Use In Photovoltaic Cells Research Articles

Development of green manufacturing implementation framework based on life-cycle assessment

Climate change stabilization at 1.5 to 2 °C requires a shift in paradigm of industries to transition to low carbon industries. The way forward to decarbonize industries is green manufacturing, as the environmental facet of manufacturing has often been compromised for the sake of economic gains. In order to implicate green manufacturing, it is incumbent upon manufacturing facilities to introduce such measures which ensure that carbon footprint and environmentally detrimental emissions are minimized. In this context, Life-cycle Assessment (LCA) is an excellent tool to record, analyze and critically review the environmental impact of a process. In order to investigate the environmental hotspots, the authors have performed LCA of an auto-parts manufacturing industry in Pakistan by using a unique gate-to-gate approach. ReCiPe Midpoint impact assessment method was utilized to investigate the effects of manufacturing and transportation related emissions of the monthly produce on climate change, fossil depletion, ionizing radiation and human toxicity. Furthermore, the authors discuss three scenarios, which include current state, optimized future state and an energy mix involving hydropower and photovoltaic generation. The results helped in developing a comprehensive framework for green manufacturing which suggests that the prerequisite of a green manufacturing process is an optimized process flow, which significantly reduces the environmental emissions up to 24%. Moreover, the use of photovoltaic cells results in 54% reduction, thus indicating that conventional hydropower systems in developing countries should be mixed with solar power to reduce the environmental burden. A detailed green manufacturing framework based on LCA is proposed by the authors to enhance the functionality and to improvise the carbon burden of the manufacturing sector of Pakistan.

The impact of using an IoT-based automatic solar panel cleaner on building energy performance

Abstract Solar energy is a great provider of renewable environmentally friendly energy. Thanks to solar technologies, it converts sunlight into electrical energy using multiple devices such as photovoltaic cells. The generated electrical energy can be used for multiple purposes such as commercial, industrial, and domestic uses. Generating electrical energy without releasing toxic gases is considered one of the biggest advantages of using solar energy. While solar panels are a reliable source of clean electrical energy, their power output can be decreased due to the lack of maintenance and especially cleaning. The efficiency of solar panels decreases by more than 40% due to the lack of cleaning. That is why routine cleaning is crucial to ensure the optimum performance of them. Providing an automatic solar panel cleaning system will ensure that routine maintenance is done and the electricity output is optimum. Integrating the use of photovoltaic cells in buildings helps improve the energy performance and energy efficiency of buildings. This research paper aims to determine the impact of integrating an internet of things (IoT)-based automatic solar panel cleaner and measure the energy efficiency of using it. The IoT-based automatic solar panel cleaner contributed to raising the solar panel power wattage by 89.33% in a hot desert climatic region.

Benchmark thermodynamic analysis of methylammonium lead iodide decomposition from first principles

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) are promising candidates for use in photovoltaic cells and other semiconductor applications, but their limited chemical stability poses obstacles to their widespread use. Ab initio modeling of finite-temperature and pressure thermodynamic equilibria of HOIPs with their decomposition products can reveal stability limits and help develop mitigation strategies. We here use a previously published experimental temperature-pressure equilibrium to benchmark and demonstrate the applicability of the harmonic and quasiharmonic approximations, combined with a simple entropy correction for the configurational freedom of methylammonium cations in solid MAPbI3 and for several density functional approximations, to the thermodynamics of MAPbI3 decomposition. We find that these approximations, together with the dispersion-corrected hybrid density functional HSE06, yield remarkably good agreement with the experimentally assessed equilibrium between T = 326 K and T = 407 K, providing a solid foundation for future broad thermodynamic assessments of HOIP stability.

