Use Of Polymer Inclusion Membrane Research Articles

On the Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Selective Separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from Seawater.

The synthesis and optimization of polymeric inclusion membranes (PIMs) for the transport of Cd(II) and Pb(II) and their separation from Zn(II) in aqueous saline media are presented. The effects of NaCl concentrations, pH, matrix nature, and metal ion concentrations in the feed phase are additionally analyzed. Experimental design strategies were used for the optimization of PIM composition and evaluating competitive transport. Synthetic seawater with 35% salinity, commercial seawater collected from the Gulf of California (Panakos®), and seawater collected from the beach of Tecolutla, Veracruz, Mexico, were employed. The results show an excellent separation behavior in a three-compartment setup using two different PIMs (Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA as carriers, respectively), with the feed phase placed in the central compartment and two different stripping phases placed on both sides: one solution with 0.1 mol/dm3 HCl + 0.1 mol/dm3 NaCl and the other with 0.1 mol/dm3 HNO3. The selective separation of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) from seawater shows separation factors whose values depend on the composition of the seawater media (metal ion concentrations and matrix composition). The PIM system allows S(Cd) and S(Pb)~1000 and 10 < S(Zn) < 1000, depending on the nature of the sample. However, values as high as 10,000 were observed in some experiments, allowing an adequate separation of the metal ions. Analyses of the separation factors in the different compartments in terms of the pertraction mechanism of the metal ions, PIMs stabilities, and preconcentration characteristics of the system are performed as well. A satisfactory preconcentration of the metal ions was observed after each recycling cycle.

The Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes for the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions-The Latest Achievements and Potential Industrial Applications: A Review.

The growing demand for environmentally friendly and economical methods of removing toxic metal ions from polluted waters and for the recovery of valuable noble metal ions from various types of waste, which are often treated as their secondary source, has resulted in increased interest in techniques based on the utilization of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs). PIMs are characterized by many advantages (e.g., the possibility of simultaneous extraction and back extraction, excellent stability and high reusability), and can be adapted to the properties of the removed target analyte by appropriate selection of carriers, polymers and plasticizers used for their formulation. However, the selectivity and efficiency of the membrane process depends on many factors (e.g., membrane composition, nature of removed metal ions, composition of aqueous feed solution, etc.), and new membranes are systematically designed to improve these parameters. Numerous studies aimed at improving PIM technology may contribute to the wider use of these methods in the future on an industrial scale, e.g., in wastewater treatment. This review describes the latest achievements related to the removal of various metal ions by PIMs over the past 3 years, with particular emphasis on solutions with potential industrial application.

Optimisation of ciprofloxacin removal by using polymer inclusion membrane and its multivariate analysis with half‐fractional factorial design

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, the use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) to attenuate the recalcitrant contaminant of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in an aquatic system is presented. Poly(vinyl)chloride (PVC) was used as the base polymer, bis−2‐(Ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) as the carrier, and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the plasticizer. Optimisation of the experiment was conducted using multivariate analysis of half‐fractional factorial design, focusing on parameters like pH of the source solution, the source solution's concentration, carrier composition, the concentration of the receiving solution, and extraction time.RESULTSIt was found that PIMs with the composition of PVC 45%: B2EHP 25%: DOP 30% were the best suited for this purpose. The optimal removal efficiency of CIP was ˃99% at pH 6, 90% at pH 12, and 85% removal at neutral pH (7). After various optimisation steps, the method was applied to actual environmental wastewater and river samples with an average percentage removal efficiency of ˃97%.CONCLUSIONThis study has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using PIMs for the removal of CIP antibiotics. Hence, it may be considered a practical treatment approach for other pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic system. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Use of Polymer Inclusion Membrane for the Separation of Phenols Compounds Mixture from Dilute Aqueous Solutions

Abstract: Separation of phenolic compounds mixture namely: phenol, resorcinol, Bisphenol A from dilute aqueous solutions by polymer inclusion membrane using Cellulose triacetate (CTA) as support was investigated as a means of recovering Bisphenol A from mixture of phenolic compounds. The effects of parameters influencing the separation performance were studied in terms of permeation flux and selectivity. For competitive transport of phenols across PIM with RC8 + NPOE, the selectivity order was Bisphenol &gt; Phenol &gt; Resorcinol. The high permselectivity of the membrane to Bisphenol A was primarily due to its high affinity towards calixresorcinarene macrocycle. This is of particular interest from an industrial point of view because the enriched phenol permeate can be easily recovered upon phase separation. The prepared PIM were characterized by using Raman spectroscopy, XPS and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.&#x0D; Keywords: PIM, CTA, Membrane separation, Phenols mixture, Bisphenol A, Wastewater treatment.

