Use Of Polymer Composite Materials Research Articles

A review of polymer composite materials in bulletproof vest to defense sector

Personal protection, especially in the context of military protection and security, became a major focus in the development of bulletproof vests. Polymer composite materials offer a wide range of advantages in terms of strength, density, and ability to reduce the kinetic energy of projectiles, making them an attractive choice for such protection applications. This study examines the different types of polymers and composite technologies used in the manufacture of bulletproof vests. This study examines the use of polymer composite materials in the manufacture of bulletproof vests used in the defense sector. We evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and ballistic properties of these materials and investigate the design approaches applied to improve the performance of these protectors. The research proved that the composite was efficient enough to be used as a bulletproof vest material because it was light, flexible and strong.

Оптимизация выбора схемы 3D-печати функциональных объектов из композиционных материалов

<p>The implementation of priority areas for the development of the Economy of the Russian Federation, the digital transformation of production, the improvement and development of new designs used at domestic enterprises in the aviation and rocket and space industries, energy, mechanical engineering and others, is largely associated with the use of polymer composite materials (CM), which provide optimal physical and mechanical characteristics of structures (functional objects). As reinforcing elements of CM, carbon fibers are widely used, because they have high specific strength. At the same time, the mechanical properties of products significantly depend on the direction of the fibers. One of the promising directions for the manufacture of objects from CM, which makes it possible to create structures of complex shape, is 3D printing technology. The use of 3D printing makes it possible to obtain structures with spatial reinforcement along specified trajectories. This is due to the fact that continuous carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRT) is used for printing. This allows full control over the location of the fibers during the printing process, which allows you to arrange 100% of the fibers in accordance with the required operating conditions of the object. However, practically unexplored are issues related to the optimization of the process of 3D printing of functional objects from CM by the method CFRT 3D printing in terms of controlling the location of fibers during printing, allowing to take into account the criteria for the destruction of the composite. This work is devoted to this goal, which proposes general approaches to setting and solving the problem of optimizing the selection of a 3D-printing scheme.</p>

ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT, APPLICATION AND INNOVATIONS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES

The physical-mechanical, thermophysical, and other important properties of polymer composites primarily depend on the polymer fillers used as modifiers. Examples of fillers include substances that act as structural modifiers, additives, mineral additives, and so on. As studies conducted in this area show, modifiers for various purposes are used to improve chemical and physical-mechanical parameters. The article provides information about the development and production of polymer composite materials. The possibility of obtaining and using composite materials in various fields of technology is shown. In addition, a review of studies that provide a broad understanding of polymer composite materials is also collected. It has been shown that the use of polymer composite materials can lead to significant advances in modern manufacturing. The article also provides information on or-ganic and inorganic fillers with different properties. Based on this, the results of studies carried out in the direction of obtaining polymeric materials using carbon, carbon graphite, fiberglass, etc. are summed up. The nanocomposites of the new generation demonstrate innovative results. This paper shows innovative applications of polymer composite materials for various purposes. All this makes it possible to use the rich mineral resources of Azerbaijan in the production and operation of polymer composite materials

Optimization of the fin structure from polymer composite materials using bioinspired structural layouts

To comply with efficiency in terms of strength, stability and weight of the aircraft, a complex problem for designing a structural layout should be solved. At the same time, it is essential to take into consideration optimization of the shape, quantity, component layout. Now, the main variant of a structural layout is a combination of longitudinal and transverse elements, optimization of which has virtually exhausted itself. The use of polymer composite materials based on glass and carbon fibers, possessing high specific performance compared to metals, makes it possible to improve the performance of a product and additionally optimize a frame structure due to anisotropy of material properties. However, fundamentally innovative structural layouts are needed for further improving properties. It has become practical to create new promising structural layouts due to the development of technologies for manufacturing products from composite materials, including additive manufacturing and 3D printing as well as developing methods of mathematical modeling and computer-assisted design. Bioinspired structures based on natural analogues such as insect wings are attributed to them. The paper is devoted to a highly topical problem of searching and selecting innovative structural layouts. The purpose of the article is to reduce aircraft fin mass while providing structural strength. The paper considers five variants of structural layouts inclusive of the conventional original structure. Aerodynamic loads on the structure were determined by modeling the flow-around process at an assigned flight mode. Stress-and-strain behavior of the structural layout was determined, and the optimal variant of the considered was chosen. The advantage of polymer composite bioinspired structures over conventional metal variants was established. The paper results will be taken into consideration and used in the subsequent optimization of structural layouts and the development of methods for choosing structural layouts.

