Use Of Polydopamine Research Articles

Investigation of the oxidative self- polymerization of dopamine under alkaline conditions on wool fabrics

Most studies about polydopamine in the textile field have been related to cotton fibers. There are not many studies about the use of polydopamine on wool fibers. A limited number of studies have focused on the coloring of wool, whereas wool is the fiber with the highest variety of intermolecular attraction forces among all natural and man-made fibers. Polydopamine contains high amounts of catechol and amine functional groups due to its structure. In this study, different from the literature, oxidative self-polymerization of dopamine was achieved on wool fabric for different periods of time, and the coated fabrics were examined with characterization tests and spectrophotometrically. In this study, lower values were obtained than lightness (L*) values reported for other fibers in previous studies, and it was concluded that the wool-PDA interaction is superior to other fibers. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results showed that the polymerization and nano-coating formed successfully and continued to remain on the surface after washing. The lowest lightness value was obtained in the 32 h coating. However, the lowest color change after washing was in the 16 h coating (0.44%). This result showed that the coating was completed within 16–32 hours and there was only accumulation on the surface in the later times.

Self-Floating Polydopamine/Polystyrene Composite Porous Structure via a NaCl Template Method for Solar-Driven Interfacial Water Evaporation.

Solar energy, as a clean and renewable energy source, holds significant promise for addressing water shortages. Utilizing solar energy for water evaporation is seen as an effective solution in this regard. While many existing interfacial photothermal water evaporation systems rely on nanoparticles or graphene as photothermal or support materials, this study introduced polydopamine (PDA) as a photothermal material due to its environmental friendliness and excellent photon absorption characteristics that closely match the solar spectrum. Polystyrene (PS) was also introduced as a support material for its porous structure and density similar to water, enabling it to float on water. The resulting PS-PDA composite porous structure solar evaporator exhibited a photothermal conversion efficiency comparable to nanoparticles (over 75%), yet with lower production costs and minimal environmental impact. This innovative approach offers a scalable solution for water-scarce regions, providing a cost-effective and efficient means to address water scarcity. The use of PDA and PS in this context highlights the potential for utilizing common materials in novel ways to meet pressing environmental challenges.

Bilayer cellulosic FO membrane developed by polydopamine and nanochitosan through layer by layer coating process

A highly efficient bilayer cellulose acetate forward osmosis (FO) membrane was developed using polydopamine (PDA) and chitosan nanoparticles (CsNP) through layer by layer coating process and characterized using DLS, FESEM, AFM, EDX, and static contact angle. The use of CsNP and PDA led to an improvement in chemical properties, surface hydrophilicity, and structural parameter. The experimental tests for both RO and FO experiments were carried out to calculate structural parameter (it decreased from 0.59 mm for neat CA to 0.37 mm for CA-PDA/CsNP2) of membranes. Also, the salt rejection and water permeability of membranes were tested in RO mode using 40 mM NaCl, while the water flux and reverse salt flux of membranes were analyzed in FO test. The CA-PDA/CsNP2 membrane with 0.6 wt.% of CsNP in the coating solution not only showed a high water permeation flux about 21.23 LMH for 2 mM NaCl but also decreased its reverse salt flux from 7.08 to 4.52 gMH. According to the fouling test results, the normalized water flux of the neat membrane declined from 1 to about 0.65 while it was higher than 0.85 for CA-PDA/CsNP2 which represents an improvement in the antifouling property. This improvement was mainly due to an increase in the hydrophilicity of the coated membrane and the electrostatic repulsion among the foulant and surface of CA-PDA/CsNP2. The results showed that the fabricated CA-PDA/CsNP2 membrane shows a high potential application in the FO process and is more competitive than other existing FO membranes.

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting using carbon cloth functionalized with ZnO nanostructures via polydopamine assisted electroless deposition.

