Use In Pharmaceutical Preparations Research Articles

Overview of self-medication pharmaceutical preparations by the public

Introduction: self-medication is an effort made by an individual to obtain medication and use it without diagnosis, prescription, supervision, or consultation with a doctor to treat certain minor illnesses. Self-medication is self-medication without a doctor's prescription. In disease treatment, risks such as misdiagnosis, use of excessive drug doses, and long-term use can cause adverse effects on patients. Objective: to determine the description of the public's use of self-medicated pharmaceutical preparations. Methods: This type of research uses a descriptive method, namely research that includes surveys with data collection in the form of questionnaires with a total of 81 respondents. The sampling method uses Non-Probability Sampling with Purposive Sampling techniques using an open-ended questionnaire format in collecting data and recording reports. Result: results of research data collection that the description of the use of pharmaceutical preparations by self-medication in the Bung Permai Housing Community is that 81 respondents (100.00%) carry out self-medication, the source of drug information is from print and electronic media, namely 36 respondents (44.45%), the place of purchase of medicine was at the pharmacy/clinic, namely 43 respondents (53.02%), the disease suffered was fever, 23 respondents (28.40%), and the pharmaceutical preparation used was paracetamol, 27 respondents (33.33%). Conclusion: the description of self-help's use of pharmaceutical preparations in the Permai Community Housing is mostly self-medication. Therefore, there is a need for better education and supervision of using pharmaceutical preparations independently to increase understanding and safety in self-medication. It is hoped that in the future, there will be research on public knowledge and behavior regarding self-medication of pharmaceutical preparations so that changes in respondents' knowledge and behavior can be seen after being given good and correct information.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and identification of bioactive constituents from three wild medicinally important underutilized plants of Ladakh, India using GCMS and FTIR based metabolomics approach

Underutilized wild medicinal plants have been used in various traditional system of medicine including Chinese, Turkish, African and Brazilian in the treatment of pain, purgative, constipation, tonic, hemostatic, headaches, arthritis, backache, rheumatism, and eczema. The aim of the present study is to quantify and identify the bioactive constituents of three ethnobotanically important wild plants of cold desert Ladakh including Rheum spiciforme, Rumex patientia, and Sonchus oleraceus. Using spectrophotometry, total phenol, flavonoid, phytosterol and antioxidant activity was analyzed. Rheum spiciforme has highest phenol content (77.2 mg/g), Rumex patientia was highest in phytosterol (133.3 mg/g) and flavonoids (88.7 mg/g). Sonchus oleraceus showed highest antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50 = 39.51 μg/mL) and FRAP assay (98.93 mg/g). GCMS and FTIR metabolomics approach is used for the identification of secondary metabolites for further use in pharmaceutical preparations. FTIR analysis of the plant extract shows the presence of functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aromatics, alkanes, alcohols, phenols, aliphatic amines, alkenes and amine groups. GCMS analysis of methanolic extract revealed 29 different bioactive compounds with high content of 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate (13.22%), Cyclopentadecane (12.43%) in Rheum spiciforme, 22 peak with high content of Benzene, 1,1′-sulfonylbis[4-chloro- in Rumex patientia (31.18%) and 13 compounds identified with the highest % area of compound 2,2-Dimethoxybutane in Sonchus oleraceus (19.33%). The functional groups and identified compounds have various health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antifungal activity which could be used for production of food supplements and novel drugs.

Evaluation of antioxidant, photoprotective and antinociceptive activities of Marcetia macrophylla extract: potential for formulation of sunscreens.

The antioxidant, photoprotective and antinociceptive Marcetia macrophylla active extract was investigated as an active ingredient in a sunscreen cream formulation. Thus, the M. macrophylla extract showed IC50 of 3.43 mg/ml of the antioxidant (DPPH∙ scavenging test) and Sun Protection Factor of 20.25 (SPF/UV-B, at 250 µg/ml) and UV-A of 78.09% (photobleaching trans-resveratrol test). The antinociceptive activity was superior to all standards tested using the in vivo acetic acid-induced writhing test (99.14% at the dose of 200 mg/kg) and the high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and mass spectroscopy multi-stage (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) enabled the structural characterization of the quercetin-3-O-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-pentoside and quercetin-3-O-desoxihexoside. The pharmaceutical formulation containing the Marcetia macrophylla crude active extract was prepared and the physicochemical tests (organoleptic characteristics, pH analysis and centrifugation), the in vitro UVB (sun protection factor, SPF) and UVA (β-carotene) using the spectroscopic method were investigated. The formulation showed satisfactory results concerning the physicochemical parameters evaluated and active against the UV test. Thus, M. macrophylla showed biological activities with potential use in pharmaceutical preparations.