Recycling of Epoxy/Fiberglass Composite Using Supercritical Ethanol with (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium)2[CuCl4] Complex

The widespread use of polymer composite materials (PCM) leads to an increase in non-recyclable waste. This paper discusses the feasibility of recycling fiberglass with an epoxy matrix by solvolysis in ethanol under supercritical conditions. The solvolysis process completes successfully within four hours in an environment of a pure solvent containing 10% water at a temperature of 280 °C when the solvent passes into the supercritical state. The treatment time increases up to 10 h at a process temperature of 250 °C. When using a coordination compound of copper(II) chloride with organic chloride salt having 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium as the counterion, having the composition of (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium)2[CuCl4], the treatment time is reduced. The addition of the complex of 5% by weight makes it possible to completely remove the epoxy matrix at a temperature of 250 °C for two hours. The products separated from the solvolysis liquid were studied by infrared spectroscopy. The resulting fibers were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The residual strength of the recovered fibers is 98%. Thus, the resulting fibers can be reused in the composite industry. Including both for the production of decorative products and for the production of structural products made of polymer composite materials.

ІНЖЕНЕРНА МЕТОДИКА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ КВАЛІМЕТРІЇ У СИСТЕМІ МЕТРОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕТАПІВ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ АВІАКОНСТРУКЦІЙ ІЗ ПОЛІМЕРНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

In connection with the permanent growth worldwide, including in the domestic aircraft industry, of the use of polymer composite materials in the structures of civil aircraft, the problem of analyzing the effectiveness of the use of composites at all stages of the life cycle of the corresponding structures becomes relevant. An engineering method for the implementation of qualimetry in the system of metrological support for the main stages of designing structures made of polymer composite materials in civil aircraft of the transport category, based on the use of integrated quality indicators and expert assessment of the characteristics of the main design stages, is proposed and justified. General key tables for the synthesis of significance levels of the main stages of designing composite structures for expert evaluation of the effectiveness of operations have been developed. The main (defining) principles of integral indicators of quality of the components of design levels are established. The reliance of experts on the main features of the quality indicators of the design stages ensures the minimization of errors in establishing the significance ranks of these stages. The decomposition of the classifier of the type "Design of aircraft structures from polymer composite materials" was carried out, which systematizes the analysis and synthesis of the main steps for implementing the proposed engineering methodology for qualimetric support for the design of aircraft structures from polymer composite materials, the sequence and implementation by an expert group.A criterion for the effectiveness of an engineering methodology for qualimetric support for the implementation of design stages has been implemented in the form of an additive model of the ratio of the effect of each design stage, expressed as the sum of quality indicators to the total cost of funds for its provision, taking into account the coefficient of significance of the indicators. A hypothetical example of the implementation of the proposed engineering methodology for analyzing the effectiveness at the initial stages of its development at an enterprise that predicts a promising increase in the volume of use of composites in domestic aircraft of the transport category and their modifications is given. The proposed engineering method for the implementation of qualimetry in the system of metrological support for the stages of designing composite structures of domestic aircraft, after practical testing and refinement in a specific production environment, can become an effective tool for increasing the effectiveness of predicting the growth in the volume of use of polymer composite materials in the domestic aircraft industry.

Design of a structurally optimized bioinspired structural arrangement of carbon composite fuselage of unmanned aerial vehicle based on parametric modeling

Currently, the industry of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is actively developing. They perform a wide range of different civilian and military tasks. Depending on the task, stringent requirements are imposed on the design, but the key ones are low weight, high strength and survivability. Satisfying these requirements will increase the payload mass and extend the life of the product. This can be ensured by the use of polymer composite materials (PCM) based on carbon fibers and new structural arrangement. This is especially true for the main element of the UAV frame –the fuselage. The work is devoted to an urgent task –the development of a new UAV composite structural layout. Structural-optimized structures are considered: bioinspired, auxetic, grid structures. A comparison of the developed options with the classical structure of the frame is carried out. A variant that exceeds the classical layout in terms of mass and strength up to 25% is selected. Main layout parameters are determined.

