Use Of PLC Research Articles

To Integrate and Optimize the Use of Programmable Logic Controller in Development of Horizontal Flow Wrap Packaging Machinery for Industry Needs

This paper focuses on the use of PLC and HMI in the automation industry for a highly effective and versatile horizontal flow wrap plastic film packaging solution. The machine's functioning and efficiency are thoroughly evaluated through extensive testing and validation procedures across multiple criteria. The main aim of this paper is to do the automatic plastic film packaging of any product with packaging dimensions of 4cm X 5cm. For the process automation the FX5U 32MT PLC of Mitsubishi is used for controlling and automating the system using ladder logic. The result shows that the developed system provides fully automatic wrap packaging of products and able to do automatic packaging of 24 packets in one minute. Additionally, the results show the increased efficiency of product rate in less time for automatic packaging system. Finally, it has been observed that the system is very beneficial for the automatic packaging process using PLC and the process can be monitored and visualized on a display screen using HMI. Future advancements are required in the system to meet industry4.0 needs. By incorporating some smart technologies, deeper integration with Industry 4.0 principles could boost capabilities in data analytics, connectivity, and remote monitoring for predictive maintenance.

Characterization of Some Portland Limestone Cements in Nigeria Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

In Nigeria, the most widely used cement strength class are 32.5 and 42.5 Portland limestone cement. However, due to lack of awareness, scientists and researchers are reporting the use of PLC as Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Thestudy presents the characterization of PLC using absorption spectroscopy as well as oxide composition. Ratio between 7 -and 28 -day strengths of some selected PLCs are presented. It is seen that the Brands investigated conforms to the specifications of Portland composite cements in compliance with ASTM C150 and NIS 444-1. Absorption spectrum for the two brands were similar to that of OPC and exhibited similar characteristics. Concrete strength was within the designed concrete specification, and the ration between the two curing ages is 0.6 for both brands.

Development of machine steering with use of PLC as introduction to 4.0 Industry

Article was written in order to make an attempt at developing a simple steering system for numerically controlled machines, with use of virtual modelling environment and an actual driver together with HMI panel. It was made as a response to demand of centralized system for steering a smart factory containing many machines. In the article, creation of a simple single machine steering system was described, which can be upscaled to the entire production hall. Used steering in this case is setting of position in an absolute system, in which only 3 variables X, Y and Z are known, and the operator can perform a correction of location and speed. Obviously, in real conditions these values will be set by a different program - like a post processor generating G-code. Usage of one data communication server can allow integration of devices within one production, and this allow creation of a smart factory suitable for 4.0 industry. In order to obtain such communication, an OPC server was used. Furthermore, the process of creating and connecting machines or programs to it was briefly presented.

К ВОПРОСУ О ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЕ ПРИ ОБЛУЧЕНИИ В НЕПОРАЖАЮЩИХ ДОЗАХ: ВОЗМОЖНО, НЕОБХОДИМО? СООБЩЕНИЕ 1. ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР МЕДИКО-ТАКТИЧЕСКИХ И ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ АСПЕКТОВ

Purpose: Review of modern concepts of the biological effect of ionizing radiation in medium doses on a living organism and the consequences of radiation in order to assess the need for the use of drugs suitable for the purpose of modifying the effects; stimulation of discussion on the issue under consideration. Results: The conditions of origin and the list of possible radiation effects from irradiation at medium doses of the 0.1–1 Gy range were assessed, the scale and phenomenology of the consequences were assessed as a subject of modification by antiradiation agents. Conclusions: Pharmacological support (use of PLC) under conditions of short-term and prolonged irradiation with a low dose rate and in the dose range of 0.2–1 Gy seems to be necessary due to the reality of deterministic effects when the dose limits are exceeded (partly at the premorbid or preclinical level, with pronounced psychogenic reactions – components of the final state), as well as with the possibility of stochastic effects in excess of spontaneous ones, although, according to approximate estimates, with an insignificant frequency.

Use of Plc as ICTS for Humidity Control in the Refrigeration Area of an Agricultural Industry of the Mexicali Valley México

This work shows the need to apply information and communication technologies (ICTs) with a Programming Logic Controller (PLC) to control humidity by remote monitoring in the refrigeration process of an agricultural industry located in the Mexicali Valley of northwestern Mexico, where large amounts of orange are grown in this region of the country. This industry there were automated electronic devices (AEDs) for humidity control in the refrigeration area to prevent the deterioration of this agricultural product, only that the AEDs installed inside the evaluated company, did not operate properly due to the presence of outdoor atmospheric pollution (hydrogen sulfide (H2S)) and oxide sulfur (SO2)), and extreme climates in summer and winter (variations of temperature and relative humidity (RH))in this area of the country, that had an negative effect in indoors environments, and damaged their electrical connections. The principal climatic variables are the temperature and relative humidity (RH). The humidity in the refrigerated room for the orange keep its nutritional and physiological conditions, had to be between 45% and 55%. As AED, did not function properly, the climate inside the agricultural industry was not controlled, causing low and high humidity levels. With indexes below 30% humidity in the refrigerated room, oranges dehydrated and began to wilt, in addition to losing weight that was considered as unfit products for marketing. And at levels greater than 60% humidity, in this agricultural product microorganisms formed and caused rot, considered as a defective product and in both cases causing economic losses. The PLC was used with a wireless system and installed in an isolated room that only specialized personnel could enter if necessary. This was done in this way, to avoid deterioration of their electrical connections and that they did not operate as the AEDs and had adequate humidity control, to constantly maintain adequate humidity in the refrigerated room and avoid the generation of defective products. The research was made out from 2018 to 2019.