ZnO nanorods (ZnO-nr) have been widely studied as a promising nanomaterial for photoelectrochemical water splitting. However, almost all prior studies employed planar electrodes. Here, we investigated the performance of ZnO nanorods on a fibrous carbon cloth (CC) electrode, which offers a larger surface area for functionalization of photocatalysts. ZnO nanorods and Ni nanofilm were deposited on carbon cloth substrates for investigation as the photoanode and cathode of a photoelectrochemical water splitting setup, respectively. The use of polydopamine in the electroless deposition of ZnO ensured a uniform distribution of nanorods that were strongly adherent to the microfiber surface of the carbon cloth. Compared to ZnO nanorods grown on planar ITO/glass substrates, the CC-based ZnO photoanodes exhibited smaller onset potentials (1.1 VRHEvs. 1.8 VRHE), ∼40× larger dark faradaic currents at 1.23 VRHE and 5.5×-9× improvement in photoconversion efficiencies. Ni/CC cathodes were also found to exhibit a lower overpotential@10 mA cm-2 than Ni/Cu by 90 mV. The photocurrent obtained from the ZnO-nr/CC anode was highly stable across an hour and the peak current decreased by only 5% across 5 cycles of illumination, compared to 72% for the planar ZnO-nr/ITO anode. However, the response of the CC-based setups to changes in the illumination conditions was slower, taking hundreds of seconds to reach peak photocurrent, compared to tens of seconds for the planar electrodes. Using cyclic voltammetry, the double-layer capacitance of the electrodes was measured, and it was shown that the increased efficiency of the ZnO-nr/CC anode was due to a 2 order of magnitude increase in electrochemically active sites provided by the copious microfiber surface of the carbon cloth.

Bio-inspired polydopamine layer as a versatile functionalisation protocol for silicon-based photonic biosensors

Photonic biosensors have made major advances in recent years, achieving very high sensitivity, and progressing towards point-of-care deployment. By using photonic resonances, sensors can be label-free, which is particularly attractive for a low-cost technological realisation. A key remaining issue is the biological interface and the efficient and reliable immobilisation of binder molecules such as antibodies; many protocols are currently in use that have led to widely varying sensor performance. Here, we study a very simple and robust surface functionalisation protocol for silicon photonics, which is based on polydopamine, and we demonstrate both its simplicity and its high performance. The use of polydopamine (PDA) is inspired by molluscs, especially mussels, that employ dopamine to adhere to virtually any surface, especially in an aqueous environment. We studied the versatility of the PDA protocol by showing compatibility with 5 different disease biomarkers (Immunoglobulin (IgG), C-reactive protein (CRP), Tumour Necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) and show that the protocol is resistant to hydrolysis during incubation; the loss of functionality due to hydrolysis is a major issue for many of the functionalisation protocols commonly used for silicon-based sensors. The study using guided mode resonance-based sensors highlights the wide dynamic range of the protocol (0.01 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL), using IgG, CRP and MMP-9 protein biomarkers as exemplars. In addition, we show that the surface chemistry allows performing measurements in 10% human serum with a sensitivity as low as 10 ng/mL for IgG. We suggest that adopting this protocol will make it easier for researchers to achieve biofunctionalisation and that the biosensor community will be able to achieve more consistent results.

Dual-mode immunochromatographic assay based on dendritic gold nanoparticles with superior fluorescence quenching for ultrasensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7.

We presented a colorimetric/fluorescent dual-mode immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for the sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The use of polydopamine (PDA)-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with broadband absorption allowed for excellent colorimetry signals for the ICA detection. Moreover, the absorption spectrum of PDA-AuNPs significantly overlaps with the excitation and emission spectra of ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), resulting in effective quenching of the QDs fluorescence due to the inner filter effect. The fluorescence intensity changes induced by PDA-AuNPs were utilized for the sensitive detection of E. coli O157:H7, achieving a detection limit of 9.06×101 CFU/mL, which was 46-fold lower than that of traditional AuNPs-based immunoassay. The proposed immunosensor exhibited the recovery rate between 80.12% and 114.69% in detecting actual samples, indicating its reliability and satisfactory accuracy. This study provides insights into dual-mode signal outputs and the ICA development for food safety applications.