Review Artikel: Standar Pelaksanaan Pelayanan Farmasi Klinik di Apotek Berdasarkan Permenkes Nomor 73 Tahun 2016 di Indonesia

Pharmaceutical services are exclusive and responsible services to patients related to the use of pharmaceutical preparations. Pharmaceutical services have the goal of being able to achieve definite results in order to improve the quality of life of patients. The pharmacy was established as a pharmaceutical service facility that provides medicines and medical devices with guaranteed quality and safety. Clinical pharmacy services are the core of pharmacy practice services, especially by pharmacists who are responsible for pharmaceutical services in pharmacies. This study aims as material for consideration of data analysis of pharmaceutical services in pharmacies by pharmacists, especially in the PIO (Drug Information Services), Pharmacy Counseling and Treatment at Home section according to Permenkes No 73 of 2016. This study used the literature method. search on research journals, 25 research journals published from 2017-2022. The results of the study show that most of the pharmaceutical services by pharmacists in pharmacies are in accordance with Permenkes No 73 of 2016.

Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial nanoemulsion mouthwash from active fraction of lemongrass stem (Cymbopogon Nardus)

Currently, the use of pharmaceutical preparations based on natural ingredients has begun to be in great demand by the public. This is because the use of synthetic drugs has weaknesses such as being able to cause resistance. Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases in humans. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as an antibacterial in the oral cavity is Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Nardus L.). The use of emulsion mouthwash in the oral cavity is one of the treatments that is still being carried out. Mouthwash with nano size has advantages such as being able to enter the body more easily. This study aims to determine the physical properties of mouthwash nanoemulsion ethyl acetate extract of Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon Nardus L.) by evaluating the preparation. The nanoemulsion mouthwash was made with the composition of Palm Oil as the oil phase, 96% ethanol as the cosurfactant, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and phosphate buffer pH 6 as the water phase. Then the mixture was stirred at a speed of 1000 rpm and sonicated and then tested for evaluation of the preparation including pH test, homogeneity test, organoleptic test, centrifugation test and transmittance test using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis of the entire nanoemulsion formula showed that the more the mangosteen rind extract was incorporated into the oil phase, the more concentrated the color of the nanoemulsion formed and the smaller the percentage of transmittance produced.

PLGA nanoparticles optimized by Box-Behnken for efficient encapsulation of therapeutic Cymbopogon citratus essential oil

This study aimed to optimize Cymbopogon citratus essential oil loaded into PLGA-nanoparticles by investigating the effect of processing variables (sonication time, ultrasound power, and essential oil/polymer ratio) on encapsulation efficiency and particle mean hydrodynamic diameter using Box-Behnken design. Nanoparticles were prepared by an emulsification/solvent diffusion method and physicochemically characterized by FTIR, DSC and TGA/DTA. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in human HaCat keratinocytes by WST-1 and LDH assays. The optimized formulation had a hydrodynamic mean diameter of 277 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.18, a Zeta potential of −16 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 73%. Nanoparticle characterization showed that only citral was incorporated in nanocarriers, with some amount adsorbed on their surface, and highlighted the potential in increasing the oil thermal stability. The drug release profile demonstrated a biphasic pattern with a substantial sustained release depending on diffusion from the polymeric matrix. Toxicity effects on cell viability of pure essential oil at low concentrations were significantly eliminated when encapsulated. Results revealed the ability of PLGA-nanoparticles to improve essential oil physicochemical characteristics, by controlling release and reducing toxicity, suggesting their potential use in pharmaceutical preparations.

Unlicensed pharmaceutical preparations for clinical patient care: Ensuring safety.

Most medicinal products dispensed to patients have marketing authorization (MA) to ensure high quality of the product, safety, and efficacy. However, in daily practice, to treat patients adequately, there is a medical need for drugs that do not hold MA. To meet this medical need, medicinal products are used in clinical care without MA (unlicensed), such as products prepared by (local) pharmacies: the pharmaceutical preparations. Three types of pharmaceutical preparations are distinguished: (i) reconstitution in excess of summary of product characteristics; (ii) adaptation of a licensed medicinal product (outside its official labeling); (iii) medicinal products from an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Although unlicensed, patients may expect the same quality for these unlicensed pharmaceutical preparations as for the licensed medicinal products. To assure this quality, a proper risk-benefit assessment and proper documentation in (centralized) patient registries and linking to a national pharmacovigilance database should be in place. Based on a risk assessment matrix, requirements for quality assurance can be determined, which has impact on the level of documentation of a pharmaceutical preparation. In this paper, the approach for good documentation including quality assurance and benefit-risk assessment will be discussed and possibilities for patient registries are described to make these crucial preparations available for regular patient care. KEY POINTS Ensuring pharmaceutical quality and performing a proper benefit-risk assessment will guarantee safe use of pharmaceutical preparations. Good documentation of (ultra-)orphan treatments can be collected in centralized patient registries and should be combined with existing information in (inter)national databases and self-reflection of patients. Linking patient registries to a centralized database for adverse drug events is highly recommended as it increases safety control of the (ultra) orphan pharmaceutical preparations.