The study of the use of polymer composite materials in the mass and eco-friendly production of aircraft structural elements

The article considers the process of sustainable development presenting the results of an applied study of the effectiveness of the use of tooling made of polymer composite materials in the mass production of aircraft structural elements, as well as the means of automation of technological preparation for the serial production of aircraft structures made of polymer composite materials. The study is oriented on the specialists interested in eco-friendly materials.

Strength of Compressed Reinforced Concrete Elements Reinforced with CFRP at Different Load Application Eccentricity

Currently, many studies are devoted to the use of polymer composite materials to increase the strength and stability of concrete elements. In compressed reinforced concrete elements, the bearing capacity depends on the eccentricity of the external application of the external force and the corresponding stress-strain state, as well as the location and number of composite materials glued to the surface of the structure. The choice of a scheme for placing composite materials depending on the stress state of the structure is an urgent scientific problem. At the same time, the issue of central compression and the compression of columns with large eccentricities has been well studied. However, studies conducted in the range of average eccentricities often have conflicting results, which is the problem area of this study. The primary aim of this study was to increase the strength and stiffness of compressed reinforced concrete elements reinforced with composite materials, as well as a comparative analysis of the bearing capacity of ten different combinations of external longitudinal, transverse, and combined reinforcement. The results of testing 16 compressed columns under the action of various eccentricities of external load application (e0/h = 0; 0.16; 0.32) are presented. It is shown that the use of composite materials in strengthening structures increases the bearing capacity up to 41%, and the stiffness of the sections increases up to 30%. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are proposed for improving the calculation method for inflexible columns reinforced in the transverse direction, which take the work of concrete under the conditions of a three-dimensional stress state into consideration.

Brief Review of PVDF Properties and Applications Potential.

Currently, there is an ever-growing interest in carbon materials with increased deformation-strength, thermophysical parameters. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such materials have a wide range of applications in various industries. Many prospects for the use of polymer composite materials based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for scientific and technical purposes explain the plethora of studies on their characteristics "structure-property", processing, application and ecology which keep appearing. Building a broader conceptual picture of new generation polymeric materials is feasible with the use of innovative technologies; thus, achieving a high level of multidisciplinarity and integration of polymer science; its fundamental problems are formed, the solution of which determines a significant contribution to the natural-scientific picture of the modern world. This review provides explanation of PVDF advanced properties and potential applications of this polymer material in its various forms. More specifically, this paper will go over PVDF trademarks presently available on the market, provide thorough overview of the current and potential applications. Last but not least, this article will also delve into the processing and chemical properties of PVDF such as radiation carbonization, β-phase formation, etc.

Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Initial Cracks Reinforced with Polymer Composite Materials.

The use of polymer-composite materials for strengthening the reinforcing of concrete structures represents a current scientific trend. The article is devoted to experimental studies of the strength of inclined sections of bent concrete elements, reinforced with transverse polymer reinforcement with initial inclined cracks, with different shear spans and transverse reinforcement options. The characteristics of reinforced concrete specimens with initial inclined cracks and the test results of 22 experimental beams, each of which was tested twice, are given. A significant influence of all eight variable factors was established: three spans of the section, equal to 1.5 ; 2 and 2.5 ; two types of compound clamps and their layout; and opening width of oblique cracks from 0.6 to 0.9 mm. It is shown that the strengthening of the beams supporting sections with external polymer reinforcement using three-sided U-shaped and vertical double-sided stirrups significantly changes their stress-strain state (SSS) and the form of destruction. SSS transforms from the classical destruction of the compressed zone above the end of the inclined crack to the destruction of the beam zone of average height at α = 2.0 and brittle crushing of concrete in the tension zone. Unfavorable combinations of force and geometric factors are revealed. Recommendations are proposed that can be used for structures operated in all weather conditions.