Removal of Copper (II), Zinc (II), Cobalt (II), and Nickel (II) Ions by PIMs Doped 2-Alkylimidazoles.

Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) are an attractive approach to the separation of metals from an aqueous solution. This study is concerned with the use of 2-alkylimidazoles (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) as ion carriers in PIMs. It investigates the separation of copper (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II), and nickel (II) from aqueous solutions with the use of polymer inclusion membranes. PIMs are formed by casting a solution containing a carrier (extractant), a plasticizer (o-NPPE), and a base polymer such as cellulose triacetate (CTA) to form a thin, flexible, and stable film. The topics discussed include transport parameters, such as the type of carrier, initial fluxes, separation coefficients of copper in relation to other metals, as well as transport recovery of metal ions. The membrane was characterized using AFM and SEM to obtain information on its composition.

A preliminary study of polymer inclusion membrane for lutetium(III) separation and membrane regeneration

This paper reports on the selective transport of Lu(III) from La(III) and Sm(III) through a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) composed of 40 wt% di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphinic acid (P227) and 60 wt% poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). Basically, the changes in surface morphology, thickness and water contact angle of this PVDF-based PIM containing P227 (P227@PVDF PIM) with different polymer concentrations were investigated. By solvent extraction experiments, it is found that Lu(III) can be selectively extracted from La(III) and Sm(III) at pH 1.5 in hydrochloric acid solution. According to this result, P227@PVDF PIM was used to selectively transport Lu(III) from hydrochloric acid feed solution containing similar concentration of La(III) and Sm(III). The recovery factor of Lu(III) is 91% after 36 h, and about 5% of Sm(III) was also transported through the PIM. The concentration of La(III) in the feed solution and the stripping solution does not change. Furthermore, to overcome the ubiquitous decline of transport efficiency caused by the loss of carrier or the damage of membrane structure after long-term use of PIMs, a process for regenerating PIMs was first proposed and implemented. By comparison of the regenerated PIM with the normal PIM, there is almost no difference in the SEM image, ATR-FTIR spectrum and Lu(III) transport efficiency. It is expected that P227@PVDF PIMs have the potential to be applied to the grouped separation of rare earth elements (REEs), and this study also can be as an inspiration for the further study on the PIMs regeneration process.

Polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing ionic liquid as a proton blocker to improve waste acid recovery efficiency in electrodialysis process

Industrial activities generate large amounts of low-concentration waste acids. This is not only a waste of resources, but also a hazard to the environment. Waste acid recovery and concentration by electrodialysis (ED) has received more and more attention. However, proton leakage through anion exchange membrane reduces the ED efficiency for acid concentration, thus it limits the application of ED. The present work evaluates for the first time the potential use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) based on affordable ionic liquids as proton blocker in ED. Results showed that the fabricated PIMs exhibited sufficient ion exchange capacity (0.84–1.23 mmoL/g) as an anion exchange membrane. Furthermore, the PIMs performed a similar proton blocking performance (H+ transport number 0.14) and lower membrane area resistance (PIM: 13 Ω cm2, ACM: 38 Ω cm2), when compared with a commercial proton blocking membrane (ACM from ASTOM). Therefore, this membrane fabrication method successfully solved the trade-off effect between proton blocking efficiency and membrane electrical resistance. The acid concentration by using PIM in ED was 1.37 times higher than that of using ACM. What's more, PIMs showed good stability in electrodialysis experiments. Therefore, the ionic liquid based PIMs are proved as promising acid blocker for acid recovery applications.

