Use Of Politeness Strategies Research Articles

Politeness Strategies in the 2020 Biden - Trump Preseidential Debate: A Pragmatic Analysis

This research explores the use of politeness strategies in the 2020 U.S. Presidential debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump. The study aims to analyze how each candidate utilized these strategies to navigate the debate and influence public perception. By applying qualitative analysis, the research examines debate transcripts through the lens of Brown and Levinson's politeness theory, while also considering non-verbal cues using McNeill's coding scheme. The results show that Trump frequently employed direct and often confrontational bald-on-record strategies, whereas Biden leaned towards positive politeness, seeking to build a sense of connection with the audience. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of politeness strategies in political communication, highlighting their impact on the dynamics of public discourse.

Linguistic Politeness: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Request Letters

The objectives of this study are: discover the linguistic features in the opening strategy, closing strategy, and directness of the head-acts in the request letters; identify and analyze positive and negative politeness strategies used in request letters sent by students, organizations, and companies to the office of the Dean of Student Affairs; investigate the use of politeness strategies that indicates about linguistic conventions. This study employed a mixed-methods research design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The primary data for this study consists of request letters from students at St. Vincent's College Incorporated and various organizations within and outside the academic institution. The researcher selected 15 request letters submitted to the Dean of Student Affairs Office during the 2021-2022 academic year. This study employed three tiers of corpus analysis. The research reveals that request letters sent to the Dean of Student Affairs Office at the institution employ a diverse range of politeness strategies. The "other complimentary close and other pre-closing" is another element of the closure strategy that the researcher discovered. The head-acts shown that request letters are often direct on a degree of directness. The utilization of politeness strategies within a broader socio-cultural context illuminates established linguistic norms. The diverse inclinations towards employing politeness strategies and their multifaceted applications in request letter communication do not necessarily indicate a transition from impoliteness to politeness or vice versa. It demonstrates that people's communication styles and methods of politeness are evolving.

Politeness Strategies of Romantic Conflicts in Bridgerton’s Netflix Series (2020)

Romantic conflicts can be managed with the use of politeness strategies. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the usage of politeness strategies performed by main male and female characters in Bridgerton’s Netflix Series (2020) while dealing with romantic conflicts. The aims of this present study are at identifying the types of politeness strategies employed by main male and female characters in Briedgerton’s Netflix Series (2020) and revealing politeness strategies impact romantic conflicts of main male and female characters in Bridgerton’s Netflix series (2020). In order to conduct this study, this study adapted theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and conflict resolution strategies as proposed by Sillars et al (1983). The method applied was a descriptive qualitative method since the data were in the forms of utterances and being identified descriptively based on the theory adapted. This recent study found that all types of politeness strategies employed by main male and female characters in Bridgerton’s Netflix series (2020) while dealing with romantic conflicts. This research revealed that there are differences regarding Simon and Daphne applying types of politeness strategies. Other than that, positive politeness is mostly employed to actualize cooperative strategy in dealing with romantic conflicts. Furthermore, in applying competitive strategy in dealing with romantic conflict, main male and female characters preferred adapting off-record. The least strategy in solving romantic conflicts used by main male and female characters is that avoidance strategy. This strategy can be done with mostly negative politeness.

A Critical Pragmatic Study of National Identity Representation in American Political Discourse

National identity is considered the main reason for displaying the national flag ,celebrating national holidays and even declaring solidarity with millions of people whom we do not meet. The study investigates how national identity can be defined along both ethno-cultural and civic lines. This study is a critical pragmatic study of national identity used in American political discourse. One political speech is selected to be the data.This speech belongs to Trump. The model adopted in the analysis is based on Grice’s Maxims Breaching (1975) and Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory (1987). A mixed method is used in analyzing and representing the results. This work tries to answer the following questions: What are the types of national identity that are represented in American political discourse? What is the most common type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies? Which one of these strategies that is highly used? This study aims at identifying the most frequent type of national identity, investigating the most frequent type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies in addition to identifying one of these strategies that is highly used. To answer the above questions, the study hypothesizes that: politicians present their ethnic national identity higher than the civic version, flouting quality maxim is extremely employed, positive politeness strategies score high frequency, and finally politeness strategies are the most dominant strategies used in the adopted model. The most important conclusions the study has come up with are:1) ethnic national identity is highly demonstrated within American political discourse more than the civic one. 2) Regarding maxims breaching, flouting quality maxim is the most commonly one used in the political speech under study. 3) Politicians make use of politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are the most dominant ones 4) According to the pragmatic strategies, it is shown that politeness strategies are highly utilized in presenting national identity.

