Use Of Potassium Salts Research Articles

Deoxyfluorination of Carboxylic, Sulfonic, Phosphinic Acids and Phosphine Oxides by Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids Featuring CF2O Units

Main observation and conclusionThe deoxyfluorination of carboxylic, sulfonic, phosphinic acids and phosphine oxides is a fundamentally important approach to access acyl fluorides, sulfonyl fluorides and phosphoric fluorides, thus the development of inexpensive, stable, easy‐to‐handle, versatile, and efficient deoxyfluorination reagents is highly desired. Herein, we report the use of potassium salts of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECA) featuring CF2O units as deoxyfluorination reagents, which are generated mainly as by‐products in the manufacture of hexafluoropropene oxide (HFPO). The synthesis of acyl fluorides, sulfonyl fluorides and phosphoric fluorides can be realized via carbonic difluoride (COF2) generated in situ from thermal degradation of the PFECA salt.

Review on Laboratory Mineral Soil Analysis and Soil Mineral Management in Organic Farming

This review discusses about laboratory soil analysis and soil mineral management in different Organic farming. The objective of this review were laboratory mineral soil analysis and soil mineral management in organic farming was to draw together all the available relevant research findings in order to develop the knowledge and expertise of organic advisers and thereby to improve soil management practice on organic farms. There are several methods available for measuring total N in soils, mineral N in soils and mineralization potential. Chemical extractions which aim to establish the pool of nitrogen to plants include the use of potassium salts, K₂SO₄ to extract inorganic and labile organic N pools. Soil P tests are commonly used to assess soil nutrient availability and to assist in fertilizer recommendations. Available K measured by ammonium nitrate gave a good indication of the plant available K in soil; crops showed a response to increasing available K and continued cropping caused a decline in the pool of available K in soil. Soil analysis based on chemical analysis is a snapshot of nutrient pools. It is normally reported in mg/l of soil. Soils are sampled and analysed and digital maps provided to the farmer. This then allows targeted use of inputs to correct nutrient deficiencies or acidity. While this is primarily used in conventional farming for fertiliser application it is now also being used increasingly in organic farming.

Physico-chemical properties, spreadability and consumer acceptance of low-sodium cream cheese

The present study was performed to investigate the possibility of sodium reduction in cream cheese by partial reduction and substitution of sodium by potassium based salt. Four salt treatment were selected by preliminary study: 100 % NaCl (control), NaCl reduced to 65 % (T1), 35 % of NaCl substituted by KCl (T2), and KCl-based salt mixture Salut® which contains offflavours masking compound (T3). The study was evaluated physico-chemical attributes, colour, spreadability, sensory acceptance, as well as level of intensity of specific attributes of low-sodium cream cheese. Sodium reduction not influenced on the protein, fat and moisture content, water activity, acidity and the colour of cream cheese (P>0.05). However, sodium reduction significantly influenced to mineral composition, spreadability and sensory properties. The use of potassium salt substitutes significantly increased the value of K:Na ratio. Cheese containing commercial salt replacer Salut® had the closest hedonic score to control cheese compared to other replacers. The current research demonstrates that sodium content can be reduced by 35 % in cream cheese using a nutritionally valuable potassium-based salt mixture, without compromising the consumer acceptance.

Precipitation Reaction of SDS and Potassium Salts in Flocculation of a Micronized Megestrol Acetate Suspension.

In this work attempts were made to evaluate K+-SDS and hydrocolloid polymer-SDS interactions in flocculation of megestrol acetate dispersions to enhance their stability as a part of suspension formulation. Different dispersions of micronized megestrol acetate and SDS were prepared. KCl and KH2PO4 and their corresponding sodium salts were added to the dispersions and the preparations were evaluated using general physicochemical and stability tests including appearance, sedimentation volume, sedimentation rate and redispersibility. Addition of polyols and hydrocolloid polymers to the SDS containing dispersions was also investigated for possible instabilities. SDS deflocculated the initial megestrol acetate dispersions. The use of potassium salts unlike the sodium salts flocculated the dispersion particles due to precipitation reaction of potassium ions and the adsorbed SDS. Additionally the uncharged hydrocolloid polymers MC and HPMC in contrast to the ionic polymers xanthan gum and NaCMC showed incompatibility due to their interaction with SDS. K(+)- SDS interactions have proved useful in protein and DNA analysis studies and we found this precipitation reaction to be applicable in flocculation of pharmaceutical suspensions containing SDS.