Electrochemical Characterization of a Polymer Inclusion Membrane Made of Cellulose Triacetate and Aliquat 336 and Its Application to Sulfonamides Separation

An electrochemical characterization of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) fabricated with the ionic liquid (IL) Aliquat 336 (26%) and the polymer cellulose triacetate (CTA) (76%) is presented. Considering the use of PIMs in separation systems to remove pollutants from water, the characterization was performed with NaCl solutions by measuring membrane potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and salt diffusion and results were compared with those obtained from dry membranes. Results showed a significant reduction in the membrane diffusive permeability and electrical conductivity as well as the transport number of cation Na+ across the PIM when compared with solution values, which could be mainly related to the dense character of the membrane. Membrane application in the separation of different sulfonamides (sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole) from water, with 1 M NaCl solution as striping phase, was also considered. These results indicated that the different chemical characteristics of the compounds, as well as the compact structure of the PIM, limited the transport of the organic molecules though it.

A Use of Polymer Inclusion Membrane as Anion Exchange Membrane for Recovery of Cu(II) Ions Based on an Electrogenerative System

In this study, polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) was utilized as a novel ion exchange membrane for recovery of Cu(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The recovery of Cu(II) ions from copper(II) chloride solutions was proceed using a batch cell operated in an electrogenerative system. The recovery of Cu(II) ions was examined by using a three dimensional cathodes which are reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and porous graphite (PG). The effect of initial concentration of Cu(II) chloride, the presence of oxygen, types of membrane and time taken were investigated. Polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) with a composition of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 60 wt% (m/m):Aliquat 336 30 wt% (m/m):dioctyl phthalate (DOP) 10 wt% (m/m) together with RVC as the cathode produced highest recovery of Cu(II) ions after 4 h of experiment with 99.9% of Cu(II) ions recovery. Highly capable low cost PIM can be used to replace expensive commercially available anion exchange membranes without neglecting the performances and final results. PIM has a clear advantage over a commercially available anion exchange membrane especially in terms of high chemical stability, high dimensional ability, low diffusion of solute, ease of PIM's preparation and low cost of production. Result obtained by using PIM as an ion exchange membrane is comparable with the use of a commercially available ion exchange membrane. Therefore PIM has a massive potential to be applied in an electrogenerative system.

Use of Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) as support for electromembrane extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and highly polar acidic drugs

The use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) as support of 1-octanol liquid membrane in electromembrane extraction (EME) procedure is proposed. Synthesis of PIMs were optimized to a composition of 29% (w/w) of cellulose triacetate as base polymer and 71% (w/w) of Aliquat®336 as cationic carrier. Flat PIMs of 25µm thickness and 6mm diameter were used. EME protocol was implemented for the simultaneous extraction of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (salicylic acid, ketoprofen, naproxen and ibuprofen) and four highly polar acidic drugs (anthranilic acid, nicotinic acid, amoxicillin and hippuric acid). Posterior HPLC separation of the extracted analytes was developed with diode array detection. Recoveries in the 81–34% range were obtained. EME procedure was applied to human urine samples.

A poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)-based polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing LIX84I for the extraction and transport of Cu(II) from its ammonium sulfate/ammonia solutions

A comparison is made of the use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), cellulose triacetate (CTA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) as the base-polymer, LIX84I as the carrier and 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as the plasticizer for the extraction of Cu(II) from its ammonium sulfate/ammonia solutions at pH 8.5 and its transport within the membrane. The optimal PIM composition for each base-polymer was determined, and the results showed that the PIMs containing CTA or PVC had an oily surface after extraction unlike the PIMs with PVDF-HFP which were homogenous and with oil-free surfaces. This oily residue indicated the loss of organic phase into the aqueous phase, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Successive transport experiments were employed to study the stability of the PVDF-HFP-based PIM by evaluating the transport efficiency and the membrane mass change during each experiment. Relatively small membrane mass losses occurred during the extraction and back-extraction processes and the trace organic compounds lost from the PIM were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results obtained showed that the choice of base-polymer had a strong influence on the membrane stability, and that PVDF-HFP-based PIM exhibited superior stability and extraction rate compared to PIMs containing the other two base-polymers mentioned above.