Positive Politeness Strategies Employed by Jordanian Facebook Users: A Case From Comments on the Roya News Facebook Page

The present study aims to investigate positive politeness strategies used by Jordanian males and females through their Facebook comments on the Roya news page. It further aims to explore the effects of gender and news topics on the use of these strategies. Analysis of 389 comments is drawn - in light of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory. The results reveal a better understanding of the use of positive politeness strategies by Jordanians in their Facebook comments on four news topics: education, crime, economy, and weather. Further, gender seems to affect the way Jordanians use politeness strategies in their online comments. For instance, a statistically significant correlation between gender and strategy type shows that the most frequently used strategy by Jordanian males is asserting common ground while their female counterparts tend to use joking as their predominant strategy. The news topic appears not to affect the use of politeness strategies by both genders.

Politeness Strategies in Performing Commissive Illocutionary Acts in Joseph R. Biden's Inauguration Speech

This research aims to explore the use of politeness strategies in the performance of commissive illocutionary acts in Joseph R. Biden’s inauguration speech. The politeness strategies were classified based on the theory of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson (1987). The commissive illocutionary acts performed are promise, guarantee, and refusal. The result showed that there are 39 performances of commissive illocutionary acts that are found in the speech. The classification and analysis showed that out of 39 utterances, there are 17 occurrences of bald on record, 10 occurrences of positive politeness, and 12 occurrences of off-record. The result shows that, in delivering his inauguration speech, Biden tends to use the most straightforward way of speaking to issue an act.

Representation of Power through Politeness Strategies in Bridgerton Season 1 Movie

Power can change how people act, how they think, what they do, and what policies they follow. People can reflect their power through the use of politeness strategies in their speech. This study aims to identify the types of politeness strategies and sub-strategies used in characters of Bridgerton Season 1 and explain how power is represented through politeness strategies. Its scenes and dialogue show qualities of decency and strength that need more exploration using the design of descriptive qualitative method. The pragmatic analysis in this study employed the theory of politeness strategy and the representation concept. The findings showed the use of bald on-record strategy, positive and negative politeness strategies, and off-record strategy. In addition, the representations of each strategy involved reflective, inflectional, and constructionist approaches. In the movie, the royal family, which includes kings, queens, princes, and their heirs, performed a symbol of power that plays a role in how power is used. Notably, the royal family serves as the show's symbol of power, highlighting its link to supremacy and authority. It implied that power is a sovereign thing based on authority and sovereignty. As the implication of this study, the future researchers should use sources of information that cover wider contexts.

Politeness Strategies of Requests in the TV Series <em>Grey's Anatomy</em> Season 2

This study explores the use of politeness strategies of requests in the TV Series Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. The request strategies were classified based on the politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The results showed that out of the 274 requests found in the TV series, 132 requests (48.18%) were expressed using the bald on-record strategy, 108 occurrences (39.42%) using the negative politeness strategy, 25 occurrences (9.12%) using the positive politeness strategy, and nine occurrences (3.28%) using the off-record politeness strategy. For power, the characters of Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 tend to speak to their interlocutors depending on the power that they have between them. Meanwhile, as for the social distance, the speakers tend to ignore the differences in power that exist between them. The familiarity between the speakers and interlocutors influences them to use direct strategies despite the differences in power.