Effect of the use of inorganic- based photoluminescent materials in solar energy devices application

The dynamic processes that take place in life require energy. The main convenient source of energy even in living tissue are hydrocarbons. This is due to the high-carbon based energy source that eventually converts fossil fuels. The preferred fuels as the primarily and industrial fuel contribute to the observed negative effects which emit pollutants to our environments and result to global warming. To mitigate such energy dependence, solar radiation has been exploited to produce clean energy through the use of photovoltaic cells. Nevertheless, natural radiation varies depending on the season of the year. This study investigated the properties of inorganic materials that support fluorescence after the source of light has been withdrawn. The minerals Sb/Ca/Mn/Ag were prepared hydrothermally to cultivate luminescent properties. The resulting products were characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and then applied to extend radiation in a photoactive material of a photocell. Optimal values of the prepared luminescent substance were established to produce the best generated potential in the fabricated solar cells when the natural radiation was withdrawn. Established receptive layer composites (KI/I2: CX) were inserted into a molding dice on top of the photosensitive layer and joined together by pressing. The ensued inorganic luminescent cells optical characteristics were observed under UV radiation (320 - 400 nm) wavelength which produced sequential varying colorations from brown, light blue, blue to red before diminishing gradually as the incident radiation was removed. The open circuit potential voltage (VOC) and current density (JSC) generated parameters were observed. The (0.45, 0.4, and 0.086) V residue potential resulted due to shifting of IR by SbNO3, Sb-PO4, Sb-CO3 and Sb-O luminescent materials. The dopants had promising properties for radiation delay in photo voltaic devices application.

Design of Hybrid multi-level inverter for photovoltaic(PV) application

Nowadays the demand and consumption of energy increase in the word. Due to high cost of fossil fuel it’s not able to meet the required power generation demand. But the developed and developing countries encourage to generate power from renewable energy sources. The developed countries manage their resources in such a manner that they will fulfill their needs today and in the future as well. Nevertheless, the developing countries have limited sources of fossil fuels, which may decrease day by day. For this problem, the alternate solution is required, which is renewable energy. The output of renewable i.e. photovoltaic (PV) is DC. Now this is a challenging task for the researcher to integrate the renewable energy into the ac grid. For the reliable future of the power system, it is imperative for the modern era to integrate non-conventional sources into the AC power grid.The use of photovoltaic cells is increasing dramatically in all areas of life because of their small environmental impact, pollution-free, minimal maintenance, and zero noise. The real work focuses on the integration of PV systems with the proposed new topology called Multi-level inverters based on switch dc sources for low, medium and high power applications. An inverter is a power electronics device that converts DC input to AC output voltage. Input DC voltage is obtains from PV cell array, fuel cell or any other source.The output of PV panels is use as DC input voltage source for the proposed inverter. Single-phase multi level inverter is use to convert dc power receiving form PV array to AC power. First single phase two level inverter introduce which have many problems like those that high value capacitor required at output and high total harmonics distortion’s (THD). Nevertheless, as the number of level increased in inverter output the number of electronic switches also increased which may increase the losses.Multi-level inverters are gave more attention for high power applications. In recent years, lower order harmonic components has been developed to operate at higher switching frequencies.On the other side as the number of level increased the output waveform approach to sinusoidal waveform and the harmonics decreased. Output voltage and current waveforms are obtains and THDs are analyze. The multi-level inverter used in un-interrupted power supply (UPS), variable frequency drives (VFD), pumps etc. The performance of single-phase multi-level inverter will be analyzed in MATLAB / Simulink software.

Influence of anion hardness in (001) surface of CsPbX3 (X = F, Cl, Br and I) halide perovskites

Computational simulations play a significant role in material science, determining material properties, developing new materials, and unveiling their technological applications, including studying halide perovskites. This family of compounds is considered promising for use in photovoltaic cells and light-emitting devices. Understanding surface-dependent properties at the nanoscale is crucial because they can differ significantly from those observed on the macroscale. Taking into this account, the present study utilized DFT/HSE06 approach to elaborate a computational model of CsPbX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) compounds and their (001) surfaces. This research found that anion X− hardness strongly influences surface stability, cluster distortions, band gap energy, and carrier mobility. PbX2 surface termination is most stable when X = F, while CsX termination is most stable when X = Cl, Br, and I. According to the anion hardness decrease, outermost clusters in CsX terminations become distorted, and an inverse behavior is observed for PbX2 terminations. The CsPbX3 (001) surfaces exhibit a direct band gap at the R point, characterized by a significant concentration of electronic states below the Fermi level. Furthermore, it has been observed that the anion hardness is crucial to the availability of bands near the band gap, with a decrease in hardness increasing in available electronic states. The band gap energy (Egap) of PbX2 is slightly larger than that of CsX terminations. In the outermost layers for CsX terminations, significantly larger areas of negative potential occur than the PbX2. These results provide valuable insights into designing and optimizing nanoscale halide perovskites for various applications.

