, conclusions and recommendations will be presented to further advance submerged oil detection and recovery efficiency and effectiveness.

A survey investigation of UK physiotherapists’ use of online search engines for continuing professional development

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to discover the frequency and type of use of online resources for continuing professional development displayed by physiotherapists in the UK. Therapists’ skills, needs and frustrations using these resources were explored. With the relatively recent release and saturated use of the internet the potential presence of a skills gap between therapists at different stages of their career was also investigated. DesignNational online survey study. SettingThe online survey was carried out using the international online service ‘Survey Monkey’. Participants774 physiotherapists from students to band 8c completed the survey. InterventionsThe online survey was advertised through Frontline, the Interactive Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, Journal of Physiotherapy Pain Association and cascade email through research and other networks. ResultsMost physiotherapists reported using the internet for professional purposes daily (40%) or 2 to 4 times a week (37%), with only 8% of respondents using it less than once a week. Overall the results suggest band 6 and 7 physiotherapists had the least skills and most frustrations when using online search engines. ConclusionsHistory and the nature of rapid technological advancement, specifically of the internet, appears to have created a generational skills gap within the largest group of the physiotherapy workforce band 6 and 7 therapists. Students, band 5 and band 8a therapists appear to most successfully use online resources and the reasons for this are explored.

Visualizing the Positional and Geometrical Variability of Isosurfaces in Uncertain Scalar Fields

AbstractWe present a novel approach for visualizing the positional and geometrical variability of isosurfaces in uncertain 3D scalar fields. Our approach extends recent work by Pöthkow and Hege [PH10] in that it accounts for correlations in the data to determine more reliable isosurface crossing probabilities. We introduce an incremental update‐scheme that allows integrating the probability computation into front‐to‐back volume ray‐casting efficiently. Our method accounts for homogeneous and anisotropic correlations, and it determines for each sampling interval along a ray the probability of crossing an isosurface for the first time. To visualize the positional and geometrical uncertainty even under viewing directions parallel to the surface normal, we propose a new color mapping scheme based on the approximate spatial deviation of possible surface points from the mean surface. The additional use of saturation enables to distinguish between areas of high and low statistical dependence. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach for the visualization of uncertainty related to position and shape of convex and concave isosurface structures.

The monitoring of venous saturations of oxygen in children with congenitally malformed hearts

Mixed venous saturation of oxygen has for some time been used as a tool to assess the adequacy of systemic delivery of oxygen in intensive care. In the post-operative child with cardiac disease, it is increasingly being used to assess adequacy of cardiac output. In many of these patients, true sampling of mixed venous saturation of oxygen is not possible due to the infrequent use of pulmonary arterial catheters, or the presence of intra-cardiac left to right shunting leading to mixing of systemic and pulmonary venous blood. The use of saturation of oxygen in the central venous blood as a surrogate for mixed venous saturation of oxygen has been widely investigated in adults, but its use remains controversial. In this review, we discuss the theory behind the use of mixed venous saturation of oxygen in evaluating cardiac output, the problems pertinent to those patients with congenitally malformed hearts, and explore the evidence for central venous saturation of oxygen as a surrogate for mixed venous saturation of oxygen, and its use as a therapeutic target to improve outcomes in this population of patients.

Simulation of Dynamic Systems With Output Saturation

This paper concerns the design of simulation schemes for dynamic systems with output saturation. The use of saturation blocks commonly available in simulation programs leads to incorrect results if the saturation is simply inserted at the output of a dynamic system model. The underlying problem is discussed on the basis of a simplified theoretical example, and a solution based on a state-space model of the system is proposed. Experimental results involving a dc motor with shaft speed saturation are presented to illustrate the inadequacy of the simple saturation model and to validate the proposed simulation scheme.

Saturation in small-x and heavy-ion physics

The idea of parton saturation is reviewed. The use of saturation in describing HERA data is discussed in the context of the McLerran-Venugopalan and Golec-Biernat Wusthoff models. Applications of saturation ideas to RHIC data are reviewed and a comparison between applications at HERA and at RHIC is given.

Research on nitrogen-oxygen saturation diving with repetitive excursions.

For some tasks of underwater operation the need for longer dive duration and more working divers necessitates the use of saturation diving techniques with excursions. Saturation diving with excursion has high working efficiency. A collaborative experiment with Chinese Underwater Technology Institute, American National Office of Research Undersea Program and Hamilton Research Ltd. was conducted at our Institute in Shanghai. The main experiment objectives were to assess the longer, deeper repetitive excursions during nitrogen-oxygen saturation situation, oxygen exposure management, nitrox saturation decompression after excursions and performance aspects. Four Chinese professional experienced divers were saturated at 25 msw for 5 days at the hyperbaric facility, where they did 15 air excursions to depths between 50 and 75 msw, for duration up to 240 min. Decompression from excursions to the storage were mostly no-stops, but 5 required stops for 3 to 116 min. Saturation decompression began with the "precursory" ascent following a brief return to 25 msw. Doppler bubble detection showed some bubbles of Spencer Grade II and occasionally III, following excursions and during saturation decompression, especially after muscle flexing. No symptoms of decompression sickness were reported: one diver was more of fatigued on one occasion than other times. Oxygen exposure reached its peak of 3103 Oxygen Toxicity Units on Day 6. The only subjective symptom of oxygen toxicity was mild and transient numb fingertips. No significant change was seen in vital capacity.

Motor equivalence in the production of /∫/

To explore the idea that speech motor goals are acoustic targets, upper lip protrusion and tongue blade fronting were examined in the sibilant /∫/ for evidence of motor equivalence in eight speakers of American English. Positive correlations across multiple repetitions of /∫/ (motor equivalence) would occur if the upper lip compensated with more protrusion when the tongue blade was further forward and vice versa. This motor equivalence would serve to maintain an adequate front cavity size for good acoustic separation from /s/ and enhance the acoustic stability of /∫/. It was hypothesized that motor equivalence would be found among less prototypical tokens, as elicited in a ‘‘clear+fast’’ speaking condition. Acoustic spectral analyses indicated excellent acoustic separation between the two sibilants, even in the ‘‘clear+fast’’ condition. There were significant positive correlations of the tongue-blade and upper lip movements for 28% of all possible cases, with considerable individual variation. When motor equivalence could be compared across the speaking condition, the tokens produced with the motor equivalent pattern were acoustically less prototypical. No occurrences of negative movement correlations were found. One possible source of individual variation may be the use of saturation (quantal) effects, which could also enhance acoustic stability. [Work supported by NIH.]

Hybridization studies with subtypes and mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O.

Seven serologically and immunologically distinct types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are known; these types can be subdivided into numerous subtypes. Recently, we reported on polynucleotide sequence homologies among the ribonucleic acids (RNA’s) of FMDV types A, O and C (Dietzschold et al. 1971). Making use of saturation and competition experiments various degrees (44 to 65%) of base sequence homologies between different types were obtained. This report is concerned with similar studies but using subtypes and mutants of FMDV, type O. We felt that there is a need especially for quantitative data on genetic relationships between different subtypes, because the serological classification is not always congruent with a classification based on immunological properties (Wittmann, 1964). Furthermore, it appeared interesting to compare in cross-annealing experiments wild-type virus with mutants reacting identically in serological tests. The experiments were performed with radioactive labelled FMDV RNA of five O-subtypes and five mutants of subtype O1 which were hybridized with denatured unlabelled FMDV-specific double-stranded RNA of the respective virus-strains.