Developing Pedagogical Applications for Teaching Politeness Strategies in Advanced English as a Foreign Language Classrooms

The field of English as a foreign language (EFL) strives to promote students' proficiency by equipping them with proper grammatical and lexical skills. However, EFL textbooks often neglect the teaching of pragmatics which can lead to cross-cultural communication failures for EFL learners. EFL learners often struggle with traditional language teaching approaches that prioritize grammatical development over pragmatic skills. This paper aims to address this gap by focusing on promoting the use of politeness strategies among EFL learners in cross-cultural communication, particularly in email correspondences with college professors. The proposed teaching activities are based on the Linguistic Theory of Politeness and the 3Ds framework within the context of the Communicative Repertoire Approach. This paper aims to assist advanced EFL learners in effectively employing politeness strategies when writing email requests to college professors, by offering practical pedagogical applications that enhance EFL learners' ability to express their communicative intentions clearly and avoid any potential misunderstanding or misinterpretation by their college professors.

THE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY STUDENT OF ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM IN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM LAMONGAN

This study aims to analyze the politeness strategies used by English Study Program student. The student is first semester in study process. In completing this research, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive method and the theory of Brown and Levinson. From this study, the researcher found four kinds of politeness strategies used by the English Study Program student, those are bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and Off-record. The factors influence the politeness strategy used by the main ss are the payoffs and social variables. Furthermore, sociological variables also affect the use of politeness strategies used by students, which are social distance, relative power and rank of imposition.

Age Impact on the Use of Politeness Strategies in Online Interaction by EFL Students in Al-Anbar Distinguished School for Girls

The present paper concentrates on the linguistic behaviors prevailing in EFL students in Al-Anbar distinguished school for Girls. These behaviors are displayed through the choice of language, and politeness strategies employed by EFL students in their interaction with each other. Thus, the population of the current study is EFL students from the second intermediate and fifth preparatory classes in the secondary distinguished school for girls in Al-Anbar Province in the first and second semester of their academic year 2021-2022. Based on this population, a total of 40 students have volunteered to participate in this study. The age of the participants is in-between (14-17) years. Consequently, more than 30 samples of their online messages are collected by the researcher. These messages are sent by the participants of the study via Whatsapp groups established by the teachers of English language in this secondary distinguished school. To deeply explore the politeness strategies and to find the difference in age for these groups, these messages are analyzed by adopting the qualitative content analysis technique informed by Brown’s and Levisohn’s theory (1987) of politeness strategies. The findings reveal that EFL students from that school utilize various politeness strategies. Based on the frequency of these strategies, the researcher concludes that the age differences among participants play a pivotal role in determining the application and the choices of politeness strategies through their online interaction. As a result, the data of the present paper shows that participants from fifth stage are more aware and knowledgeable to these strategies than those who are from second intermediate stage.

Politeness in Roasting: When Humour Meets Power

This research examines the use of politeness strategies in stand-up comedy roasts. Specifically, it examines how comedians manage power dynamics and societal standards of politeness while addressing those in authoritative positions in a given society. The author investigated stand-up comedy roasting using Brown and Levinson's politeness theory and prior research on humor and impoliteness. The results indicate that comedians used politeness methods, including compliments or flattery, indirectness or hedges, and off-the-record discourse, to achieve their humorous objectives. Using the politeness strategies theory, this research provides insights into how comedians utilize language and humor to manage challenging social situations.

A Study of the Effects of Language Transfer on Refusal Strategies for Second Language Acquisition among Chinese English Major Students

Many EFL learners have strong linguistic competence, but lack sufficient pragmatic competence, including the use of politeness strategies. The study aims to explore the effects of language transfer on refusal strategies for Chinese L2 learners with higher English proficiency. To test the common claim that refusal strategies transfer strongly from L1 to L2 and are highly influenced by sociocultural factors, online questionnaires were conducted among 22 female students majoring in English at Shenzhen University. The results indicated a limited effect of L1 on L2 for subjects with high English proficiency and showed that the transfer of refusal strategies may be influenced by the memory connections between knowledge input and transferring subjects in L2 learning, in addition to the sociocultural factors. The result suggests teachers create a more authentic communication environment to encourage students to innovatively create a variety of expressions and strategies based on what they have learned and according to different scenarios.

