Use Of Pits Research Articles

Trends in the Use of Pit and Fissure Sealants in Adolescents and Their Impact on the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index: An Ecological Study in Mexico

Trends in the Use of Pit and Fissure Sealants in Adolescents and Their Impact on the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index: An Ecological Study in Mexico

Assessment and Implications of Waste Transportation and Disposal Practices of Rural and Urban Dwellers in Kwara State, Nigeria

The piles of solid waste that have accumulated across the cities of Kwara State, Nigeria, pose a serious threat to public health. The implications of waste disposal and transportation practices on the health of people cannot be undermined, which may include environmental health issues such as outbreaks of cholera, lassa fever, malaria and other diseases which have been frequently experienced in the study area. In order to avert such incidences in the nearest future, this study assessed solid waste disposal and transportation practices and its implications on the health of the people in rural and urban areas of Kwara State. Three research questions and two hypotheses were tested for the study. An ex-post facto research design was used. The sample for the study was chosen using a multi-stage sampling technique. A total of 754 questionnaires were given to household heads who were chosen at random from six Local Government Areas in Kwara State. For research questions, mean, standard deviation and percentages were used, and the study hypotheses were analysed using an independent sample t-test. Findings revealed that rural and urban dwellers in Kwara State use similar methods of solid waste disposal (P-values= 0.99>0.05, 0.99>0.05) and transportation (P-values=0.13>0.05, 0.07>0.05). Most of the disposal methods used are unhygienic and not environmental friendly (open burning, dumping on bare floors and drainages, and use of pits dug at the backyard). Also, majority of the respondents do not transport their wastes, some of the respondents give to children to dispose off on the streets, some take it along to dispose illegally when going to work, while a few patronize government and commercial waste collectors). The implications of such practices were found to be too important to be neglected such as unpleasant odour, disease outbreaks and loss of aesthetic value of the streets. It was suggested among others that household members should try to use accessible healthy waste disposal options such as composting, sanitary landfill and recycling of waste in order to prevent environmental health diseases and degradation.

STUDY ON PIT CLOSURE GUIDELINES FOR OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

Study on pit closure guidelines for the oil and gas industries has been conducted by Lemigas Team to observe the existing guidelines in the implementation of the guidelines in the closure program of the temporary use of pits. Goals of the study are to review the manual guideline or standard operating procedure (SOP) of pit closure applied to the petroleum fields, and compare it to the relevant government regulation. So far, governmental regulation concerning pit construction and closure has not been established yet. Nevertheless, management approach of pir construction and closure can be established by referring to the available regulation, namely PP. 18/1999- hazardous waste regulation, and the related Ministerial Decree. This approach is based on the reason that such solid wastes are also categorized as hazardous wastes. Looking at from regulation point of view, it can be said that pit management guideline established by the industry has fulfilled and matched with the available regulation such as Kep.-04/Bapedal/09/1995. Nevertheless, some criteria have to be re-evaluated and post-closure plan seem not to be included in the guidelines vet. This paper presents the results of the study describing the existing guidelines used by the oil and gas industry and its implementation as well as reviewing the government regulation related to the pit closure program.