Coating of bioactive glasses with chitosan: The effects of the glass composition and coating method on the surface properties, including preliminary in vitro results

Two bioactive glasses were coated with chitosan: SCNB belongs to the SiO2-CaO-Na2O system, and SCNA has the addition of Al2O3 to enhance chemical stability. Different coating methods were compared: direct physical attachment, surface activation through tresyl chloride, and polydopamine as a linker. The samples were characterized through SEM-EDS, contact angle measurements, FTIR, zeta potential titrations, tape tests, in vitro precipitation of hydroxylapatite (bioactivity), and cell cultures (RAW 264.7 and UMR-106) on some selected samples. Direct physical attachment (in acetic acid) or use of polydopamine allowed complete surface coverage, while it dropped to one-quarter on both glasses by using tresyl chloride. The coating had a contact angle of about 80° and it well showed typical functional groups (FTIR). The coatings on SCNA were chemically and mechanically stable (classified as 4-5B by the tape tests, partially maintained after soaking for 14 days), and showed an isoelectric point around 8. On SCNB, the coatings were unstable (classified as 0-3B, dissolved during soaking) but bioactivity was preserved. The coating affected the biological outcome of SCNA with M0/M1 polarization (1 day) and reduced viability of macrophages (3 days), while osteoblastic cells showed poor adhesion but maintained cell viability and osteogenic potential (3–7 days).

Silver and zirconium mono- and bi-metallic silica mesoporous functionalized PDA materials as highly efficient reusable catalyst for reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP

Silver and zirconium mono- and bimetallic SBA-15 catalysts were synthesized in presence of polydopamine (PDA) via hydrothermal method and tested in reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. The characteristic peaks of SBA-15 were obtained in accordance with the literature. The use of metal and PDA did not deteriorate the structural properties of SBA-15. From wide-angle XRD diffraction patterns, while the silver peaks were observed in the catalysts, the zirconium peaks were not observed. TEM images showed that metals were settled as nanoparticles except for Zr@SBA-15(P). The highest surface area (1882 m2/g), pore volume (3.18 cm3/g) and pore diameter (7.84 nm) values were obtained for Zr@SBA-15(P). XPS spectra of all catalysts showed that the metals were embedded in the structure in metallic form. Reaction rate constant for Ag@SBA-15(P) was determined as 0.138 min−1 and even after 5 runs its conversion efficiency was about 90%.

Polydopamine-Based Material and Their Potential in Head and Neck Cancer Therapy-Current State of Knowledge.

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are among the most common cancers in the world. In terms of frequency of occurrence in the world, HNC ranks sixth. However, the problem of modern oncology is the low specificity of the therapies used, which is why most of the currently used chemotherapeutic agents have a systemic effect. The use of nanomaterials could overcome the limitations of traditional therapies. Researchers are increasingly using polydopamine (PDA) in nanotherapeutic systems for HNC due to its unique properties. PDA has found applications in chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, targeted therapy, and combination therapies that facilitate better carrier control for the effective reduction of cancer cells than individual therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current knowledge on the potential use of polydopamine in head and neck cancer research.

New liquid supports in the development of integrated platforms for the reuse of oxidative enzymes and polydopamine production.

Polydopamine (PDA), a bioinspired polymer from mussel adhesive proteins, has attracted impressive attention as a novel coating for (nano) materials with an adequate conformal layer and adjustable thickness. Currently, PDA is obtained from dopamine chemical oxidation under alkaline conditions, limiting its use in materials sensible to alkaline environments. Envisaging a widespread use of PDA, the polymerization of dopamine by enzymatic catalysis allows the dopamine polymerization in a large range of pHs, overcoming thus the limitations of conventional chemical oxidation. Moreover, the conventional method of polymerization is a time-consuming process and produces PDA films with poor stability, which restricts its applications. On the other hand, the main bottleneck of enzyme-based biocatalytic processes is the high cost of the single use of the enzyme. In this work, laccase was used to catalyse dopamine polymerization. To improve its performance, a liquid support for integrating the laccase and its reuse together with the PDA production and recovery was developed using aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). Firstly, dopamine polymerization by laccase was optimized in terms of pH, temperature and initial dopamine concentration. It was demonstrated that the highest enzymatic polymerization of dopamine was achieved at pH 5.5, 30°C and 2mgml-1 of dopamine. Then, ABS composed of polymers, salts and ionic liquids were evaluated to optimize the laccase confinement in one phase while PDA is recovered in the opposite phase. The most promising ABS allowing the separation of laccase from the reaction product is composed of polypropylene glycol (400gmol-1) and K2HPO4. The polymerization of dopamine in ABS leads to a remarkable improvement of polymerization of 3.9-fold in comparison to the conventional chemical PDA polymerization. The phase containing the confined laccase was reused for four consecutive reaction cycles, with a relative polymerization of 68.9% in the last cycle. The results of this work proved that ABS are a promising approach to create a liquid support for enzyme reuse allowing the process intensification efforts. The use of biocatalysts in ABS emerges as sustainable and alternative platforms from environmental and techno-economic points of view.