Sensor based on polyvinyl chloride immobilized Pseudomonas striata cells as metal-ionophore

PVC membrane containing lyophilized cell mass of Pseudomonas striata was prepared using dibutylpthalate as the plasticizer. Anionic interferences were excluded by use of potassium salt of tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTCIPB). The electrode was found to be fairly selective and sensitive for the zinc ions. It exhibited a linearity range of 10 -1 to 10 -5 M with near nernstian slope of 26.2 mV per decade. The membrane electrode showed a sharp response time of 6-10 sec and detection limit of 5x10 -5 M at 25±1°C in the pH optima of 3-5. The interference was found to arise only from few transition metals such as Hg +2 , Ag + and Pb +2 .

Gas Chromatography of Pesticides—Improvements in the Use of Special Ionization Detection Systems

Abstract The operating parameters for electron capture and flame ionization detectors are discussed, and the effects of varying each are described. Investigation of the detection of organophosphorus pesticides by a hydrogen flame burning in an atmosphere of alkali metal salts has resulted in increased sensitivity and complete specificity. With the use of potassium salts, sensitivity for phosphorus compounds equals that of the electron capture detector for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. A detection system using both detectors to obtain a dual analysis simultaneously is described. Specificity is achieved with certain halogen salts (KCl, KBr, RbCl) which suppress the minor enhanced response by the modified flame detector to organohalogen compounds.

The effects of induced hypocalcemia on myocardial irritability and conductivity; the use of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, with special reference to potassium depletion, digitalis intoxication, and digitalis-induced electrocardiographic contour changes.

The role of calcium and potassium in myocardial irritability and contractility has been well studied. More recently the interrelationship between these ions and digitalis has been explored. The concept of synergism between, or additive effect of, calcium and digitalis has been debated for many years. 1-4 The use of potassium salts orally and parenterally in the treatment of digitalis intoxication is well established. 5 , 6 It is known, in addition, that low serum calcium levels potentiate the cardiac toxicity of hyperkalemia. 7 Digitalis is known to cause egress of potassium from the myocardial cell. 8 It is this relative intracellular potassium depletion which may, in part, be responsible for the commonly observed electrocardiographic effects of digitalis. 9 Calcium ions at the cell membrane exert a stabilizing influence, making more difficult the active reentry of potassium. 10 This results in the same net effect. It seemed reasonable to expect that lowering the concentration of calcium ions at the

Beneficial Action of Certain Salts on the Course of Peptic Ulcer in the Shay Rat

In the last four years we 'have made an intensive search for an enterogastronelike substance in the non-protein fraction of the stomach mucosa, duodenum and spleen. We have tested these fractions on more than 8,000 Shay rats. During our investigation we have prepared glacial acetic-alcohol extracts of the above tissues and, in the subsequent acetone treatment of the evaporated extracts, we have found considerable anti-ulcer activity. By further fractionation we have isolated appreciable amounts of acid potassium acetate which proved to be active by oral and intraperitoneal routes. The activity manifests itself in the prevention of ulceration of the stomach and esophagus, diminished volume of gastric juice, increased pH, and lowered free and total hydrochloric acid in accordance with the higher pH values. We are also concerned with the accentuation of the anti-peptic activity by suitable combinations with other fractions obtained during our work. Aside from the use of acid potassium acetate, other analogous salts were tried with variable results, some being active, others less so. In view of the fact that in various intestinal disorders a potassium deficiency has been found, as summarized in a paper by Martin, Reynolds et al.,t the use of potassium salts seems to be indicated, especially in some suitable combination. We have recently found after administering the salt to Shay rats in two divided doses, that on sacrificing the animals after 8 hours, the whole stomach was coated with mucus, which proved to be a mucoprotein. This was true in 50% of the animals so treated. These animals invariably were free from ulceration and showed a pH of the stomach juice above 5.0. It is curious to note that Dryer, Routh and Paul,2 working with a polypeptide fraction of the duodenum (enterogastrone), according to the classical method of Ivy and Greengard,3 have found a mucigogue effect of their preparations. It seems possible that the beneficial effect of acid potassium acetate on the ulcer is partially due to the mucin formation. Madden et a1.4 have shown that adrenalectomy also prevents ulceration in the Shay rat, while sodium chloride can restore such ulceration. Webster et a1. 5 have shown that a potassium deficiency in rats reduces the motility of the smooth muscle of the intestinal tract and the bladder. The same condition is found to be true in dogs; in this species too they found that with a potassium