Use Of Public Media Research Articles

The role of education in curbing corruption: A comparison of Indonesia and Hong Kong

Indonesia has been dealing with corruption for a long time. Several strategies are applied to address the complexities of corruption, one of which is anti-corruption education (ACE). Some countries have tried implementing ACE, with Hong Kong being one of the most successful. Using a comparative method, this study seeks to examine the impact of ACE on corruption, analyse how Hong Kong and Indonesia differ in implementing ACE, and develop suggestions for Indonesian leaders based on the best practices found in Hong Kong’s way of approaching ACE while still considering the Indonesian context. Improved collaborations among stakeholders (KPK, Ministries, and private parties), empowerment of schools and teachers, use of public media, and adequate political support are all found to be relevant to improving ACE in Indonesia.

Media i polityka (kontekst polityzacji mediów publicznych w Polsce po 2015 roku)

The relationship between the media and politics has always been seen as conflicting. In large public media institutions in Poland basic contradiction can be seen between: impartiality, political interests and citizens right freedom of speech, salary for effectiveness of work or product and for labor time. Polarization field of vision and all those contradictions are in publishing activity itself. The primary research objective is to characterize the relationship between the media and the political sphere in Poland, through the prism of the process of politicization and mediatization, which is both controversial and far ambiguous concept. In addition, an attempt to answer questions about the instrumentalization of public media in Poland after 2015 through the development of propaganda mechanisms, resulting in a threat to political pluralism — taking into account the communicative competence of media audiences. The use of public media for political purposes is a threat to political pluralism. The one-day protest of the commercial media on February 10, 2021, a democratic day, showed what life can be like in Poland with only public media favorable to the authorities. On that day, Poles saw a world in which only pro-government propaganda messages exist. It would be hard to find a more adequate illustration of the importance of the problem of freedom of speech and independence of the media, especially the public media, which should effectively exercise their legally assured autonomy in shaping a pluralistic public sphere. The one-day protest of the independent media on February 10, 2021 showed what life can be like in Poland where there are only public media favoring the authorities. On that day, the Polish people saw a world in which there is only a pro-government propaganda message. It is difficult to find a more adequate illustration of the importance of the problem of freedom of speech and media independence.

Generating Public Engagement to Control Protests: State-managed Vigilantism in Poland

Based on the expanded theory of soft repression and a qualitative news frame analysis, the article traces the dynamics of the mobilisation of non-violent means to block the All-Poland Women's Strike and decrease the cost of hard repression. It unpacks two aspects of generating negative public engagement in controlling protests: the public media's use of ridicule, stigma, and silencing and calls for countermovement violence and legitimising it. The main argument is that the Polish public media used interpretative frames characteristic of soft repression to challenge the movement and determine what ordinary people could do to contain threats to the government and regime stability resulting from protests. The new empirical approach reveals the non-obvious function of soft repression acting as an incitement tool for mobilising opponents of protesters under repression to steer dissent. By going beyond traditional illegitimating and demobilising functions of soft repression, the study provides an in-depth examination of the public media's endeavours to neutralise threats to the government and stabilise the Polish political system. Integrating the theory of soft repression and negative public engagement, the study advances an explanation of a managed change in the model of protest policing, which is making vigilantes the agents of protest control.

Bio-Politics and Calculative Technologies in COVID-19 Governance: Reflections From England.