THE UTILIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL FROM DISCARDED CALCULATORS AS AN IMPROVISED SOLAR POWER BANK

The problem of energy storage and portable charging is addressed in this study with a green and affordable method. With the use of photovoltaic cells from discarded calculators, the study seeks to build a solar power bank. With the absorption of photons and the subsequent release of electrons, photovoltaic cells are devices that transform sunlight into electricity. They can power a variety of devices and are a clean, sustainable source of energy composed of materials like silicon. Proving its effectiveness, the efficiency rate of the power bank in charging a mobile device in various times was tested. The study proved that after 150 minutes, the device was charged from 0% to (100%). The research methodology involves the collection of discarded calculators, the dismantling of these calculators, and the extraction of their photovoltaic cells. The cells are then assembled and connected to maximize the energy output that can be used to charge batteries or portable devices. The study also examined the economic and environmental benefits of this approach. Utilizing a material such as the photovoltaic cell is a good way to reuse and recycle discarded materials or e-wastes. It was found that the cost of creating a solar power bank from discarded calculators is significantly lower than purchasing a new one. Furthermore, the ability to reuse discarded calculators reduces the amount of electronic waste and contributes to environmental sustainability. This study suggests that the use of discarded calculators as a source of photovoltaic cells has the potential to be implemented on a larger scale. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that photovoltaic cells from discarded calculators can be repurposed to create a solar power bank. This solution provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way of generating and storing electricity.

Optimization of erbium percentage molarity on cobalt selenide semiconductor material via spray pyrolysis deposition technique for photovoltaic application

The spray pyrolysis approach was used to successfully synthesize cobalt selenide (CoSe) and cobalt selenide doped erbium (CoSe/Er) materials. The XRD patterns of cobalt selenide (CoSe) and cobalt selenide doped erbium (CoSe/Er) semiconductor materials show strong crystalline peaks at 2θ = 16.03°, 20.29°, 23.89°, 31.92°, and 41.32°, corresponding to diffraction planes (110), (111), (200), (203), and (220). The formation of cobalt selenide material can be determined from the X-ray spectrum angle 16.03°, which corresponds to diffraction plane (110) while the remaining 2 theta angles and diffraction peak demonstrate the formation of cobalt selenide doped erbium. The average size of the crystallites was calculated to be 55.08 nm. Surface morphology analyses indicated homogenous flat nanocrystals at low doping concentrations and massive nanocrystal clusters as doping concentrations increased. The transmittance spectra show that the transmittance of both the CoSe and the Er-doped CoSe thin films significantly increases below 400 nm. The estimated direct bandgap, which is in the 1.53–2.01 eV range and rises with concentration due to a strong quantum effect, makes it appropriate for use in photovoltaic cells.

Investigation on Water Immersing and Spraying for Cooling PV Panel

The use of photovoltaic cells has increased dramatically in recent years. However, the photovoltaic cells convert most of the solar radiation into heat, and this heat negatively affects the PV productivity. Therefore, a cooling system can get rid most of this heat. An experimental and theoretical examination is conducted for the augmentation of PV power and efficiency by using two different water cooling systems. The PV cooling has been equipped with two types of water-cooling systems, i.e. immersion, and spraying. For the immersion cooling, the temperature decrease is achieved but the power output has been low. On the other hand, the water spraying cooling has been studied at three different chilled water flow rates. The solar simulator having an average radiation of 1300 W/m2 is generated through 50 W halogen lights for testing. It has been found out that a 60% temperature reduction has been achieved, with a remarkable increase in power output by 59% and efficiency by 8%. However, no remarkable difference has been achieved by varying water flow rates. Therefore, cooling by spraying system has given better results than immersion. Finally, the experimental results have been found to be consistent with the numerical results.