Politeness strategies and face-threatening acts in master-servant relationships in selected Wole Soyinka and William Shakespeare’s drama texts

This paper presents pieces of evidence of the use of Politeness Strategies and Face threateningActs in dialogues between characters in two drama texts: Death and the King’s Horseman by Wole Soyinka, a Nigerian author (text A) and Othello by William Shakespeare, an English author (text B). This research analyses the relationship between Pilkings, Amusa and Joseph in Death and the King’s Horseman and the relationship between Othello and Iago in Othello. The analysis utilisesthe politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1978 and 1987) which revolves around the concept of face by Erving Goffman(1967). The thrust of thistheory is to minimise conflict and foster harmony in social interaction. In order to answer the following questions, the data werepurposively selected and qualitative research design is utilized: Do the speeches in the texts satisfy the principle of politeness? What kind of meaning interpretation is depicted in these drama texts? How has speech been used to show the kind of relationship that exists between these characters? It was discovered that while Amusa is utilising negative strategy, Pilkings always makesuse of negative face-threatening actsto avoid his subordinates losing their fear and respect for him; he usespositive face strategy when he dearly needshis subordinates to give him the response he needs. In Othello, the positive face strategy is deployed to enhance an ideal and harmonious master-servant relationship. This paper concludes that the use of politeness strategies is contextualised by the use of power relations between speaker and listener.

THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE SARCASM AND SATIRE ON THE SONG “WE CAN’T STOP” AND “WTF DO I KNOW” BY MILEY CYRUS AND “RECKLESS” BY MADISON BEER

This research analyses the type of figurative language (sarcasm or mock; impoliteness is used to perform face threatening acts with the use of politeness strategies that are obviously insincere and thus remain surface relizations and satire; the desire to use precisely clear language to still an audience to protest which is intends to be describe painful or absurd situations or foolish or wicked persons or groups as vividly as possible ) used in the songs dominantly and the reasons of using figurative language (sarcasm and satire), which the songs composed of figurative language applied in literary works. As in the structure of language, figurative language is a component of semantics as a way to express something that is not the actual meaning of the word. Commonly, figurative language is categorized by the terms; simile, metaphore, personification, hyperbole, innuendo, paradox, irony and so on. This research conducted with qualitative descriptive research design as a systematic action that covers gathering of data for the purpose of finding answer and or explanation about social issues to describe the problem of the study. This research found the dominant figurative language (sarcasm and satire) on the song and the reasons of using it. Sarcasm and Satire are types of figurative language. Keywords : Figurative Language, Sarcasm, Satire, Literary, Song

The Use of Politeness Strategies in Academic Conversations as Represented in a Corpus Linguistics MOOC

Although politeness strategies are widely used in various types of conversations, e.g., formal emails, business, hotel conversations, movies, and others, few works have dealt with politeness strategies in academic conversations. This study attempts to shed light on the use of politeness strategies in academic conversations and to relate these strategies to the relationship between the interlocutors: whether they have the same specialization or not. The study mainly draws on Brown and Levinson's positive politeness strategies and applies them to conversations. The data was collected by downloading conversations from a MOOC entitled "Corpus Linguistics: methods, analysis, interpretation," created by a team of corpus linguists at Lancaster College. It applies both a quantitative and qualitative approach to analyze the strategies. The results show that exaggeration tops the list of strategies with 23 utterances (23.5%) when the interlocutors have the same specialization. This indicates that each scholar has distinctive insights that another scholar only appreciates with the same specialization. When interlocutors have different specializations, the hierarchy of politeness strategies differs, albeit to some extent. Expressions of approval ranked first, with 11 expressions (25.0%). This indicates that a scholar with little knowledge about a branch of knowledge almost agrees with the specialized speaker.