Through the extensive use of public media, the government of England was heavily involved in encouraging and instructing people on how to manage their life during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This model of health emergency governance replicates the practice of 'calculative technologies' and 'bio-politics' embedded in population management. Previous research on COVID-19 governance both in the United Kingdom and beyond provides varied revelations on broader 'technologies of government' and bio-politics by numerous governments. However, rarely have any studies explicitly and distinctively highlighted the unique 'calculative technologies' mobilised by governments within their bio-politically designed "technologies of government" to compel the populations to manage their lives under their COVID-19 guidance. The paper therefor examines how the UK government deployed "calculative technologies," as part of its strategies of health governance and governmentality during the first wave of COVID-19 in England. This study uses document analysis as its data collection method. Its review includes documents, press releases, social media disclosures and health guidance issued by the UK government from March to December, 2020. The data are analysed employing the Foucault's governmentality and bio-political scholarship. The paper's findings reveal the UK government's use of integrated calculative technologies of self-governance in the form of risk calculations and metrices/statistics (eg, death tolls, infection rates), performance management (eg, two metre social distancing, and hand washing for twenty seconds) and discipline and control (eg, fourteen days self-isolation), in addition to a more conventional top-down, managerial decision-making process adopted in the past. By these newly initiated "calculative technologies," the government has "bio-politically" governed the behaviours and lifestyles of vulnerable community members, health workers and general public at a distance, inculcating self-management and individualisation of responsibility. The newly adopted calculative technologies used by the UK government created a multi-faceted discourse of obligations, entitlements and scale of engagement, and facilitated directions about what people should do to protect themselves and others from the spread of the virus. Overall, the overtly and idiosyncratically used calculative technologies resemble a unique 'art of government' and produce a set of 'bio-political' interventions enforcing the populations to manage their own wellbeing and governing them at a distance during COVID-19.

Different Correlates of COVID-19-Related Adherent and Dysfunctional Safety Behavior.

Introduction: Safety behaviors are key elements in reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus, but have also assumed excessive proportions in form of panic buying groceries. This raises the question whether these behaviors are independent or related to each other. Adherent safety behavior including increased hygiene and physical distancing appears inherently adherent and prosocial, while dysfunctional safety behavior such as panic buying most probably emerges from other motives and contextual variables.Methods: Data from 15,308 participants collected from March 10 to May 4, 2020, during the COVID-19 acute period in Germany, was analyzed to assess whether adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior are predicted by the same or divergent variables. Two multiple regression models are presented including various sociodemographic, trait, attitudinal, and COVID-19-specific variables as predictors.Results: Some variables similarly predict both, adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior. Yet, adherent safety behavior is stronger predicted by COVID-19-related fear than generalized anxiety, while a trend toward a reverse pattern emerged for dysfunctional safety behavior. Adherent safety behavior was also related to higher trust in governmental actions to face COVID-19, subjective level of information, as well as use of public media and TV to remain informed on COVID-19. Higher age was related to dysfunctional, but not adherent safety behavior. Respondents living in rural communities report more adherent safety behavior than urban dwellers.Discussion: Divergent psychological variables underlie adherent and dysfunctional safety behavior. This hints toward a theoretical separation with practical relevance in behavioral engineering and public health campaigning.

Radio Wrocław w środowisku upolitycznionym

Celem niniejszego studium przypadku regionalnego Radia Wrocław jest analiza uwarunkowań paralelizmu politycznego w kontekście profesjonalizmu i niezależności dziennikarzy. Zakładano, iż wpływy polityczne Prawa i Sprawiedliwości po 2015 roku znajdują istotne odzwierciedlenie w funkcjonowaniu publicznego Radia Wrocław, a zasady stanowiące o profesjonalizmie zawodowym dziennikarzy tej rozgłośni, w tym klasyczne postawy bezstronności i obiektywizmu, są zagrożone. Istotnymi zmiennymi zależnymi były wartości, z jakimi utożsamiają się dziennikarze (m.in. sukces zawodowy i niezależność), oraz mechanizmy polityki kadrowej. Metody badań: badania ilościowe, przeprowadzone przez autorkę w latach 2011–2012 i 2020 metodą ankietową na dwóch próbach celowych. Analizą objęto także badania fokusowe zrealizowane w 2015 roku przez wrocławską pracownię BEELINE Research & Consulting. Wyniki i wnioski: zmiany wprowadzane w Radiu Wrocław w latach 2016–2019 miały wszechstronny charakter. W kontekście politycznym szczególnie istotne były te dotyczące kadry zarządzającej oraz linii programowej redakcji po 2017 roku. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzone w 2020 roku ukazują konsekwencje tych zmian, w postaci spadku słuchalności oraz pojawienia się nowych – w stosunku do badań z lat 2011–2012 – preferencji w hierarchii wartości dziennikarzy (związanych ze światopoglądem chrześcijańskim). Oryginalność i wartość poznawcza: próba diagnozy zjawiska paralelizmu politycznego w regionalnym radiu publicznym może stanowić cenne wprowadzenie do problematyki komunikowania politycznego z udziałem mediów publicznych. W procesie budowy kapitału społecznego kluczowe znaczenie mają orientacje zawodowe dziennikarzy, stanowiące istotny komponent wiedzy na temat wykorzystania mediów publicznych w zarządzaniu partycypacyjnym. Wyniki analizy tego zagadnienia mogą pomóc w formułowaniu rekomendacjidotyczących rozwiązań legislacyjnych i strategicznych na poziomie regionalnym i krajowym.
 *Istotne fragmenty niniejszego artykułu, obejmujące charakterystykę Radia Wrocław i wprowadzanychw nim zmian, opublikowałam wcześniej w artykule Pionierska cyfryzacja Radia Wrocław, „Studia i Perspek-tywy Medioznawcze”, 2, 2020, s. 97–113.