A novel electro-driven membrane for removal of chromium ions using polymer inclusion membrane under constant D.C. electric current

In this study, the use of polymer inclusion membrane under constant electric current for the removal of Cr(VI) from water has investigated for the first time. Transport of Cr(VI) is performed by an electric current from the donor phase to the acceptor phase with a constant electric current of 0.5A. The optimized membrane includes of 12.1% 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (2-NPOE), 77.6% cellulose triacetate (CTA), 10.3% tricapryl-methylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as a carrier. We tested the applicability of the selected membrane for Cr(VI) removal in real environmental water samples and evaluated its reusability. Electro membrane experiments were carried out under various parameters, such as the effect of electro membrane voltage at constant DC electric current; electro membrane current at constant voltage, acceptor phase pH, and stable electro membrane; and a comparison of polymer inclusion membrane and electro membrane transport studies. The Cr(VI) transport was achieved 98.33% after 40min under optimized conditions. An alternative method has been employed that eliminates the changing of electrical current by the application of constant electric current for higher reproducibility of electro membrane extraction experiments by combining the excellent selective and long-term use features of polymer inclusion membrane.

New application of polymer inclusion membrane based on ionic liquids as proton exchange membrane in microbial fuel cell

Abstract In the present work is evaluated for the first time the potential use of polymer inclusion membranes based on ionic liquids as proton exchange membranes in microbial fuel cell. Specifically ionic liquids based on 1- octyl -3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and methyl trioctil ammonium chloride were used. It has been demonstrate that polymer inclusion membranes based on ionic liquids could act as proton exchange membrane in microbial fuel cell. In the case of ammonium based supported ionic liquid membrane (70% (w/w) ionic liquid), the power and the chemical oxygen demanded removal reached values of 450 mW/m 3 and more than 80% respectively. An increasing of the amount of ionic liquid immobilized in the membrane involved an increasing in the microbial fuel cell power which means that the ionic liquid plays a role as active proton transport through the membrane.

Highly sensitive fluorescence optode for aluminium(III) based on non-plasticized polymer inclusion membrane

A highly sensitive and simple reagent immobilization procedure for a non-plasticized fluorescence optode based on polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) has been developed. The preparation procedure is based on physical immobilization procedure, namely encapsulation technique which produces an optical sensing membrane. The sensitive PIM contains poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the base polymer, Aliquat 336 as an extractant and sodium morin-5-sulphonate (NaMSA) as the reagent. The use of PIM has increased the response of the PIM based optode about five-fold enhancement compared to the non-PIM optode. The optimized optode was characterized by a linear calibration curve in the range from 5.19×10−7 to 6.00×10−5molL−1 of aluminium(III) (Al(III)), with a detection limit of 4.07×10−7molL−1. The response of the optode was three minutes and it was also found to be reproducible. The optode has been successfully tested for the determination of Al(III) in natural water samples and result obtained is comparable to atomic absorption spectrometry method.

Selective transport of metal ions across polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing calix[4]resorcinarenes

The use of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) for selective and efficient transport of metal ions is increasingly retaining attention. We then prepared and characterized cellulose triacetate membranes doped with calix[4]resorcinarenes derivatives as fixed carriers and containing 2-nitrophenyl octanoate (2-NPOT) as a new synthetic plasticizer. We applied them for the investigation of facilitated transport of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous nitrate source phase ( c Me = 0.01 M, pH 5.5). Influence of several parameters on metal ions transport were analyzed such as the pH of the receiving phase, the alkyl moieties of calix[4]resorcinarenes and the carrier content of the PIM. We specifically focused on the influence of the chemical nature of the plasticizer, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (2-NPOE) versus 2-NPOT, on metal ions transport as well as on long term stability and durability of the PIM membrane. We found that the facilitated transport of metal ions through our PIM proceeds through a carrier-mediated diffusion mechanism and relies on a pH-dependent driving force. Moreover, we revealed that NPOT containing PIM exhibited a significantly higher selectivity towards Pb(II) as well as a better membrane stability. These results may open news avenues in lead removal from waste waters.