Assessment of Penetration Depth and Microleakage of Different Pit and Fissure Sealants Using Dye Penetration Method: An In Vitro Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the depth of penetration as well as the microleakage of three different pit and fissure sealant materials employing the dye penetration method. Sixty healthy human mandibular premolar teeth without dental caries that were extracted for orthodontic treatment constituted the study samples. These 60 premolar samples were subjected to an equal division (20 in every group) into three groups. Group I: self-adhering flowable composite, group II: flowable nanocomposites, group III: classical pit and fissure sealants. Every sample tooth underwent thermocycling amid 4°C ± 2°C and 60°C ± 2°C for 1,000 cycles. The samples were placed in 1% methylene blue solution for 24 hours to permit diffusion of the dye into probable gaps in between the restoration and the tooth. The teeth were sectioned and evaluated below a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification with image analysis software. Flowable nanocomposites (3.69 ± 0.10) exhibited a slightly greater mean depth of penetration as compared to classical pit and fissure sealants (3.58 ± 0.16) and self-adhering flowable composites (3.51 ± 0.13) in that order. This difference between the three sealants was not significant statistical. Amid the three sealant study groups, the lowest mean marginal microleakage was exhibited by the flowable nanocomposites (1.06 ± 0.03), followed by self-adhering flowable composites (1.98 ± 0.06), and classical pit and fissure sealants (2.74 ± 0.11). Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences among the three sealants that were studied. This study concludes that flowable nanocomposites depicted enhanced penetration and reduced marginal leakage as compared to the self-adhering flowable composites and classical pit and fissure sealants. An efficient approach to preventing dental caries on the occlusal surfaces of teeth is the use of pit and fissure sealants. The efficiency of sealants chiefly depends on the morphological characteristics of the fissures and properties of dental materials used.

Pediatric dentistry sealants, do they really protect teeth from different mechanical processes?" Literature review

The use of pit and fissure sealants in the area of pediatric dentistry has been very helpful as a preventive measure to avoid carious lesions generally given in the occlusal area of the first permanent molars erupted. These sealants have had constant variations over time, however, the most used are resinous sealants. These types of sealants are mainly classified in polymerization, viscosity and translucency. As dentistry has advanced, they have been divided into two groups (hydrophobic and hydrophilic), both with different characteristics, but with the same purpose, to provide a protective barrier between extrinsic factors and the tooth. However, when in contact with different elements such as humidity, carbohydrates and saliva, as well as having a bad application on the pits and fissures, these tend to fail and begin to present diverse problems such as microfiltration, retention failures and their microhardness. The objective of this literature review was to recognize whether these sealants are adequate to protect the teeth from external factors and whether they can resist various mechanical changes. For this purpose, a literature review was carried out in various databases and dental journals, and articles were selected according to their evidence, established criteria and the year of publication, which was between 2015 and 2020.

Применение котлованов глубокого заложения при использовании стока осадков для орошения в горно-предгорной зоне

Purpose: to study the effect of nonlinear soil movement in a deep-laid pit when designing an above-ground reservoir for irrigation as part of a system for regulating the precipitation runoff in the mountain-piedmont zone, subject to the technical regulations on the structure safety and subsequent safe operation. Materials and methods: the construction of a deep-laid pit in difficult geological design conditions in the mountain-piedmont zone of a hydraulic structure, which is responsible in terms of safety, namely, a system for regulating the rainfall runoff for irrigating agricultural land, prompted us to a more detailed study of measures to prevent soil uplift. In the analysis two conditions were modeled, namely, the construction of a deep-laid pit for an above-ground reservoir in the mountain-piedmont zone for irrigation without measures to prevent soil uplift and with appropriate measures. Results and discussion: when analyzing the results of soil uplift calculation without taking additional measures, it is stated that the soil uplift has a negative impact on the reservoir and in this case the hydraulic structure safety is not ensured. As an alternative option, the use of pit sheathing with a Larsen sheet pile model VL606a is considered. As a result of numerical modeling using the MIDAS software product, which made it possible to take into account all the factors necessary for solving such problems, it was found that the indicators are included in the confidence zone and, as a result, this structure will meet all safety requirements. Conclusions: when constructing a deep-laid pit without additional measures, the soil uplift is 52.5 cm, and when arranging additional measures in the form of a sheet pile – 1.97 cm, which must be taken into account when designing an above ground reservoir for irrigation as part of a system for regulating the precipitation runoff in a mountain-piedmont zone.

