Use Of Protective Structures Research Articles

Architectural techniques for protecting industrial buildings

The article will discuss the architectural features of industrial buildings that are resistant to potential terrorist and other attacks. The most typical threats will be considered (external attacks, threat of explosion from outside and inside) and the corresponding protection goals (protection of the site perimeter, control of entry points, use of sustainable structural systems, safe finishing elements, use of protective structures at the landscape level). A brief historical excursion will show what fortification techniques may be relevant in our time. Modern analogues of industrial buildings are studied, new innovative protection measures are analyzed. As conclusions, architectural means that must be taken into account in the layout of industrial buildings and the master plan of industrial zones in general will be described to create a safe environment that is protected from possible attacks.

USE OF DEFENSE STRUCTURES IN PEACEFUL CONDITIONS

Shelter of the population is carried out in above-ground and underground special buildings (shelters, caches), as well as in the territories of the housing stock. It is clear that the above-mentioned above-ground and underground special buildings are civil defense structures intended for the shelter of people and material values. The use of protective structures for economic and public needs in peacetime.

Influence of protective structures on the development and productivity of tomatoes

The need to obtain consistently high yields of agricultural plants in the Siberian Federal District is sufficiently high. Therefore, this work aimed to study the influence of protective structures on the growth, development, and productivity of tomatoes in the Novosibirsk region. The data obtained allow concluding that the use of protective structures protects plants from recurrent frosts, gusts of northern winds, and a sharp drop in temperature. Plants grown in standard protective structures, in the first periods after planting at a permanent place of growth, were subjected to stressful situations, which led to a decrease in the immunity of the plant and, as a result, damage by fungi and bacteria.

Influence of the method of gate road protection on the operating efficiency of methane drainage boreholes

Methods of numerical modelling have helped to carry out the research of coupled processes of rock deformation around a gate road with methane drainage boreholes and methane filtration in terms of applying different techniques of its protection. The following has been shown: without the use of protective structures, underworked drainage boreholes are broken and stop functioning. If the protective structures are used, the rock-bolting beam above the mined-out space becomes stable. Boreholes go beyond the zones of inelastic deformations and remain in their operating conditions even after their undermining by a stope. The yield of a methane-air mixture in two methane drainage boreholes increases that is confirmed by experimental data. The efficiency of roof degassing by boreholes when using the considered protective structures is 13-63%. The borehole position is of great importance for its operating efficiency. If the borehole is beyond the filtration area, methane yield is minimal. It is quite high within the zone of increased fissuring of host rocks. If the methane drainage borehole is near the zone of inelastic deformations, methane yield reaches its maximum, but reliability of borehole operation is not high. The borehole is broken within the zone of inelastic deformations.

Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes.

Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.

Determining the efficiency and parameters of rubble strip reinforcement

The necessity of development and improvement of methods and means for the protection of preparatory roadways, in particular, protective structures, was proved on the basis of ordinary rock with binding surfaces. Analysis of the results of the study on the use of protective structures of ordinary rock and bounding surfaces was performed. It has shown the feasibility of reinforcing rock structures to ensure operational conditions for the protected roadways. Such structures include rubble strips reinforced with partitions made of metal mesh. To determine their efficiency and reinforcement parameters, studies were performed using provisions of structural mechanics, soil mechanics, and bulk media, as well as physical modeling using natural materials. According to the results obtained in the performed studies, the efficiency of reinforcement of rubble strips with a metal grid was proved and a procedure for calculation of reinforcement parameters that need to be considered in designing the above structures was developed. Such parameters include width and height of the strip, class of reinforcement, its diameter and tensile strength, size of the grid cells, angle of internal friction of rocks, and diameter of maximum rock pieces in the strip. It was established that reinforcement of the rubble strip by partitions made of metal meshes can reduce the width of the strip and volume of the rock fill by 1.33…2.66 times without losing the structure rigidity. To do this, the condition of reinforcement strength in grids must be met. It consists of comparing its tensile strength with maximum stresses in the partition. These stresses are determined by the magnitude of the load on the rubble strip from the roof rocks, the diameter of the reinforcement, and the maximum rock pieces, as well as relative extensional strain in reinforcement.

Supporting failure? Damage inflicted to establishing trees in London by a range of tree support and protection systems

ABSTRACTUrban foresters employ a diverse range of different tree support and protection systems (TSPS) to help trees establish in the urban environment; however, in some cases, TSPS can cause damage to their host trees. A survey was undertaken of 762 establishing trees across 14 London boroughs to determine which types of TSPS are in current use, to assess how different systems perform and to record the frequency and severity of damage to trees associated with these different types and configurations of TSPS. We found that TSPS-associated damage was highly prevalent within the sampled population, affecting 34.8% of the trees surveyed. Failure to remove TSPS components after the establishment phase was responsible for more than 80% of the cases of severe damage to trees found by this survey. A comparison between the performance of several TSPS configurations in terms of their effectiveness and association with different TSPS damage types identified that the “two posts and ties” system performed consistently well in comparison with all other TSPS assessed. Other damage related to the use of protective structures and rubber spacers. We conclude that simple changes to current tree planting practice would minimise the impact of TSPS-associated damage in our urban forests.

Sustainable vegetable production through the use of low-cost protective structures: a farmer’s experience in Bontoc, southern Leyte, Philippines

For years, Lucio Boie' R. Gerona, a civil engineer by profession but with a passion for business and farming by family orientation, had been dreaming of becoming a progressive farmer. Countless attempts in farming on his self-acquired land in Pamahawan, Bontoc, southern Leyte, Philippines, were made but often failed and/or were non-profitable. Among the many constraints, he found continuous heavy rains the most difficult and almost impossible to manage. With the use of protective structures (curved-roof and vent types with plastic roofing and bamboo framings) as rain shelters, year-round production of vegetables was made possible. Results showed that yields of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), ampalaya (Momordica charantia L.), and two croppings of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were consistently higher with gross margins of nearly three fold as compared with those in the open field. Yields of two croppings of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), which were planted during the dry months, were also high although statistically comparable with those in the open field, which was understandable since watermelon is a sun-loving crop. With the adoption of the technology, Boie attained rewarding outcomes: sustained productivity and profitability which enabled him to put up other farm improvements (irrigation system, enclosed structures for leafy vegetables, vermiculture shed and mini-piggery to start diversification); capacity building that allowed him to serve as a consultant/resource speaker/panelist in farmer's fora/FFDs/training sessions specifically on protected vegetable cultivation and marketing; and not to mention the enhanced publicity of his farm, which is now a favorite educational trip destination for many people from all walks of life.

Hongos Fitopatógenos Asociados Al Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) En La Zona Árida Del Noroeste De México: La Importancia De Su Diagnóstico

Tomato crops are among the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide, Mexico being one of the major producing countries. Large quantity of this crop is found in states belonging to the arid northwest of the country; the adaptation of these regions to vegetable production has been significant with the support of agricultural technology due to the use of protective structures for plants, such as greenhouses and shaded mesh. However, pests and diseases are a major biotic factor that significantly reduces production. There are more than 200 diseases associated with the nightshade of various etiologies. The process of identifying the cause of a disease in plants is called diagnosis. The diagnosis of plant diseases has been described as an art and a science; it requires scientific knowledge of plant pathology and related disciplines. Effective disease control requires making the best possible decisions to reduce the risk of serious production losses. Control strategies based on prevention of disease and methods that slow the spread of such diseases. Therefore, proper management of diseases affecting the tomato crop, knowledge and understanding of the diagnosis and its infectious cycle is vital and to establish effective control measures.