Green synthesis of pistachio shell-derived biochar supported cobalt catalysts and their catalytic performance in sodium borohydride hydrolysis

Pistachio shell-derived biochar supported cobalt catalysts were synthesized by using a modified impregnation-chemical reduction method. Polydopamine (PDA) and tannic acid (TA) were used as reducing and functionalizing agents. The effect of modification treatment was investigated on the physicochemical and catalytic properties. The peaks observed in XRD patterns belonged to biochar and cobalt. The surface area, total pore volume and pore diameter values of Co-PDA@BC catalyst were determined as 268 m2/g, 0.262 cm3/g and 3.03 nm, respectively. These values higher than that of Co-TA@BC catalyst. FTIR spectra exhibited bands representing the biochar structure. XPS spectra showed that cobalt was embedded in the support structure in metallic and oxide form. The use of PDA improved structural properties and catalytic activity of catalyst. The maximum hydrogen generation rate and activation energy for Co-PDA@BC was determined as 25 mL min−1gcat−1 and 31.3 kJ mol−1, respectively.

MnO2 Nanoflowers Decorated on ZIF‐8‐ZnO with Ni Foam Supportfor High‐Performance Supercapacitors

AbstractIn this study, ZIF‐8 (Zn(MeIn)2, MeIn=2‐methylimidazole) was synthesized directly on Ni foam with the use of polydopamine (PDA). By following a hydrothermal process, MnO2 nanoflowers were decorated on the hybrid material of ZIF‐8/ZnO, as derived from ZIF‐8 via pyrolysis at 500 °C under nitrogen flow. The produced binder‐free electrode (NF/ZIF‐8‐ZnO/MnO2) demonstrated an excellent electrochemical performance for supercapacitors, including a specific capacitance of 2005 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and a fairly high cycling stability (90.74% retention after 4000 cycles). Furthermore, a NF/ZIF‐8‐ZnO/MnO2//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitor showed an energy density of 70.57 Wh kg−1 given a power density of 112.45 kW kg−1. These results demonstrate that NF/ZIF‐8‐ZnO/MnO2 is a promising candidate for supercapacitors due to the synergistic contribution of ZIF‐8, ZnO and MnO2.

Rational design of freestanding and high-performance thick electrode from carbon foam modified with polypyrrole/polydopamine for supercapacitors

The use of thick electrodes via increasing the loading mass of active materials can effectively improve the energy density of supercapacitors at the cell level. However, the loading increase is generally accompanied by the attenuation of charge transport efficiency and the inadequate utilization of active materials, especially for conductive polymers. Herein, we reported a freestanding and thick supercapacitor electrode by a one-step electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and polydopamine (PDA) on the carbon foam with hierarchical pore structures (CFF). The use of PDA effectively limits the dense stacking of PPy, and the macropores in CFF promotes the infiltration of electrolyte inside the electrode. The capacitance of the composite electrode can reach 1920 mF cm−2, as the loading of the PPy/PDA coating is 8.5 mg cm−2. Besides, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor exhibits an outstanding capacitance of 996 mF cm−2 and a high energy density of 0.12 mW h cm−2. Furthermore, 100% capacitance retention can be obtained after 10,000 charging/discharging cycles. This strategy provides a new perspective for the design of high loading composite electrodes based on conductive polymers to obtain preferable electrochemical performances.