The Hidden Midden: Geoarchaeological investigation of sedimentation processes, waste disposal practices, and resource management at the La Tène settlement of Basel‐Gasfabrik (Switzerland)

AbstractTo interpret artifact assemblages, it is necessary to understand the processes that have formed and influenced them: layer formation processes, cultural practices, and the way resources were used. In this study, we present our results of micromorphologically analyzed pits, ditches, house floors, and occupation layers found within the younger Iron Age settlement of Basel‐Gasfabrik. We defined 11 microfacies types and put them into a spatial and stratigraphic context. In addition, we quantify waste categories according to the archaeological features and microfacies types. Our results suggest that some ditches played a role in the spatial organization of the settlement, others were used as water canals. Several pits show a secondary use as roofed construction in the context of handicrafts. In addition, mapping the microfacies types reveals a differentiated use of space. Finally, differences between waste categories are visible. Dung was used as fuel and probably as fertilizer, whereas animal bone fragments and ceramic sherds have been stored on rubbish dumps, where they were available as raw material. These new insights into the use of pits, ditches, and settlement areas as well as the handling of resources provide an important basis for understanding everyday life in the settlement of Basel‐Gasfabrik.

Understanding Storage Pits: An Ethno-Archaeological Study of Underground Grain Storage in Coastal Odisha, India

Preservation of grain has been a matter of concern for humankind through time. Various types of grain storage facilities are reported from archaeological sites in India, the earliest being from the Neolithic period. Most of these are in the form of pits, which are diverse in style and fashioning. In general, archaeological pits are classified as storage pits, pit silos, dwelling pits, and garbage pits on the basis of morphology, size, and content. To understand the functional use of pits requires not only archaeological acumen in the field and scientific study in a lab but a thorough understanding of existing practices of pit construction and use. Ethnoarchaeological research in a country like India, where many such traditions are still practiced, plays a vital role in identifying grain storage pits. Ethnographically, the most popular storage methods in India are above ground, including various kinds of easily transported bamboo containers, bags, baskets, wooden and tin boxes, storage pots, jars, and clay bins. One of the few places where underground storage facilities (pits) remain in use is in the Ganjam district of Odisha. This article documents the process of underground grain storage in this district and attempts to interpret archaeological evidence for pit storage in other parts of India.

The anticaries effects of pit and fissure sealant in the first permanent molars of school-age children from Guangzhou: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundAnalyses of the effects of pit and fissure sealant have been based on small samples and lack large-scale field evaluation data in China. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of pit and fissure sealant in preventing caries in the first permanent molars (FPMs) of children in Guangzhou.MethodsWe conducted a population-based cohort study using the database of the pit and fissure sealant program of Guangzhou. The carious status and sealant retention of the FPMs were assessed in 4,822 school children who received pit and fissure sealant 3 years prior to the study. The control group included 4,396 children who had indications for receiving pit and fissure sealant but were not treated and were matched according to sex, age and school.ResultsIn the sealant group, the rate of sealant retention in the FPMs was 72.2%. Children in the sealant group had a 37% decreased risk of dental caries compared with the control group (adjusted HR = 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57–0.69], P < 0.001). Compared to no sealant use, the use of pit and fissure sealants reduced the risk of developing dental caries by 44% after 3 years in the FPMs of children from rural areas, reflecting a greater reduction than that among urban children (35%) during the same period (urban: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.65 [95% CI, 0.58–0.72]; rural: adjusted HR = 0.56 [95% CI, 0.45–0.70], P < 0.001). The mean number of decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT) in the control group was higher than that in the sealant group, and the difference was statistically significant regardless of sex.ConclusionsPit and fissure sealant has a significant preventive effect against dental caries in the FPMs, especially for children in rural areas; thus, this sealant represents an effective technique for preventing and controlling dental caries.