The Use of Politeness Strategies in Academic Conversations as Represented in a Corpus Linguistics MOOC

Although politeness strategies are widely used in various types of conversations, e.g., formal emails, business, hotel conversations, movies, and others, few works have dealt with politeness strategies in academic conversations. This study attempts to shed light on the use of politeness strategies in academic conversations and to relate these strategies to the relationship between the interlocutors: whether they have the same specialization or not. The study mainly draws on Brown and Levinson's positive politeness strategies and applies them to conversations. The data was collected by downloading conversations from a MOOC entitled "Corpus Linguistics: methods, analysis, interpretation," created by a team of corpus linguists at Lancaster College. It applies both a quantitative and qualitative approach to analyze the strategies. The results show that exaggeration tops the list of strategies with 23 utterances (23.5%) when the interlocutors have the same specialization. This indicates that each scholar has distinctive insights that another scholar only appreciates with the same specialization. When interlocutors have different specializations, the hierarchy of politeness strategies differs, albeit to some extent. Expressions of approval ranked first, with 11 expressions (25.0%). This indicates that a scholar with little knowledge about a branch of knowledge almost agrees with the specialized speaker.

Politeness Strategies Used by Trump and El-Sisi in Their Speeches at United Nations Assembly

In this study, the researchers identified ways that politeness strategies are commonly employed in a speech. Specifically, this study aimed at exploring the politeness strategies used by Donald Trump and General El Sisi during their speech at the 75th session of the UN General Assembly. Both the similarities and the differences between Donald Trump’s and General Sisi's use of politeness strategies and sub-strategies in their speeches were investigated. A qualitative research approach was conducted, and the theory of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson was applied as the analysis framework. The research data was collected from the 57 utterances in Trump's speech and 79 utterances in General Sisi's speech. The analysis results showed that both Trump and El-Sisi applied bald on record, positive, and negative politeness. Specifically, the politeness strategies found in Trump's speech were 10 utterances of bald on record, 53 utterances of positive politeness, 8 utterances of negative politeness, and two utterances of off-record strategy. On the contrary, General Sisi's speech mostly contained negative politeness strategies. It was found that there were 70 utterances of negative politeness, 11 utterances of positive politeness, and 1 utterance of off-record strategy. These various politeness strategies used by Donald Trump and General Sisi could not be separated from their respective social positions, social distances, and cultural backgrounds.

A Socio-Pragmatic Study of Politeness Strategies and Social Contexts in Joker Movie

<p>This research targets a holistic investigation of the types of politeness strategies performed by the characters in <em>Joker </em>movie along with their social contexts. It further aims to find the influences of movie stages (orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution) and social factors (power, social distance) to the use of politeness strategies by the characters of the movie. This study utilized a socio-pragmatics approach to investigate the social contexts and a theoretical framework proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978) to identify politeness strategies in the movie.</p><p> This research was upheld using descriptive qualitative research which is underpinned by four major stages of analysis by Santosa’s (2021) model, in combination with Spreadly (1980), and Miles and Huberman (1996) ranging from domain, taxonomy, componential, and cultural theme analysis. The data of this research are taken from the dialogues that contained politeness strategies performed by the characters. The data sources come from the stages of <em>Joker </em>movie ranging from the orientation, complication, evaluation, and resolution.</p>

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE FILM ONWARD

It is essential to pay attention to the use of politeness strategies in communication, especially if the speaker and listener come from different cultures. People and cultures have been successfully visualized by Disney Pixar in their films that often expose their audiences to different cultural backgrounds of their characters. This research aimed at analyzing the politeness strategies used by the main character in a Disney Pixar animated adventure film Onward. The data in this descriptive qualitative research were analyzed by using the theories of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The results indicate that Ian Lightfoot, the main character, uses a lot of bald-on-record strategies in communicating. This is closely related to the theme of the film in which there are many scenes showing emergencies that require quick action and orders for the safety of the main characters. In addition to that, the most-frequent-used politeness strategies done does not necessarily imply emotional closeness between speakers. The linguistic choices made by the main character were affected by the socio-cultural aspects formed in his society.