Assessment of WO3 electrode modified with intact chloroplasts as a novel biohybrid platform for photocurrent improvement

The present work describes an easy way to prepare a Chloroplast/PDA@WO3 biohybrid platform based on the deposition of chloroplasts on WO3 substrate previously modified with polydopamine (PDA) film as anchoring agent. The use of PDA as an immobilization matrix for chloroplasts, and also as an electron mediator under LED irradiation, resulted in enhanced photocurrents. The use of the chloroplasts amplified the photocurrent, when compared to the bare substrate (WO3). The best electrode performance was obtained using high intensity LED irradiation at 395 nm, for the electrode exposed for 10 min to 150 μg mL−1 of intact chloroplasts. Amperometric curves obtained by on/off cycles using an applied potential of +0.50 V, in PBS electrolyte (pH 7.0), showed that the presence of 0.2 × 10−3 mol L−1 of simazine caused an approximately 50% decrease of the photobiocurrent. Preliminary studies indicated that the synthesized platform based on intact chloroplasts is a good strategy for studying the behavior of photosynthetic entities, using an LED light-responsive WO3 semiconductor substrate. This work contributes to the understanding of photobiocatalysts that emerge as a new class of materials with sophisticated and intricate structures. These are promising materials with remarkably improved quantum efficiency with potential applications in photobioelectrocatalysis.

Immobilized graphene oxide-based membranes for improved pore wetting resistance in membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) is a useful method for the purification of difficult feedwaters but it cannot be applied in a range of industries due to pore wetting. In this work, graphene oxide (GO) laminate coatings are explored to overcome the pore wetting issues. Air gap MD (AGMD) configuration was considered, using a 35 g L−1 NaCl solution with 150 mg L−1 (150 ppm) of Triton X-100 surfactant as feed material. The GO is deposited as a laminate membrane on top of a commercial porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) support and good adhesion is achieved through the use of polydopamine (PDA) to form a hydrophilic tri-layer membrane. The small pore size achieved with the laminate GO led to increased pore wetting resistance for at least 90 h compared to 20 min with pristine commercial PVDF. Additionally, the extra layers of GO and PDA did not affect the membrane flux. Overall, a tri-layer immobilized GO membrane is synthesized with superior performance when compared to current commercial membranes, meaning that MD can be used for a new range of wastewater applications.

Synthesis Monitoring, Characterization and Cleanup of Ag-Polydopamine Nanoparticles Used as Antibacterial Agents with Field-Flow Fractionation.

Advances in nanotechnology have opened up new horizons in nanomedicine through the synthesis of new composite nanomaterials able to tackle the growing drug resistance in bacterial strains. Among these, nanosilver antimicrobials sow promise for use in the treatment of bacterial infections. The use of polydopamine (PDA) as a biocompatible carrier for nanosilver is appealing; however, the synthesis and functionalization steps used to obtain Ag-PDA nanoparticles (NPs) are complex and require time-consuming cleanup processes. Post-synthesis treatment can also hinder the stability and applicability of the material, and dry, offline characterization is time-consuming and unrepresentative of real conditions. The optimization of Ag-PDA preparation and purification together with well-defined characterization are fundamental goals for the safe development of these new nanomaterials. In this paper, we show the use of field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering and spectrophotometric detection to improve the synthesis and quality control of the production of Ag-PDA NPs. An ad hoc method was able to monitor particle growth in a TLC-like fashion; characterize the species obtained; and provide purified, isolated Ag-PDA nanoparticles, which proved to be biologically active as antibacterial agents, while achieving a short analysis time and being based on the use of green, cost-effective carriers such as water.

Adhesion Optimization between Incompatible Polymers through Interfacial Engineering.

Additive manufacturing technologies such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) open many possibilities in terms of product functionality, including the possibility to integrate a sensor in FFF parts to perform structural health monitoring. In this context, embedding fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors into 3D-printed polymeric structures for strain or temperature measurements has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, offering structural health monitoring functionality can optimize the maintenance cost and increase security compared with conventional materials. However, the transmission of strain and temperature between the polymeric matrix and the FBG polymer jacket requires optimal bonding between them. In this work, the two polymers of interest are polyimide (PI) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for the FBG jacket and printed polymer, respectively. The current study investigates the influence of different surface treatment methods on the adhesion between a PI film and a plate of PLA, with PLA and PI being incompatible polymers. The adhesion promotion applied to the PI surface relies on cleaning, plasma activation, roughness modification, or the use of adhesive nanocoating. Bilayer samples of PI-PLA are processed by welding PLA against the treated PI by heating, whereas the adhesion between PI and PLA is measured by peel testing. It is observed that the highest adhesion between PI and PLA is achieved by a combination of mechanical abrasion increasing roughness and the use of polydopamine as an adhesive. This finding is discussed based on a synergetic effect between mechanical interlocking and chemical interaction between the two counterfaces.

