Use Of Potassium Permanganate Research Articles

Reducing disinfection byproduct precursors through coagulation enhancement as particle weight and size control using potassium permanganate.

The widespread use of chlorine pre-oxidation in water purification has been limited in several countries owing to the production of carcinogenic byproducts when combined with naturally occurring organic matter. This study investigates the efficient use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) pretreatment and coagulation enhancement as particle size and molecular weight distribution controlling parameters. KMnO4 pretreatment significantly reduced the apparent molecular weight of humic acid due to KMnO4 reduction and the continuous generation of manganese dioxide (MnO2) formed in situ under neutral and alkaline conditions. The MnO2 formed in situ had adsorption characteristics that enabled it to form large and stable flocs with the hydrolysis products of aluminum sulfate. However, under acidic conditions, KMnO4 pretreatment exhibited strong oxidation characteristics due to Mn(VII) reduction to Mn(II), and the mean particle floc size was the same as without KMnO4 pretreatment. Overall, KMnO4 pretreatment is a useful alternative strategy for traditional pre-oxidation using chlorine and a good coagulant enhancement agent in neutral and basic media.

IMPROVEMENT OF LABORATORY WORKSHOP DURING THE STUDY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN MODERN CONDITIONS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of conducting a small laboratory workshop as a means of studying the course of organic chemistry without the use of reagents included in the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances andprecursors.
 During the writing of the article, such methods of scientific research as analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization were used - to find out the state of solving the researched problem in the theory and methodology of teaching chemistry, to determine the theoretical foundations of the research, as well as a chemical experiment - to conduct experimental research and proving the effectiveness of theoretical assumptions.
 Based on the analysis of literary sources, the tasks, main functions and requirements for a chemical experiment in the process of learning organic chemistry are determined. It has been found that the problem of using a chemical experiment tostudy the basic principles of the structure of organic compounds, methods of their synthesis and properties requires further research in order to adapt the methodology of conducting experiments to the conditions under which the use of precursors andtoxic substances is limited. The greatest attention was focused on methodological aspects of reproduction and description of experiments on the oxidation of organic compounds, since most of such experiments had to be adapted to the conditions underwhich the use of potassium permanganate is prohibited.
 The results of the conducted research showed the possibility of adapting the methods of a small laboratory workshop in organic chemistry to the conditions under which the use of precursors and toxic substances is excluded. As a substitute forpotassium permanganate solution, potassium chromate and potassium dichromate solutions were used and a positive result was obtained. Developed recommendations can be used for research and conducting laboratory work in laboratories ofeducational institutions.

Analytical Applications of Permanganate as an Oxidant in the Determination of Pharmaceuticals Using Chemiluminescence and Spectrophotometry: A Review

Background: Potassium permanganate is a green and versatile industrial oxidizing agent. Due to its high oxidizing ability, it has received considerable attention and has been extensively used for many years for the synthesis, identification, and determination of inorganic and organic compounds. Objective: Potassium permanganate is one of the most applicable oxidants, which has been applied in a number of processes in several industries. Furthermore, it has been widely used in analytical pharmacy to develop analytical methods for pharmaceutically active compounds using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometric techniques. Results: This review covers the importance of potassium permanganate over other common oxidants used in pharmaceuticals and reported its extensive use and analytical applications using direct, indirect and kinetic spectrophotometric methods in different pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Chemiluminescent applications of potassium permanganate in the analyses of pharmaceuticals using flow and sequential injection techniques are also discussed. Conclusion: This review summarizes the extensive use of potassium permanganate as a chromogenic and chemiluminescent reagent in the analyses of pharmaceutically active compounds to develop spectrophotometric and chemiluminescence methods since 2000.

Synthesis of 3-Amino-7-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-2-Substituted-5-Phenylphenazin-5-Ium Chlorides by Oxidative Cyclization.

Phenazines are substances with an extensive range of important applications. Recently, the synthesis of N-arylation has been made more feasible owing to the advent of a new methodology. But because the toxicity of the used oxidant and the low yield, it is necessary to find a nonpoisonous or less toxic oxidant. We report on the use of potassium permanganate as an oxidant to synthesize phenylphenazin-5- ium chlorides via sequential aniline arylation. The corresponding 2-substituted-3-amino-5-phenyl-7-N,N-dimethylamino phenazinium chlorides were obtained via various o-substituted toluidines reacted with 4-amino-N,N-dimethyamine and aniline using potassium permanganate as an oxidant under different conditions such as temperature, pH, reaction time and the ratio of raw materials. Infrared (IR) absorption data were acquired on a Thermo Nicolet Nexus 670 FT-IR spectrometer with DTGS KBr detector. All the products were characterized by Mass, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The total C, H, N, content was measured by the elemental analyzer. The yields of 3-amino-7-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-substituted-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chlorides are from 42.5% to 75.8% based on the electrophilic ability of different substituted groups under the temperature of 95°C, pH 4.5 and the reaction time of 8hrs. 3-Amino-7-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-substituted-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chlorides have been synthesized in high yields via the oxidative cyclization with potassium permanganate. This route is a simple, economic, efficient and environmentally friendly.