Public’s Media Use and Gratification Sought during Corona Virus Outbreak in Indonesia: A National Survey

The recent coronavirus outbreak is without a doubt a global crisis event that has affected almost all nations of the world. This study aims to contribute to crisis communication research from the audience perspective in Indonesia by presenting the public’s media use and gratification sought during the coronavirus outbreak based on a representative national mobile survey with 1,100 respondents. Results show that the majority of Indonesians intensively use (1) private television, (2-4) websites and social media accounts of actors providing information on the crisis and (5) public television to get information regarding the pandemic. The findings indicate that other types of media such as radio and local television are used to a much lower extent. Results also show that there are two media-use gratifications sought during the crisis: (1) information and direction gratification sought and (2) entertainment and comparison gratification sought. Sociodemographic factors such as gender, age and education level demonstrate some significant influence on public media use and the gratification sought during the coronavirus outbreak. Surprisingly, entertainment and comparison sought are demonstrated as having a higher effect on the increasing use of mass media, social media and messenger apps during the crisis event than the information and direction gratification sought.

The Effect Of India’s E-Commerce & Trade Due To Covid-19 Pandemic

The enforcement of group distancing, lockdowns and other dealings in answer to the COVID-19 virulent disease has led regulars to raise up online shopping, public media use, internet telephony and teleconferencing, and streaming of videos and films. This has resulted in spikes in business to consumer(B2C) sales and an increase in intensity in business to business (B2B) E-commerce. The expansion in B2C sales is mostly evident in online sales of check up supplies, household requisites and fare products. Query has further more better for internet and mobile information services. The net faculty and spectrum to accommodate the stint to online behaviour has urgently had to be adapted by in corporation operators and governments. Required has fallen however for a variety of military with a outsized online component, such as seeing the sights services.

Forgotten, but not forgiven: facing immunization challenges in the 21st century

The creator of several vaccines given to children around the world everyday, Maurice Hilleman, advised that at the same time that new vaccines would emerge in the 21st century due to technological advances, unfounded criticisms of vaccines would extended beyond spurious belief systems to actual anti-vaccine movements. He pointed out that these movements are aimed at disruption of vaccine programmes through use of public media including the press, television and the Internet in his response to the spurious association between autism and Crohn's disease with one of his main creations, MMR vaccine (1). Andrew Wakefield, author of an unsound scientific paper in 1998 proposing such association, was motivated by an undue agreement to support a lawsuit (2). Nevertheless, Wakefield remains as an outstanding voice in the anti-vaccine movement (3).
 Why the once feared diseases disappeared from collective memory? On the other hand, adverse events following immunization that we used to bear as a fair risk for the expected benefit are not accepted anymore? Why we have forgotten the benefits, but not forgiven the risks? How could we define new strategies to face the challenges of immunization programmes?
 The 1976 swine flu immunization programme in United States was a landmark on the questioning of risk-benefit ratio for vaccines. The concern on a new pandemic flu after triggered a large mass vaccination campaign. Pandemic flu cases did not appear, but serious adverse events did raise questions on public opinion (4). This contrasted with most of the vaccines where decreasing incidence of a preventable diseases compared with safety concerns seems to be acceptable for the society. On the other hand, efficacious vaccines, like whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP), have been also on the spot due to relevant adverse events after immunization...