Solar Photovoltaic Cell Parameter Identification Based on Improved Honey Badger Algorithm

Photovoltaic technology, which converts the sun’s light energy directly into electricity, can be used to make photovoltaic cells. The use of photovoltaic cells is centered on the idea of a low-carbon economy and green environmental protection, which effectively addresses the pollution problem in smart cities. Accurate identification of photovoltaic cell parameters is critical for battery life cycle and energy utilization. To accurately identify the single diode model (SDM), dual diode model (DDM), and three diode model (TDM) parameters of solar photovoltaic cells, and an improved honey badger algorithm (IHBA) is proposed in this paper. In the early stages of iteration, the IHBA uses the spiral exploration mechanism to improve the population’s global exploration ability. Furthermore, a density update factor that varies according to the quasi-cosine law is introduced to speed up the algorithm’s convergence speed and prevent the algorithm from falling into the local optimal value. Simultaneously, the pinhole imaging strategy is utilized to disturb the present optimal position to improve the algorithm’s optimization accuracy. The experimental comparison results of 18 benchmark test functions, Wilcoxon rank sum statistical test, and 30 CEC2014 test functions reveal that an IHBA shows remarkable performance in convergence speed, optimization accuracy, and robustness. Finally, the IHBA is used to identify the parameters of three kinds of commercial silicon R.T.C French solar photovoltaic cell models with a 57 mm diameter. In comparison to other algorithms, the IHBA can minimize the root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured current and estimated current at the fastest speed, demonstrating the practicality and superiority of the IHBA in tackling this problem.

The Use of Photovoltaic Cells for Autonomous Power Supply of Radio Electronic Devices on the Example of a Wi-Fi Router

Introduction. In view of growing environmental concerns, innovative solutions to ensure electrical energy supply to various devices and systems are required. As a result, renewable energy sources, including those based on solar energy, are attracting much attention. In this context, the development of a Wi-Fi router powered by modern photovoltaic converters seems to be a relevant research task.Aim. Development of a Wi-Fi router powered by modern photovoltaic converters.Materials and methods. The proposed system was developed on the basis of a Wi-Fi router YF360-H and a photovoltaic cell HVL-105/O.Results. Calculations of the developed photovoltaic system were performed; volt-ampere and watt-ampere characteristics of the solar panel were investigated. The solar panel power supply circuit was developed, with the conversion efficiency in the working area achieving 90 %. The capacity of the external battery ensuring the system's autonomous operation for 7 days was determined. A modeling experiment in the MATLAB environment demonstrated the high efficiency of the developed system.Conclusion. According to the conducted calculations, a HVL-105/O photovoltaic cell can be used to power a Wi-Fi router YF360-H under the weather conditions considered most unfavorable for solar cells.

Experimental investigation of hybrid photovoltaic solar thermal collector (PV/T)-adsorption desalination system in hot weather conditions

Solar photovoltaic is one of the most famous renewable energy collectors and the most prevalent. The drawback that restricts the widespread use of photovoltaic cells is their relatively low efficiency in hot weather conditions. The current work investigates effect of cooling photovoltaic cells using an adsorption desalination/cooling system (ADS). The proposed system is a new application that simultaneously produces electrical power and desalinated water. Photovoltaic cells are cooled by chilled water produced during the desalination process of the ADS to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic cells and maximize the utilization of the ADS. A sheet and tube thermal collector is fabricated to cool the rear PV panel (PV/T). It is found that the proposed system positively affects the performance of both PV cells and the desalination system. The results showed that the PV/T's electrical and thermal efficiencies are 11.5% and 77.5%, respectively, at 1000 W/m2 solar radiation and 45 °C ambient temperature. Performance parameters of the ADS are 6.3 (m3/ton-day) specific daily water productions, 152.2 W/kg specific cooling power, and 0.25 coefficient of performance. There is an improvement in the electrical power, specific daily water productions, coefficient of performance, and specific cooling power by 17.5%, 19.69%, 9.9%, and 6.13%, respectively.