Perbandingan Dua Desinfektan dalam Mengeliminasi Virus Avian Influenza H5N1 pada Telur Tetas

Avian Influenza (AI) is a zoonotic viral disease in birds which demands priority on control and measures. Spread of AI virus can occur directly or indirectly. The use of disinfectant and handling of hatching egg waste into one of the actions that must be applied in hatchery to control the spread of AI virus. This research aim to compared two types of desinfectant in eliminating AI virus. The research was designed into 6 groups. Group I was SAN (Specific Antibody Negative) eggs as untreated negative control, group II was SAN egg treated by fumigation using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and formalin in room temperature for 20 minutes, group III was SAN eggs soaked in benzalkolnium chloride (BKC) in room temperature for 30 seconds, group IV was SAN contaminated by AI H5N1 virus and fumigated by potassium permanganate and formalin in room temperature for 20 minutes, group V was SAN eggs contaminated by AI H5N1 virus and then soaked in benzalkonium chloride in room temperature for 30 second, and group VI was SAN eggs contaminated by AI H5N1 virus in room temperature for 10 minutes as positive control. AI H5N1 virus detection was done by using RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) and confirmed by isolation in Embyronated Chicken Egg. The result of this research showed that the use of potassium permanganate and formalin disinfectant gave little better performance compared to benzalkoniun chloride in eliminating AI H5N1 virus on hatching eggs.

Kinetic studies of potassium permanganate adsorption by activated carbon and its ability as ethylene oxidation material

Generally, ethylene production in many horticultural products has been seen to be detrimental to the quality during storage and distribution process. For this reason, removing ethylene from storage or distribution atmosphere is needed to maintain the quality. One of the technologies that can be applied is the use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). KMnO4 is an active compound that can be used as an oxidizing agent on ethylene removal process. KMnO4 is not recommended for direct used application. As the result, additional material is required to impregnate the potassium permanganate. The inert materials used are commercial activated carbon. Activated carbon is chosen because it has high surface area. The purpose of this research is to determine kinetics adsorption and oxidation model of ethylene removal material. The kinetics adsorption was determined using the pseudo-first and second-order kinetic models. The data on adsorption process show that the second-order equation is more suitable to express the adsorption process on this research. The analyzing of the ethylene oxidation capacity increased with time until it reaches an optimal value. The ethylene oxidation rate is able to be estimated by the formula r = 0.1967 [C2H4]0.99 [KMnO4]0.01; MSE = 0.44 %. The actual and estimation data of ethylene oxidation show that the model is fitted to describe the actual ethylene oxidation under same experimental conditions.

Ethnopharmacological use of potassium permanganate in South African traditional medicine.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), which is widely available, is often used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) in South Africa (SA) without taking its potentially harmful properties into account. The crystalline KMnO4 salt is sold at traditional medicine markets and shops throughout SA. However, to date, traditional uses of KMnO4 remain undocumented. To describe KMnO4 use by THPs in KwaZulu-Natal, SA. This sub-study is part of a larger study investigating substances used in SA traditional medicine that are collectively known as imikhando in isiZulu - literally translated as 'ore'. THPs (N=201) were interviewed in the local language (isiZulu) by trained interviewers. Information on the reasons for using/not using KMnO4, the source of information on its use and modes of administration were collected. KMnO4 was used as a constituent of traditional medicine by 158 (79%) THPs. Their knowledge of KMnO4 use was acquired predominantly from fellow THPs (n=134; 85%). Reasons for use included skin rash or wounds (n=99, 63%) and to treat aches, pains and swelling (n=74; 47%). The main modes of administration were in the bath (n=94; 60%), orally (n=67; 42%) and in herbal compresses (n=66; 42%). The principal reason of the 43 THPs for not administering KMnO4 was not knowing how to use it (n=29; 71%). This study has identified traditional medicine users at risk of manganese toxicity owing to commonly used sociocultural practices. In particular, reports of oral ingestion and use in enemas are cause for concern. This public health issue needs regulatory measures and education programmes to enlighten the population against possible harm caused by KMnO4 exposure.