Sustainability of post-mining land use and ecotourism

The mining sector can contribute to the state in the form of foreign exchange and state in the form of foreign exchange and funding sources such as royalties, taxes, the expansion of employment and physical development, on the other hand, led to some social and environmental conflicts. One effort to improve environmental conditions in the mining area through revegetation, reclamation and post-mining. Reclamation and post-mining activities must be under the EIA plan, FS, Plans Closure Reclamation and Mine Closure Plan to be used for sustainability and ecotourism. This study was conducted using a collaboration between study literature method and the AHP method. The purpose of this study was to determine the post-mining land use, preferred alternatives for utilization of post-mining land is done through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method by analyzing the relationship between three criteria and alternatives. The criteria are selected based on the ecological, socioeconomic and cultural aspects. This is based on the consideration of sustainability and spatial planning. In addition, the alternatives that will be considered as utilization strategies include the efforts to increase the land use.. Secondary data analysis resulted that known to the utilization of post-mining land from various companies such as: the use of pits (void) into water treatment, aquaculture and ecotourism, the usage of land reclamation and mine closure in the form of plateau used as cultivation flora and fauna depends on the utilization zone, which has approved the EIA Document, FS, Plans Closure Reclamation and Mine Closure Plan.

Biogeochemistry of U, Ni, and As in two meromictic pit lakes at the Cluff Lake uranium mine, northern Saskatchewan

Open pits, which remain after uranium (U) mining operations cease, can form meromictic lakes that develop suitable conditions for the containment of dissolved and colloidal metals. In this study, the distribution and speciation of U, nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As) in the water column of two meromictic pit lakes was investigated at the decommissioned Cluff Lake mine in northern Saskatchewan. The 28 m deep and older D pit had a chemocline at a 13 m depth, below which it turned anoxic and its meromixis was controlled by iron (Fe) cycling. Below the chemocline both Fe(III) and As(V) were reduced to Fe(II) and As(III), respectively. Iron cycling had a large effect on U distribution because reducing conditions prevented sulfide oxidation and a drop in pH in deeper layers. Metal-reducing bacteria were found to be present at, and below, the chemocline. In the deeper (90 m), larger and more recently flooded DJX pit, two chemoclines were observed at depths of 15 and 65 m. Both were linked to sharp U and Ni concentration gradients. Unlike the D pit, a transition to reducing conditions was not observed in the DJX pit’s water column. However, colloidal U, primarily associated with aluminum oxyhydroxides, was found below the first chemocline. Overall, the meromixis type determined the distribution and speciation of metals and bacteria in the investigated pit lakes, thus providing insights into the use of pit lakes as a potential bioremediation strategy.

Reconsidering the Dismal River aspect: A review of current evidence for an Apachean (Ndee) cultural affiliation

Researchers debating whether Dismal River people of the Central Plains were culturally affiliated with Ndee (Apache) groups have used evidence from site chronology, house form, baking pit use, and dietary preference. This paper assesses the quality of evidence traditionally used by prior researchers. We conclude that the archaeological features traditionally used to argue for a Dismal River–Apache association are highly variable in expression and should not be treated as emblematic of Ndee ethnicity. Despite the variability observed in the Dismal River record, evidence still supports the contention that the Dismal River complex is situated correctly in time and space for an association with Athapaskan-speaking groups.

The Use of Pit and Fissure Sealants-A Literature Review.

This paper reviews the literature and discusses the latest updates on the use of pit and fissure sealants. It demonstrates the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants in preventing caries and the management of early carious lesions. It compares the use of different sealant materials and their indications. It describes the application technique for sealants. It also reviews the cost-effectiveness of sealants as a preventive strategy. From this review and after the discussion of recently published studies on pit and fissure sealants, it is evident that sealants are effective in caries prevention and in preventing the progression of incipient lesions. It is therefore recommended that pit and fissure sealant be applied to high-caries-risk children for optimum cost-effectiveness. It is a highly sensitive technique that needs optimum isolation, cleaning of the tooth surface, etching, and the application of a thin bonding layer for maximum benefit. Recall and repair, when needed, are important to maximize the effectiveness of such sealant use.