Основные проблемы внедрения методов переработки полимерных композиционных материалов и обеспечения технологических процессов при производстве морской техники

In the past few years there could be seen an increasing use of polymer composite materials in the marine industry. Polymer composite materials reach 70% in the volume of parts and structures of ships and marine equipment. The most intensive growth in the implementation of composite materials can be observed abroad. The problem of complete or partial absence of domestic original reinforcing fibers and polymer matrices is revealed. The necessity to define the limiting factors for using the polymer composite materials in the shipbuilding industry of the Russian Federation is substantiated. A study of domestic and foreign literature, industry regulations was carried out, in which the deductive methods, analysis and synthesis were used. The ecosystem of organizing the technological process from the polymer composite materials in the production of structures and parts of marine equipment is considered. The specific features of the technological process are listed, and a formula that describes the speed of the infusion process and determines the parameters on which the process depends is given. It has been found that the main documents regulating the use of polymer composite materials in shipbuilding are focused on the production processes in the 1970s. Nowadays, a competitive struggle for the orders and deadlines forces to use computer-aided design systems for creating 3D models of parts and structures in designing complex structures. There have been defined the restraining factors that have a negative impact on the development of technological processes of working up and introducing the polymer composite materials in in the national industry. The results of the study will further serve to form methodological materials and options for designing technological processes for the processing of polymer composite materials in the Russian industry.

НАБЛИЖЕНИЙ МЕТОД ЕКСПЕРТНИХ ОЦІНОК ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПОЛІМЕРНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ У КОНСТРУКЦІЯХ ЦИВІЛЬНИХ ЛІТАКІВ НА ОСНОВНИХ ЕТАПАХ ЖИТТЄВОГО ЦИКЛУ

In connection with the growing use of polymer composite materials all over the world and in domestic aircraft construction in civil aircraft of the transport category, the analysis of forecasting methods of their application at the main stages of the life cycle of this class of structures becomes an urgent problem.Efficiency, as the ratio between the achieved result and the resources spent on its achievement, can be interpreted as the ratio between the total quality indicators of the created object and the total costs.However, quality indicators are such metrological characteristics, the quantitative measurement of which in most cases is difficult or almost impossible. In this regard, the qualimetric quality indicators acquire the qualimetric form of qualitative characteristics. Qualimetric characteristics make it possible to operate during their analysis by a productive method of expert assessments of criteria for the implementation of any object, including composite structures of aircraft aggregates. As a criterion for predicting the effective volume of use of composite structures, an analogue of D.L. quality at the stages of their life cycle. The numerical values of each level of the stages of the life cycle are assessed by an expert according to the proposed five-level general identification tables with the subsequent summation of the criterion indicators by stages of the life cycle, making it possible to determine both the efficiency of using composites at individual stages and its integral value for all main stages. The relative value of the efficiency criterion can be represented in monetary terms by multiplying it by an equivalent established on the basis of metrological (qualimetric) methods and means of assessing the results of a particular production.

Особенности технологий ремонта основных элементов гидравлической системы дорожно-строительных машин с применением полимерных композиционных материалов

Features of the operation and typical damages of standard hydraulic systems’ elements of road-building machines have been analyzed. The occurrence reasons of defects and the elimination ways of them were determined. Methods for eliminating the defects were analyzed, and it is shown that one of the most promising methods for eliminating the defects in liners of hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic lines is the use of polymer composite materials with a fibrous or dispersed filler for the repair.

ВИДИ МЕТРОЛОГІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК І СКЛАДУ РОБІТ З ЇХ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НА ОСНОВНИХ СТАДІЯХ ІСНУВАННЯ КОМПОЗИТНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ АГРЕГАТІВ ПОВІТРЯНИХ СУДЕН ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ КАТЕГОРІЇ

It is shown that the development of the concept of metrological support for the creation of composite structures of aircraft aggregates of the transport category and their support at all stages of the existence of an aircraft should be based on the formation of a complex criterion for the effectiveness of the use of polymer composite materials. It is noted that the effectiveness of a structure made of polymer composite materials is provided by various methods, methods and technical means of metrology. The structure of a complex of studies aimed at developing the concept of metrological support is discussed, the first point of which is to analyze the types of metrological characteristics and the scope of work to determine them at the main stages of the existence of composite structures of aircraft aggregates of the transport category. Based on the analysis of numerous publications on the problem of metrological support of the main stages of creating technical products, the main types of measurements of the metrological characteristics of composite structures of aircraft aggregates of the transport category have been established, and the composition of the nomenclature of works on metrological support of the main stages of the existence of these structures has been determined. 12 main types of measurements of parameters have been identified, on which the whole variety of production physical quantities and the description of the properties and characteristics of structures of aircraft aggregates made of polymer composite materials are based. The composition of the main works on the metrological support of the four stages of the existence of the aircraft is revealed: design, production, operation and disposal of composite structures formed into systems of sequential blocks for performing these works. It is shown that the tasks of metrological support at the facility manufacturers should be solved during the technological preparation of serial production and testing of the installation series of products, and also take into account the peculiarities of aircraft operation and disposal of composite structural elements in terms of work safety and economic efficiency of their results. An enlarged sequence has been established for organizing work on metrological support for measuring the properties of composite structures of aircraft aggregates at aviation enterprises. The results presented in the first approximation provide a solution to practically important aspects of the problem under discussion.