Ethnopharmacological use of potassium permanganate in South African traditional medicine

Ethnopharmacological use of potassium permanganate in South African traditional medicine

Topical 5% potassium permanganate solution accelerates the healing process in chronic diabetic foot ulcers.

Potassium permanganate has been reported to be an effective treatment for certain types of wounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of potassium permanganate in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. A single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that presented with a foot ulcer persisting for >3 months. The control group (n=10) was treated with the current standard treatment, which comprises of measures for reducing pressure in the ulcerated area, daily cleansing of the ulcer with potable water and antiseptic wash solution, and the application of a disinfectant solution on the entire surface area of the ulcer; while the intervention group (n=15) received the standard treatment plus 5% topical potassium permanganate solution applied once a day for 21 days. In the intervention group, 1 patient did not tolerate the treatment and was eliminated from the study on the first day. The remaining patients tolerated the interventions well. At the end of the treatment period, ulcers in the control group had decreased by 38% whereas those in the intervention group decreased by 73% (P<0.009). The degree of decrease was also investigated; the ulcer size was ≥50% decreased in 40% of patients in the control group and in 86% of patients in the intervention group (P=0.02). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that topical potassium permanganate is well tolerated and significantly accelerates the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers.

The use of potassium permanganate, ozone and associated coupled processes for odor removal in drinking water: bench and pilot scale tests

Bench and pilot scale experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the preoxidation effects of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) and ozone (O 3 ) for odor removal in drinking water. The effects of dosage, contact time, pH, as well as couple treatment with a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter were examined using bench experiments, while the effects of KMnO 4 dosing points and a preozonation coupled process were investigated in pilot scale tests. Results revealed that both preoxidants at appropriate dosage worked well for odor removal because of the strong oxidizing ability and the intermediates generated in the process. The preozonation rate of O 3 was much faster than that of KMnO 4 . Preoxidation by KMnO 4 was largely affected by pH because of the amount of hydrated manganese dioxide generated, which contributed to the adsorption of odorants. Pilot scale tests were highly synchronous with results of bench scale tests.

Calciphylaxis Case Study

We are thrilled the patient in this case study had a positive outcome (“Calciphylaxis: An Unusual Case with an Unusual Outcome,” October 2014). As certified wound and ostomy nurses, however, we are concerned about the methodologies used to treat her throughout her stay on the surgical–medical progressive care unit. Wound care for the patient with calciphylaxis is controversial.1,2 Unfortunately, selecting whirlpool for debridement of a “foul smelling, deep, and necrotic” wound was a poor choice. The ABIM Foundation's “Choosing Wisely” campaign includes recommendations by members of the American Physical Therapy Association. These include encouraging care providers to cease using whirlpools for wound care (for more information, see http://bit.ly/1C0bPug). Although the dressings selected were antimicrobial, the dressing changes “were stressful, causing anxiety and extreme pain. Each session could last up to an hour.” There are antimicrobial dressings available that do not require wound care this frequently and can also provide some palliation to the wound bed. Compatibility with hyperbaric therapy would, of course, need to be considered, but three dressings a day could have been avoided. It's quite obvious how much the nursing staff cared about this patient. However, the wound care rendered doesn't represent the standard of care for patients with calciphylaxis. Mary Arnold Long, MSN, RN, CWOCN-AP Mary Kate Skinner, BSN, RN, CWON Jacqui Streeter, BSN, RN, CWON Charleston, SC Author Tina Wangen, RN, CNS, responds: The “Choosing Wisely” recommendations were released in 2014—after the care of the patient described in this scenario. Hydrotherapy continues to be an option for select patients who have large surface wounds with extensive necrotic tissue.1 According to Tao et al,2 hydrotherapy is a component of wound care used to remove substantial amounts of necrotic debris on large surfaces, decrease wound pain, and, ultimately, accelerate healing. The presence of bacteria or biofilm can be obstacles to healing; however, all wounds have a degree of contamination that does not equate to infection. The use of potassium permanganate effectively controlled the bacteria on this patient's wounds and lowered the risk of cross contamination. Although pulsatile lavage and ultrasonic mist therapy are newer and effective treatments, given the extensiveness of this patient's wounds, hydrotherapy was the best initial treatment. The dressing changes were anxiety producing for her because of the length of time and the significant amount of pain they caused. Different dressings were considered, but the options were limited owing to the degree of her wounds and bioburden. She was also on an air-fluidized bed, necessitating dressings that would keep the wound bed moist, as this type of bed can potentiate hydration issues.3 As more of the necrotic tissue was removed, antimicrobial dressings were implemented and the patient's pain, and therefore anxiety level, decreased.