The Iron Age I in the Northern Levant: New perspectives from Lebanon

The beginning of the Iron Age in the Levant has been for the past three decades the focus of intense studies and debates. The main reason that had triggered this interest is the turmoil characterizing the end of the Late Bronze Age coupled with the migration of newcomers dubbed the “Sea People” to the coastal Levant. This phenomenon has been studied to a length in the southern Levant where evidence of destructions followed by a new culture is attested on many coastal sites. However, in neighboring Lebanon, few studies focused on this period mainly due to the paucity of archaeological sites dating to the end of the Late Bronze Age/beginning of the Iron Age. In recent years, remains uncovered at major sites such as Tell Arqa (Irqata of the Amarna Tablets), Sarepta, Tyre, or Kamid el-Loz (Kumidi of the Amarna Tablets) gave no evidence for destructions at the end of the Late Bronze Age in this country. On the contrary, the architectural and material culture found at sites such as Tell Arqa and Sarepta points to a smooth transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age. While the exposed architecture is usually flimsy and is characterized by a widespread use of pits and silos (a phenomenon equally observed on other neighboring sites such as Tell Afis in Syria or Tell Tayinat in Turkey), the pottery still retains old characteristics; yet integrated into a few new shapes and fabrics. The patterns of archaism observed in the material cultural in Lebanon challenges the established understanding of the Iron Age I in the southern Levant where it is characterized as a period of turmoil and transformation.This presentation analyses the architectural and material characteristics of the end of the Late Bronze Age I/beginning of the Iron Age I in Lebanon with the aim at isolating both local characteristics and regional influences.

Clinical Practice Guidelines Proposed the Use of Pit and Fissure Sealants to Prevent and Arrest Noncavitated Carious Lesions

Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: A report of the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Wright JT, Crall JJ, Fontana M, Gillette EJ, Nový BB, Dhar V, Donly K, Hewlett ER, Quinonez RB, Chaffin J, Crespin M, Iafolla T, Siegal MD, Tampi MP, Graham L, Estrich C, Carrasco-Labra A. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(8):672-82. American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESIN BASED AND GLASS IONOMER FISSURE SEALANTS IN PERMANENT MOLARS OF CHILDREN

Background: Over the last few decades, several advancements have been made in caries prevention. The use of pit and fissure sealant is one of the essential forms of prevention. Sealants protect the occlusal surfaces, inhibiting bacterial growth and providing a smooth surface. Methods: Clinical study: Forty healthy children aged 6-10 years were selected from the outpatient clinic of the Pedodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University. 40 molars were sealed with Ionoseal & 40 molars were sealed with Fissurit F. Laboratory study: Twenty caries-free human permanent premolars were collected and stored in 0.5% chloramines solution, then cleaned and stored in distilled water (20°C) until use. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine at cross-head speed of 1mm/min. Results: For the clinical study, there was statistically significant difference between the two groups but the quality of restorations gradually decreased from 3-months visit to 9 months visit in both groups. Fissurit F had better clinical performance than Ionoseal. Both materials showed similar results with respect to caries prevention. The bond strength of Ionseal was statistically lower than Fissurit F. Conclusion: The resin based fissure sealant had better clinical performance than glass ionomer cement. Both materials showed similar results with respect to caries prevention

Innovative Solution to Sharp Waste Management in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Pakistan is 2.5% and 4.5%, respectively. Major cause of these infections is reuse of syringes. To determine a cost-effective, innovative solution to prevent syringe reuse and break the transmission cycle of blood-borne infections. STUDY DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND DURATION: Analytical study in a tertiary care hospital, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan, July 2011 to June 2012. Healthcare workers from 30 wards included in the study were trained on injection safety, use of needle remover and needle pit, and management of needlestick injuries. Each ward was provided with 2 needle-removing devices, and a pit was constructed for disposal of needles. Usage of the device in wards and pit use were monitored regularly. In 28 (93.3%) wards, sharp containers were accessible by public and were slack. Syringes were recapped using both hands in 27 (90%) cases; needlestick injury was reported by 30% of paramedics, while 25 (83.3%) of the interviewed staff had not received any formal training in injection safety. Vigilant monitoring and information sharing led to healthcare workers in 28 (96.5%) wards using the device. Needle containers were emptied in 27 (93.1%) wards, and needle pits were used in 26 (96.3%) wards. Needlestick injury was nil in follow-up. Needle removers permanently disable syringes. The needle pit served as a cost-effective, innovative method for disposal of needles. The intervention resulted in reducing the risk of needlestick injury.