Comparison of the reliability of programmable logic controller and electromagnetic relay control in industrial production line

This paper is aimed at determining the reliability of Industrial Production Line using Programmable Logic Controller. Production lines in the manufacturing sector are automated using Programmable Logic Controller module, which is programmed using programming software. The programming software used is the Siemens S7-200 while the programming language is the Ladder Programming language. Most manufacturing industries in Nigeria today still use relays for control purposes. The wirings from the control panel are so massive that any fault from the machine usually takes hours to trace and replace using the traditional electromagnetic relay. Alternative and better control methods use Programmable Logic Controller. Research articles on the reliability of PLC in a food production line are scarce. This paper is written to address this gap. The study uses the statistical analytical method, which provides useful and higher accuracy of the result as it allows high tolerance to uncertainties. The study determines the failure rate, the mean time between failures (MTBF), mean time to failure (MTTF), and availability as a means of determining the reliability of the network. Accordingly, the study showed that the mean availability of the Production line using PLC for three consecutive years is 84% while the reliability is 86%. Consequently, the use of PLC should be encouraged in industrial automation as the fault can be detected easily, thereby reducing downtime as compared to the use of electromagnetic relay in the control circuitry. Keywords: Programmable logic controller, availability, reliability, ladder programming language, relay logic

Integration of Automation Lifecycles: Leveraging Functional Safety, Cybersecurity, and Alarm Management Work Processes

Functional Safety standards have addressed how hazards and their risks are to be analyzed and protected against, as well as how the effectiveness of the protection must be evaluated and maintained. With the use of PLC based systems, the ease of generating alarms has increased significantly and alarm floods are common in most plants. Alarm management standards are addressing concepts of rationalization and prioritization. With advancements in automation the threats of cyber-attacks and cybersecurity incidents has presented itself. Cyber security standards are being written to address these issues both from a manufacturer as well as a user perspective. The most effective method for developing a streamlined work process is the creation of a cohesive lifecycle that addresses all automation requirements. This pulls from the functional safety, cyber security and alarm management lifecycles to create one unified approach to safety and security. This presentation will address a combined lifecycle approach while using common automation examples to enhance the importance of the integration of the respective automation needs.

Logic Control of Static Excitation System in Power Alternators using PLC

Logic control of Static Excitation System (SES) in Power Alternators deals with the use of PLC to control the terminal output voltage of the Alternator in a more simplified and efficient manner using a closed loop system. A closed loop control with negative feedback is designed, which involves AVR, Pulse Generator, Pulse Amplifier, Limiters, Power System Stabilizers with an Auto and a Manual channel. Disruption in the terminal voltage is caused by faults. These faults were rectified earlier by Electro Mechanical relays. Now we are at a major technological Change of Analog to Digital control. It reduces the complexity of the control system, and eliminates the need of wide range of contactors and coils to energies the relay. The best way to maintain the stability of the system is to identify the need and rectify it. This paper proposes an easy and an efficient design for fault detection and elimination using PLC based excitation system in power alternators.

The Effect of Automated Coolant System on Surface Roughness During Machining Aluminium Alloy

To promote sustainable manufacturing process, the use of coolant during machining should be controlled in order to reduce environmental pollution and health problems. Furthermore, the amount of coolant used in the conventional flooded technique is quite huge that caused an increment in production cost. It is believe that the amount of the coolant supply during machining process need to be reduced and controlled in order to solve the problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness and the performance of a proposed automated coolant supply system with the use of PLC to control the amount of coolant supply through timing control in order to minimize the use of cutting fluid. The performance of the automated coolant system has been assessed based on surface roughness when machining Aluminium alloy and the results are compared to the one with conventional flooded coolant system. The experimental evidences show that surface roughness for 5 second on-off coolant supply is higher than conventional flooded cooling technique while the surface roughness for 10 second to 20 second on-off coolant supply is largely improved and much better than conventional flooded cooling technique. However, the roughness results for 25 second on-off coolant supply is slightly worse than 20 second on-off coolant supply but it still better than conventional flooded cooling technique. The results of this research work indicated that automated coolant supply system can replace the conventional flooded cooling technique in machining operation without any significant negative effect on the surface roughness result.