Surface Treatment of Plastics with Ionic Liquids for Decorative Metal Deposition

Surface treatment of plastics for decorative metal plating has been developed for more than 20 years and is widespread applied in automotive, electronics and faucets industries. Main advantages in contrast to the use of bulk metals are savings of weight and costs, facilitating complex geometries and superior aesthetic appearance. Most applied plastics represent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers (ABS), ABS polycarbonate blends and polyamide. Etching of the plastic surface is required to enable the electroless plating of metals like nickel or copper. State of the Art for surface activation is etching with hexavalent chromic sulfuric acid. It is cost efficient, robust and reliable.[1] Generally known, hexavalent chromium causes high environmental, health and safety impact. Moreover, the scope of application to different plastics is quite limited. Therefore, a sustainable and environmental-benign replacement of this substance of very high concern is demanded in the near future. Some concepts for the replacement of chromic acid are currently under investigation. The most public approaches are the use of potassium permanganate[2] or ozone[3]. Disadvantageously, these concepts improve health, safety and environmental impact only marginally. Moreover, complex waste handling and process equipment limit the potential as suitable substitute.We report a potential and metal-free replacement approach based on surface treatment with ionic liquids. Employed ionic liquids and additives bear substantial environmental, safety and health advantages. Beyond, they show high potential for broadening the scope of applied plastics.[4]

Effect and mechanism of preoxidation using potassium permanganate in an ultrafiltration membrane system

The use of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) for sand filter effluent pretreatment was investigated as well as its performance in combined ultrafiltration (UF) processes. The former process was implemented via direct continuous dosing of KMnO 4 into the influent of a UF system. Investigations into this option indicated that the optimal dose of KMnO 4 was 0.3 mg/L and significant improvements to the efficiency of natural organic matter (NOM) removal during the KMnO 4/UF process were achieved. Due to membrane fouling, the use of KMnO 4 also resulted in lowered total membrane resistance in comparison with results obtained when operating without KMnO 4. The KMnO 4 oxidation of the sand filter effluent to UF also indicated some potential for mitigating transmembrane pressures, due to the changed characteristics of organic pollutants. This observation was confirmed by Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (ATR-FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy showed that a significant amount of fouling that had clogged the membrane was very loose and easy to be removed by hydraulic washing during the KMnO 4/UF process. The fouling removal mechanism was demonstrated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was noted that KMnO 4 could oxidize metal ions into metal oxide particles, which were adsorbed on the membrane surface together with the pollutants. These formed loose fragments on the filtration cake that were easy to flush away.

The Enhancement of a Microbial Fuel Cell for Electrical Output Using Mediators and Oxidizing Agents

Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for production of bioelectricity in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. Neutral red, thionine, ferric chelate, and methylene blue were utilized as an electron shuttle in the anode chamber. Yeast was directly unable to travel the produced electrons to the anode surface and needed mediators. At 200 μmol · l−1 neutral red concentration, the obtained voltage, current, and power densities were 510 mV, 1,600 mA · m−2, and 190 mW · m−2, respectively. With the use of potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent in the cathode chamber, the voltage, current, and power density were enhanced to 870 mV, 2,900 mA · m−2, and 810 mW · m−2, respectively.

The Songhua River Chemical Pre-Oxidation of Potassium Permanganate

The use of potassium permanganate on the micro-pollutants in the Songhua River water for pre-oxidation, the results showed: potassium permanganate oxidation of organic compounds in water on the Songhua River (CODMn, UV254, TOC) has better removal effect; on cloud degree, have some ammonia removal; little effect on color removal. Potassium permanganate in neutral organic pollutants in the Songhua River water has a good removal.

SYNTHESIS OF 4-(4-METHOXY-PHENYL)-3-BUTENE-2-ON AND THE ACTIVITY TEST AS A FRUIT FLIES ATRACTANT

4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-on has been synthesized from p-anisaldehyde and acetone via aldol condensation. The reaction was performed at room temperature under basic condition for 12 hours to give brown solid of product (m.p 64-65 oC) in 66.19 % yield. p-anisaldehyde itself was produced from oxidation of anetol major component of anise oil by the use of potassium permanganate as a oxidator. The structure of the products was analyzed by FTIR, 1H NMR and GC-MS. Activity test of 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-on as an attractant was carried out in Sleman with methyl eugenol as a reference. The result showed that 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-on was inactive compound as a fruit flies attractant and some of fruit flies, i.e. Bactrocera papayae, B. carambolae, B. umbrosa and B. abdolonginqua was found on the test area. Keywords: 4-(4-metoxy-phenyl)-3-butene-2-on, Bactrocera spp., attractant

The endexine: a frequently overlooked pollen wall layer and a simple method for detection

For the detection of pollen wall layers, the use of different staining methods for one and the same species is highly recommended. The usage of standard transmission electron microscopy (TEM) staining methods showed that the ektexine-layers have always the same contrast behaviour, while the endexine changes its electron opaqueness depending on the method used. However, the endexine can often not be discriminated from the other wall layers. A simple method to detect the endexine is the use of potassium permanganate, which stains the layer electron dense, producing a distinct contrast.