Recreational Use of Acidic Pit Lakes—Human Health Considerations for Post Closure Planning

Pit lakes may form in mining voids that extend below groundwater level after mining ceases and many have been found to have elevated metals concentrations and low pH through acidic and metalliferous drainage (AMD). Pit lakes are often used for recreational activities including swimming, fishing and boating and poor water quality may present health risks to recreational users. Pit lakes also provide the opportunity for additional water resource uses. The Collie Coal Basin in south-western Australia currently has a number of pit lakes with moderate AMD effects which are also used for recreational pursuits. Twelve hundred questionnaires were mailed to selected addresses in the Collie shire with an additional 170 questionnaires to specific interest groups. Participants were asked about the type of activity, frequency and duration and any health symptoms experienced after use of the lakes. Two hundred and fifty questionnaires were returned, which comprised 176 returns from the random sample and 74 from the targeted sample. Three pit lakes with elevated metals concentrations and low pH were used for recreational purposes by 62% of respondents. This was mostly in summer with swimming the most common activity. Of all respondents 52% were concerned about lake water quality and 38% using the lakes reported a variety of symptoms. Recreational use of Collie pit lakes did not represent a health risk for most of the surveyed population due to the low frequency and duration of use, however health risks may be elevated in sensitive users such as children and those consuming seafood from the lakes. Comprehensive water quality monitoring for chemicals and further characterisation of recreational use of pit lakes is warranted to more comprehensively assess the potential health risks to recreational users. Post closure mine plans need to consider potential future community uses combined with assessments of water quality and physical characteristics to reduce the potential for adverse health and safety impacts.

A comparative study to evaluate the effect of fluoride releasing sealant cured by visible light, argon laers, and light emitting diode curing units: An in vitro study

In Pediatric Dentistry, the use of pit and fissure sealant is one of the essential forms of prevention. Pit and fissure caries may be substantially decreased by obliteration of these developmental defects in occlusal, buccal and lingual surfaces with resin based dental sealants. Visible light-curing units, or LCUs, are an integral part of modern adhesive dentistry" They are used to cure resin based composite restoration materials, resin modified glass-ionomer and pit and fissure sealants, as well as to bond orthodontic teeth. Most recently, the argon laser has been approved for initiating the setting reaction with visible light cured-resins. Argon curing of resin materials has been show to enhance the physical properties and degree of polymerization of the resin, while reducing the polymerization time by 75 percent. The study is undertaken considering the inadequate research reports of regarding the comparison of curing ability using argon laser. LEDs and visible light as well as the resistant towards caries activity of the preventive fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealant cured by above mentioned curing units.

Pits and fissure sealant guidelines

The guideline aims to address four clinical questions relating to the use of pit and fissure sealants:Under what circumstances should sealants be placed to prevent caries?Does placing sealants over early (noncavitated) lesions prevent progression of the lesions?Are there conditions that favour the placement of resin-based versus glass ionomer cement sealants in terms of retention or caries prevention?Are there any techniques that could improve sealants' retention and effectiveness in caries prevention? Medline was searched for all systematic reviews on pit and fissure sealants, and the reference lists of identified reviews were searched for additional references. A second search was carried out to identify clinical studies published after the systematic review were completed. Publications were included that addressed one or more of the identified clinical questions, had a documented search strategy, and were written in English. An expert panel was convened to evaluate the evidence and develop recommendations. The draft recommendations were submitted to a wide range of scientific experts and organisations for review, following which appropriate changes were made. The evidence was classified and clinical recommendations made using a system modified from the approach taken by Shekell et al.(1) The final clinical recommendations were approved by the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. Plans were not specified for future review and updating of this guideline. Using the evidence grading and recommendation systems described by Shekelle(1) (Table 1 and 2) a number of clinical recommendations were made (see summary in Table 3). A number of topics for additional research to improve the evidence base regarding the use of fissure sealants were identified by the expert panels. These are shown in Table 2.