Investigation of human adipose-derived stem-cell behavior using a cell-instructive polydopamine-coated gelatin-alginate hydrogel.

Hydrogels can be fabricated and designed to exert direct control over stem cells' adhesion and differentiation. In this study, we have investigated the use of polydopamine (pDA)-treatment as a binding platform for bioactive compounds to create a versatile gelatin-alginate (Gel-Alg) hydrogel for tissue engineering applications. Precisely, pDA was used to modify the surface properties of the hydrogel and better control the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). pDA enabled the adsorption of different types of bioactive molecules, including a model osteoinductive drug (dexamethasone) as well as a model pro-angiogenic peptide (QK). The pDA treatment efficiently retained the drug and the peptide compared to the untreated hydrogel and proved to be effective in controlling the morphology, cell area, and osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Overall, the findings of this study confirm the efficacy of pDA treatment as a valuable strategy to modulate the biological properties of biocompatible Gel-Alg hydrogels and further extend their value in regenerative medicine.

Novel Hybrid p- and n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials Based on Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine.

Mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) can serve as building blocks and interfaces in designing functional materials. Here, the use of PDA as an interlayer between polyaniline (PANi) and multidimensional carbon materials, such as graphene quantum dots (GQD), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and graphene nanosheets (GNS), to improve the thermoelectric performance of p-type polymer-based materials has been reported. The introduction of PDA promotes the carrier mobility of GQD/PDA/PANi, CNT/PDA/PANi, and GNS/PDA/PANi ternary composites due to the superior adhesive property of PDA. An optimal conductivity of 4.98 × 104 S m-1 and a power factor of 92.17 μW m-1 K-2 at 363 K are achieved in GNS/PDA/PANi, which are much higher than the values of GNS/PDA and GNS/PANi. More surprisingly, despite the fact that GQD/PDA, CNT/PDA, and GNS/PDA binary composites show p-type properties, the pyrolysis treatment of GQD/PDA, CNT/PDA, and GNS/PDA at 800 °C results in a gain in both the electrical conductivity and negative Seebeck coefficient of c-GQD/PDA, c-CNT/PDA, and c-GNS/PDA. The c-CNT/PDA composites possess the highest Seebeck value of -30.2 μV K-1 and a maximum power factor value of 35.57 μW m-1 K-2. Finally, a flexible thermoelectric generator with 24 thermoelectric units composed of GNS/PDA/PANi and c-CNT/PDA is demonstrated, which gives an output voltage of 52.8 mV at a temperature difference of 60 °C.

Molecularly imprinted polymers based on polydopamine: Assessment of non-specific adsorption

During the past ten years, about 30 papers have been published on the use of polydopamine (PDA) for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). This promising polymer (PDA) still faces some challenges. The present paper reports for the first time a re-examination study of MIPs based on PDA focusing on the template removal step and its effect on the non-specific adsorption. Three materials were prepared and characterized including magnetic MIPs (magMIPs), magnetic non-imprinted polymers washed (magNIPs-treated) in the same manner as the magMIPs, and magnetic NIPs without washing (magNIPs-untreated). Bovine hemoglobin (BHb), dopamine, and a mixture solution of acetic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used as template, monomer, and washing solution, respectively. The adsorption evaluations of these materials showed that both magMIPs and magNIPs-treated exhibited higher binding capacities compared to magNIPs-untreated suggesting that the high difference between MIPs and NIPs based on PDA observed in the literature is not due to the imprinted cavities but due to the removal step applied to MIPs. The washing solution could rupture the cavities and activate the surface of PDA leading to non-specific adsorption. The proposed investigation was further enlarged for other templates/washing solutions and similar results were obtained.