Supercritical-fluid-assisted oxidation of oleic acid with ozone and potassium permanganate

The goal of this research was to determine if any advantages could be realized by conducting the oxidation of oleic acid with ozone and potassium permanganate in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The ozonolysis of oleic acid without SC-CO2 at 313.15 K and ambient pressure resulted in complete conversion of the oleic acid within 2 hrs. The reaction was zero-order, indicating the system was mass-transfer limited, and the rate of oleic acid disappearance was 0.077 mol s−1 m−3. Due to experimental limitations, no reaction was observed in the case of ozone in SC-CO2. However, oxidation of oleic acid with potassium permanganate in SC-CO2 at 12.2 MPa resulted in an increase in oleic acid conversion from 50.8% to 95.1% at 308.15 K and 51.7% to 95.6% at 318.15 K. Oleic acid oxidation with potassium permanganate in supercritical carbon dioxide was found to have a reaction order of 1.75 with rate constants of 5.33 × 10−5 m2.25 s−1 mol−0.75 and 1.43 × 10−4 m2.25 s−1 mol−0.75 at 308.15 K and 318.15 K, respectively. Also, increased yields of the target products, azelaic acid and pelargonic acid, were obtained when compared to the oxidation without SC-CO2. In terms of greenness, the addition of SC-CO2 allows product separation to be combined with reaction, which reduces the need for other energy-intensive separations, such as distillation, which are traditionally used. In comparing the two oxidizers, ozone is more efficient, but the use of potassium permanganate would eliminate concerns associated with fugitive emissions of ozone into the environment.

Simultaneous removal of SO 2 and NO x by microwave with potassium permanganate over zeolite

Simultaneous sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) removal from flue gas can be achieved with high efficiency by microwave with potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) over zeolite. The experimental results showed that the microwave reactor could be used to oxidation of SO 2 to sulfate with the best desulfurization efficiency of 96.8% and oxidize NO x to nitrates with the best NO x removal efficiency of 98.4%. Microwave accentuates catalytic oxidation treatment, and microwave addition can increase the SO 2 and NO x removal efficiency by 7.2% and 12.2% separately. The addition of zeolite to microwave potassium permanganate increases from 16.5% to 43.5% the microwave removal efficiency for SO 2, and the NO x removal efficiency from 85.6% to 98.2%. The additional use of potassium permanganate to the microwave zeolite leads to the enhancement of SO 2 removal efficiency up from 53.9% to 95%, and denitrification efficiency up from 85.6% to 98.2%. The optimal microwave power and empty bed residence time (EBRT) on simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification are 259 W and 0.357 s, respectively. SO 2 and NO x were rapidly oxidized in microwave induced catalytic oxidation reaction using potassium permanganate with zeolite being the catalyst and microwave absorbent.

A Preliminary Study on the Effects on Growth, Condition, and Feeding Indexes in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, after the Prophylactic Use of Potassium Permanganate and Oxytetracycline

Abstract The prophylactic use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and oxytetracycline and its effects on catfish growth were assessed. For eleven weeks, healthy channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, juveniles were exposed to KMnO4 and oxytetracycline. KMnO4‐treated fish were exposed to 1 ppm twice a week for 1 h, while oxytetracycline‐treated fish received a 50 mg/kg dose in the feed (35 fish per tank, two tanks per treatment). Assessed parameters included body weight and length, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake (FI), condition, and feed conversion index (FCI). Potassium permanganate did not have a suppressive effect on growth, while oxytetracycline significantly enhanced growth on channel catfish (weight and length), as they were heavier (12.5%) than KMnO4‐treated fish and controls at the end of the trial. SGR (%/d), FI, and FCI were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) among the three groups of fish. Condition index (K) was significantly higher (ANOVA, P &lt; 0.05) in the oxytetracycline‐treated fish. The present study suggests that, at concentrations commonly used in aquaculture, exposure of healthy channel catfish to oxytetracycline enhanced growth, while KMnO4 does not induce growth suppression.