Cadmium sulphide thin films deposition and characterization for device applications

Thin films of metal chalcogenides (sulphides, selenides, and tellurides) are investigated, and group II-VI semiconducting materials are more attracted to the thin films, and researchers are more interested in group II-VI semiconducting materials because of their use in photovoltaic cells, photoconductors, optical filters, solar cells, sensors, and other optoelectronic devices. Cadmium sulphide is a semiconducting material that corresponds to the II-VI family and has an energy bandgap of 2.42 eV. It is significant because of their numerous applications in optoelectronic devices, solar cells, LEDs, photoconductors, and other fields. It's also beneficial for window layers in CdTe or CuInSe2-based high-efficiency thin-film solar cells. It can be prepared by several techniques like chemical bath deposition (CBD), electrodeposition, thermal evaporation, spray pyrolysis, molecular beam epitaxy, etc. We have prepared CdS thin films over Molybdenum substrate using a non-aqueous medium by the CBD method. The electrolyte was made by combining the AR grade of cadmium acetate (0.24 M) dissolved with ethylene glycol and ethanol (ratio = 1:2) and the electrolyte temperature was kept at 130 °C with 220 rpm. Molybdenum substrate was dipped into the electrolyte using rigid support and thiourea (0.35 M) was influenced by the prepared electrolyte. The film was deposited for 20 min, and the deposited films was found to be well adherent to the substrate and free of voids, pinholes, and pits. XRD, FESEM, EDS, AFM, and FTIR were used to see into the solid-state features of the films which have been deposited. The deposited film shows a significant peak at 2θ = 26.240 with the (002) plane, suggesting that the film has a crystalline hexagonal structure. Using AFM, RMS roughness value is equal to 92 nm. Compositional analysis peaks reveal the availability of Cd and S.

Self-assembled multifunctional nanostructures for surface passivation and photon management in silicon photovoltaics

Abstract This work reports the fabrication and characterization of multifunctional, nanostructured passivation layers formed using a self-assembly process that provide both surface passivation and improved light trapping in crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells. Scalable block copolymer self-assembly and vapor phase infiltration processes are used to form arrays of aluminum oxide nanostructures (Al2O3) on crystalline silicon without substrate etching. The Al2O3 nanostructures are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Injection-level dependent photoconductance measurements are used to determine the effective carrier lifetime of the samples to confirm the nanostructures successfully passivate the Si surface. Finite element method simulations and reflectance measurement show that the nanostructures increase the internal rear reflectance of the PV cell by suppressing the parasitic optical losses in the metal contact. An optimized morphology of the structures is identified for their potential use in PV cells as multifunctional materials providing surface passivation, photon management, and carrier transport pathways.

Radiative Flux of a Spectral Distribution at the Surface of a TPV Thermal Emitter Resulting from the Combustion of Biomass: Case of Palms Nut Shells

Thermo PhotoVoltaic (TPV) system convert into electrical energy the radiation emitted from an artificial heat source (i.e., solar or combustion) by the use of photovoltaic cells. In the last decade, TPV system has gained an increasing attention as cogeneration system for the distributed generation sector. Nevertheless, these systems are not fully developed and studied: several aspects need to be further investigated and completely understood. In this study, we modeled and investigated by performing numerical simulation on the feasibility of the TPV system exploiting waste heat energy during biomass combustion. To achieve this goal, we considered a TPV system in which we evaluated and analyzed the waste heat flux resulting from the combustion of the palm nuts shells as well as the corresponding temperature received at the surface of the TPV Thermal-emitter. Furthermore, we evaluated the heat intensity. Results obtained shows that the average temperature at the TPV absorber-emitter is around 1600k. Different variation of the net heat flux at the TPV absorber-emitter are observed for different position. The maximum heat intensity is around 15*1010 W.m-2.µm-1 for a wave length of 2000 nm. These results indicate that the model presented herein is therefore suitable for the design of the TPV system.