The Use of PLC for the Implementation of Technological Operations

Programmable Logic Controllers are important part of automation, performed in computer technology. They are applied in many areas of technology. The aim of this study is to present the drilling process of discs on the test rig prepared for the use in industrial conditions. S7-200 controller with operator panel TD200 has been applied to conduct the technological process, and programme STEP was used to support particular commands. It has been shown that the correct operation of the drilling process is dependent on the optimal design of the technological process. The algorithm depends on the programming language dedicated to the controller. The optimal operation of the controller is dependent on the number of input circuits gathering information on the object status and on the appropriate number and type of output devices connected to the actuators, and to the signalling or data transmission elements.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LABVIEW BASED SCADA FOR TEXTILE MILLS

Quality is the watchword of any type of business. A product without quality leads to lack of customer satisfaction and ultimately to loss. This is true in case of textile industries also. In textile industries, quality maintenance is one of the major problems for fabric manufacturers. Currently in indigenous small scale textile industries manual or semi- automatic processes are being carried out. The fabric obtained from such processes lacks consistency in quality, moreover these industries have semi- skilled or unskilled labors, therefore stringent supervision is required. Normal automation solutions for such industries will be unaffordable. Therefore it is required to provide economical, reliable and robust automation solution to such industries. This paper addresses the need of factory automation within the scope of machine control for small scale textile industries. The project presents the design of LabVIEW based SCADA system for centralized control. It makes use of PLC as a field controller to operate the prototype design of Stenter Machine, widely used in textile industries. LabVIEW, which is a commonly accepted graphical user interface environment, also provides HMI front end. The PLC controller and the LabVIEW based SCADA are communicating through the RS-232 link. The control system is flexible and modular. Due to the intuitive programming of LabVIEW, this system is cost efficient and reliable solution for automation of small scale textile industries.

The Modular Design of the Hydraulic CAT System

The use of PLC, A/D module, D/A module and the communication module achieves the hardware modularization. The development and the encapsulation of various function modules in LabVIEW achieve the software modularization. The modular design of the hydraulic CAT system shortens the development cycle and improves the expansibility and the universality.

Remote Control Simulation System Based on PLC and King View for a Diesel Engine

A remote control simulation system is designed to resolve some problems in repairing diesel’s remote control system which makes good use of PLC in automation, combining the popular configuration technology. The system structure， hardware design and software design are introduced in shis paper. The results shows that the effect is remarkable in function replacement on the logic circuit module of the original system and can provide some intellectual support for upgrading the remote control system.

Sequence Control of Grain Dryer Machine using PLC

In India 70 percent of the grain is sundried. This leads to increased dependence on the environment and loss of grain if improperly dried. The drying of grain by the conventional method cannot achieve the desired moisture level as per the user’s requirement. The use of grain dryers will not only reduce the environmental dependence of the drying process but will also provide customizable moisture content in the grain according to user’s demands. The storage of the grain requires is to be below at a particular moisture level else it would lead to the development of molds which will damage the grain. So to facilitate the storage requirement of the grain the dryers would dry the grain quickly and efficiently. A methodology is developed for drying the grains through the use of humidity sensing techniques and the use of PLC to control the entire drying procedure. Thus saving energy and catering to the user’s requirements. The samples of Barley have been tested to verify the effectiveness of proposed methodology developed.

Systemic Design of Four Vat Energy-Saving Quenching Machine Controller

Quenching is the technology that a metal work piece heated to propriety temperature for a while is being put into quenching medium suddenly. Quenching can improve the rigidity and abrasion resistance of metal. Making use of PLC to control quenching process, the quenching has simple technology, cheap price, stable function and convenient operation. This quenching system constitutes heating system, quenching liquid cycle system, hydraulic pressure system and electric control system. The quenching machine control system introduced in this thesis has three control modes, Manual, Auto and Try-piece designed utilized S7-PLC. This system can rise and fall worktable, clamp and relax work piece, sway forward and backwards, unload-work piece control high degree by approach-switch, produce many kinds of auto-spring plate, meet the requirement of auto-spring plate nowadays. It is presented in this thesis detailed, control-demand, element list for electric control, I/O distribute list, control LAD and improved measure for system in the end.

A peanut agglutinin binding glycoprotein in CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes.

We isolated and characterized a 120-kd PNA-binding polypeptide from the human CNS. This polypeptide is linked to membranes through a PI linkage. After release from membranes by PLC it measures 105 kd, 30 kd of which appear to be contributed by N-linked carbohydrates. We isolated the polypeptide by the use of PLC and PNA affinity chromatography and used it to raise polyclonal antibodies and to determine the N-terminal sequence. Immunohistochemical and immunochemical studies using these antibodies showed that 120 kdpp is present in both myelin and oligodendrocytes.

A peanut agglutinin-binding glycoprotein in CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes

We isolated and characterized a 120-kd PNA-binding polypeptide from the human CNS. This polypeptide is linked to membranes through a PI linkage. After release from membranes by PLC it measures 105 kd, 30 kd of which appear to be contributed by N-linked carbohydrates. We isolated the polypeptide by the use of PLC and PNA affinity chromatography and used it to raise polyclonal antibodies and to determine the N-terminal sequence. Immunohistochemical and immunochemical studies using these antibodies showed that 120 kdpp is present in both myelin and oligodendrocytes.