Television is More Effective in Bringing Behavioral Change: Evidence from Heat-Wave Awareness Campaign in India

Summary This paper analyzes a unique data set that details the daily advertisements on Information, Education and Communication (IEC) material to avert heat stroke mortality in different media used by the state government of Odisha, India and the actual daily heat-wave mortalities in the state over a period of eight years. The paper then investigates the relative effectiveness of the different media in reducing mortality econometrically. The government adopted awareness generation as an adaptation strategy for heat waves in the year 2003 and intensified the use of public media from 2007 when multiple newspapers and radio and television channels were used for dissemination. I analyze the district-level daily death occurrences due to heat stroke using both linear and non-linear econometric models. Media used on the same day or on previous days are represented in the models by grouping them as either print, audio or video media. The data used is a daily panel data set consisting of only summer days (15th March–20th June) for the years 2005–12 for each of the 30 districts of the state. The estimated models account for the gap in data and the multidimensional nature of the panel (days, months, years). The results show the repeated use of video media to be the most effective in reducing deaths followed by newspapers and radio. The paper’s novel contribution is the use of secondary data to evaluate media and compare media effect of public health communication strategies in a developing country.

Key considerations in scaling up male circumcision in Tanzania: views of the urban residents in Tanzania.

Male circumcision (MC) reduces the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) including HIV. The WHO and UNAIDS recommend male circumcision as an additional intervention to prevent HIV infection. Tanzania is embarking on activities to scale up safe male circumcision for HIV prevention and other related health benefits. In line with this, it is crucial to assess views of the population using specific groups. This paper describes perceptions on male circumcision and strategies of enhancing uptake of male circumcision in urban Tanzania using members of the police force. This cross sectional survey was conducted among members of the police force in Dar es Salaam Tanzania from January 2010 to July 2010. The police officer serves as a source of the clinical trial participants in on-going phase I/II HIV vaccine trials. Three hundred and thirteen (313) police officers responded to a self-administered questionnaire that comprised of socio-demographic characteristics, reasons for not circumcising, perceptions regarding circumcision, methods of enhancing male circumcision, communication means and barriers to promote circumcision. This was followed by a physical examination to determine male circumcision status. The prevalence of circumcision was 96%. Most (69%) reported to have been circumcised in the hospital. The reported barriers to male circumcision among adults and children were: anticipation of pain, cost, fear to lose body parts, and lack of advice for adult's circumcision. Sensitization of parents who take children to the reproductive and child health services was recommended by most respondents as the appropriate strategy to promote male circumcision. The least recommended strategy was for the women to sensitize men. Use of radio programs and including male circumcision issues in school curricula as means of enhancing community sensitization regarding male circumcision were also highly recommended. Other recommendations include use of public media, seminars at work and issuance of circumcision regulations by health authorities. In conclusion, the present study reveals male circumcision was common in a selected urban population. There are various barriers and channels of communication regarding male circumcision. In view of scaling male circumcision in Tanzania, use of radio messages, inclusion of male circumcision in the school curricula and sensitization at the reproductive and child health clinics are likely to promote early medical male circumcision.

Secure E-Commerce: Understanding the Public Key Cryptography Jigsaw Puzzle

Today almost all organizations use the Internet extensively for both intra- and inter-organizational communications. The Internet is also the exclusive vehicle for E-commerce transactions involving customers and other business partners. This eliminates the significant infrastructure costs of private data communications networks and enables even small companies to participate in E-commerce. However, extensive use of public media for transferring sensitive data poses serious security challenges.

Public Media Use and Preference for Obtaining Weather Information

Television is most often used, with radio second, and the two are tied for most preferred, with other mass media far behind.