A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment

The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.

Prospects for the use of polymer composite materials in the manufacture of prostheses (review)

One of the areas of application of composite materials is their use in the manufacture of parts of prosthetic limbs. Advances in the development of composite materials in recent years have led to an active growth in their use in modern orthopedic medicine. Composites have excellent characteristics of strength and weight compared with metallic materials, as well as biocompatibility, which allows them to be used in the manufacture of prostheses. The article discusses various composite materials and their physico-mechanical properties, manufacturing companies and their products for people with different needs. VIAM has developed a whole series of materials that can be proposed for the manufacture of prostheses.

Damage Assessment of Specimens Made of Layered Composite Polymeric Material Based on Carbon Plastic in Fatigue Tests

The use of polymer composite materials for highly loaded structures in modern engineering is constantly expanding, since they have high specific strength characteristics under static loading. However, the question of providing the required resource of such materials under cyclic loading remains open. In this work, we propose an experimental technique for assessing the damageability of specimens of layered polymeric material during fatigue tests. Criteria, which can indicate the appearance of interlayer fracture in the tested specimens, are given. A correlation between the appearance of a new spot of interlayer destruction in the specimens and a decrease in a number of acoustic emission events per unit time, during fatigue tests, were revealed.

Застосування огородження склопластикового композитного перильного

Introduction. Innovative, new materials are increasingly used in transport construction, among which composite materials are becoming widespread.Small bridges and elements of large bridges, such as roadway slabs, pavements, railings, composite reinforcement, reinforcement elements, are made of composite materials.Recently, the use of polymer composite materials for the manufacture of lightly loaded structural elements of transport structures, such as lighting poles, drainage trays, railings.Much attention should be paid to the fiberglass composite railing, which has a number of advantages over traditional metal fencing. Unfortunately, at present there are no clearly defined in Ukraine regulations on fiberglass composite fencing, so this topic is relevant and necessary for the transport industry.Problem Statement. From the literature analysis it is established that the railings of highways and sidewalks are in difficult operating conditions, are constantly exposed to aggressive environments - water, chemicals, salts.Goal. Increasing the durability of the railing by using new materials.Results. The analysis of production of a fiberglass profile is carried out. On the basis of the conducted researches the general requirements to a protection of fiberglass composite washing machine are established. On the basis of the current normative documents the classification of a protection on a place of installation, type of filling of a skeleton, a method of fastening of risers is developed. The paper presents the main parameters and dimensions of the fence. Material requirements are set. Methods of control of a protection with establishment of a technique of test of a protection on resistance to action of horizontal and vertical loadings are developed. Recommendations on installation and installation of a protection of fiberglass composite washing machine are offered.Conclusions. The research results were used in the development of technical conditions for the protection of fiberglass composite washing machine.Keywords: road, composite, bridge, fencing, profile, fiberglass, artificial construction

Development of an Analytical and Graphic Method for Determining the Compositions of Epoxy Compounds with Increased Chemical and Biological Resistance

The task of developing durable and effective building materials for protection against aggressive environments is urgent. One of the ways to increase the durability of buildings and structures is the use of polymer composite materials during their construction. In addition, the urgent task of recycling waste from construction and chemical industries also has to be considered. Determination of rational compositions of composite materials manufactured by compression and vibrocompression methods is of considerable interest. The problems of obtaining compositions of polymer composites based on the use of a modifying additive - a plasticizer (organosilicon varnish KO-922) and asbestos-containing fillers based on waste from construction and chemical industries are addressed. An analytical and graphical method for calculating the compositions of epoxy composite materials based on production wastes has been developed. Rational formulations based on modified epoxy binder have been obtained. The nomograms make it possible to make a practical choice of one or another filler composition for given conditions.