Effect on the Optical Efficiency and Photostability of Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based on the Deposition of AgSiO2@NPs

PhD CONICYT project 21150397 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1190246 CONICYT (Fondo de Equipamiento Cientifico y Tecnologico, FONDEQUIP) EQM140142

High Recovery of Selenium from Kesterite‐Based Photovoltaic Cells

The use of photovoltaic cells is constantly increasing and, in particular, a new generation of thin‐film photovoltaic (PV) cells is under development. The absorber of these new cells, kesterite (CZT(S)Se), is composed of abundant chemical elements. Nonetheless, the development of the recycling process for these elements is indispensable for circular economy. This research is focused on the recovery of selenium by thermal oxidation and subsequent reduction. Thus, recycling of selenium has been firstly studied on synthetic kesterite and then validated in a real sample of kesterite extracted from glass‐based PV cells. The best results were obtained in a vertical tubular furnace at 750 °C with an input of 20 mL/min of air. The posterior reduction process of selenium oxide was achieved by ascorbic acid, a common and economic reagent. Real kesterite was extracted from PV cells by thermal treatment at 90 °C for 1 hour to remove the encapsulant and ulterior treatment with HCl for the release of kesterite absorber. Optimal conditions from synthetic kesterite were applied to a real sample, recovering more than 90 % of selenium with a purity of 99.4 %.

Experimental Investigation of a Novel Absorptive/Reflective Solar Concentrator: A Thermal Analysis

This paper presents the experimental investigation of a novel cross-compound parabolic concentrator (CCPC). For the first time, a CCPC module was designed to simultaneously work as an electricity generator and collect the thermal energy present in the module which is generated due to the incident irradiation. This CCPC module consists of two regions: an absorber surface atop the rig and a reflective region below that to reflect the irradiation onto the photovoltaic (PV) cell, coupled together to form an absorptive/reflective CCPC (AR-CCPC) module. A major issue in the use of PV cells is the decrease in electrical conversion efficiency with the increase in cell temperature. This module employs an active cooling system to decrease the PV cell temperature, optimizing the electrical performance and absorbing the heat generated within the module. This system was found to have an overall efficiency of 63%, which comprises the summation of the electrical and thermal efficiency posed by the AR-CCPC module.

A Wirelessly Controlled Robot-based Smart Irrigation System by Exploiting Arduino

In recent years, because of the limitations of fossil fuels and emissions resulting from the use of photovoltaic cells increase. Due to the changing state of the sun, solar cells must follow the sun's radiation to receive more energy. But, in this research, the modeling and analysis of the solar tracking system were carried out to obtain the optimal angle in photovoltaic systems for generating maximum power using genetic algorithm (GA). In this paper, the control system is proposed by the GA genetic algorithm that optimizes the output energy of the PV system by adjusting the spatial angles of the solar panel in both vertical and horizontal axes. In this method, without the need for additional hardware, the optimal panel position angles are calculated by using the Matlab software to capture the most sun and maximize output energy. The main advantage is that the system operates discretely during operation and losses are reduced, as well as in the clouds, solar radiation is received and the output energy rises. The important results of this study can be the system is optimized, the output power of the photovoltaic system in a fixed array mode increases by 15.85%.

Analysis of power and energy management system for new energy dining car

Mobile dining car is very popular in Europe and USA because of its advantages of convenient and fast. However, most of dining cars still use traditional power and energy systems, which is not good for the environment. In recent years, the mobile dining car is developing towards light, convenient, and multi-functional. In large and medium-sized cities where business is concentrated, it is worth studying how to make the dining car cleaner and lower carbon, and make it a kind of green and healthy diet culture. In this paper, the green energy is introduced into the dining car power system and cooperated with the flywheel to realize the effective use of photovoltaic cells, achieve zero emission of the dining car, and put an end to the environmental pollution from the source. The social value and the actual effect will be great. Based on the analysis of the actual operating conditions of the dining car, the key parameters such as electrical equipment and motor load of the dining car are obtained, and then the matching calculation of the power system of the new energy dining car is carried out, including the power generation of photovoltaic cells and the storage capacity of flywheel batteries. Then, according to the unique working mode of the dining car, the energy distribution strategy and control system are analysed. Finally, a mathematical model is established and simulated with MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the design. The results show that the system can complete the day work of the dining car.