Evaluation of preservative effectiveness of p-coumaric acid derivatives in aluminium hydroxide gel-USP

Background: Deterioration of pharmaceutical preparations due to growth of microorganisms is a great challenge and need of preservation becomes very important. Literature reports about various problems associated with the existing synthetic preservatives such as development of microbial resistance (in due course of time) and several serious side effects. Aim: The aim of the present study is to find out new preservatives synthesized from natural sources, which may have better efficiency than the existing synthetic preservatives. The derivatives of naturally occurring p-coumaric acid were subjected for their preservative efficacy study. Their preservative efficiency was evaluated and compared with the standard parabens. Materials and Methods: The selected amide, anilide and ester derivatives of p-coumaric acid were subjected to preservative efficacy testing in an official antacid preparation, (aluminium hydroxide gel-USP) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger as representative challenging microorganisms as per USP 2004 guidelines. Results: The selected derivatives were found to be effective against all selected strains and showed preservative efficacy comparable to that of standard and even better in case E. coli, C. albicans and A. niger. The 8-hydroxy quinoline ester derivative showed better preservative efficacy than standard as well as other derivatives. Conclusion: The newly synthesized p- coumaric acid preservatives were found to be effective in the proposed pharmaceutical preparation (Aluminium Hydroxide Gel - USP). Also, the synthesized preservatives have shown comparative and even better efficacy than the existing parabens and hence they have potential for use in pharmaceutical preparations.

Safety issues with ethanol as an excipient in drugs intended for pediatric use

Ethanol is commonly used as an excipient in the manufacture of medicines, including the ones intended for administration in children. However, ethanol cannot be considered an inert substance; on the contrary, its use in pharmaceutical preparations is associated with safety issues. Newborns, infants and children are not able to metabolize ethanol as efficiently as adults; as a consequence, they may be at higher risk of both acute and chronic alcohol-related toxicities.

Packing and Cohesive Properties of Some Locally Extracted Starches

Purpose: The packing and cohesive properties of locally developed cassava, potato and yam starches have been characterised using the maximum volume reduction due to packing as expressed by the Kawakita constant a, and the angle of internal flow, θ, respectively. Methodology: The starches were characterized for their particle size, shape and particle size distribution using optical microscopy. Tapping experiments were used to quantify the packing and cohesive properties of the starches. The volume reduction ability was estimated using the Kawakita equation. Results: The shape factor of the starches provided a proportionality constant between the particle size and surface area. The rank order of the particle size and shape factor of the starches was yam>potato>cassava. The ranking of maximum volume reduction, a, for the starches was potato > cassava > yam while the ranking for the angle of internal flow,θ, an index of cohesiveness, was cassava > potato > yam. The values of these parameters depended on the physical properties of the starches. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that the physical properties of the particles affect the packing and cohesive properties of the starches, and are important in predicting the behaviour of the starches during handling and use in pharmaceutical preparations. These properties need to be closely controlled in pre-formulation studies. Keywords: Packing and cohesive properties, starch, cassava, potato, yam. > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 363-368

To treat or not to treat: a proper use of hormones and antibiotics

Hormones and antibiotics are important remedies in animal reproduction. Compared to other areas of application, hormones are probably more used than antibiotics. The quantities of hormones applied in cattle reproduction are largely dependent on whether these drugs are extensively used for pharmaceutical control of breeding or not. Diseased animals should be treated both from an animal welfare point of view and to restore their production capacity. The treatment should be based on an accurate diagnosis. Some of the treatment methods used in animal reproduction do not seem to be well documented. When using antibiotics, it should be known that an infectious agent is present which will be susceptible to therapy. The use of hormones and antibiotics to solve or mask managerial problems should be avoided. Ideally, fertility and health traits should be included in a breeding programme. Therefore, all diagnoses and treatments performed should be recorded and these data made available for breeding purposes. Manipulation of the breeding cycle by pharmaceutical means should not disturb the natural reproductive performance of animals being progeny tested. Animal health and fertility should be improved by selection and good management rather than by extensive use of hormones and antibiotics. Cases of inappropriate use of pharmaceutical preparations have created a general scepticism among people concerning the use of hormones and antibiotics in modern farming. Evidence of increasing resistance to antibiotics in bacteria infecting humans has focused on the role that anti-microbial drug use in food-producing animals plays in the emergence of resistant bacteria. There is also a concern about possible residues in animal products. Further, the consumers have a growing interest in animal health and animal welfare issues, and they have ethical concerns regarding the use of hormones and antibiotics, in particular, as performance enhancers. In Europe, the number of farmers growing organically cultivated foodstuffs is increasing, and according to the regulations for organic farming, the use of hormones and antibiotics is limited. Even though the proper use of hormones and antibiotics does not have any known negative effect on animal welfare or public health, the consumers' concerns have to be taken into account in livestock production.

Rapid assessment and response to injecting drug use in Madras, south India

HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) is preventable, and in order to develop appropriate interventions, an assessment was carried out at Madras, South India using the Rapid Assessment and Response Guide on Injecting Drug Use developed by WHO. Data were collected with multiple methods from multiple sources using the principles of triangulation and induction. A total of 100 IDUs were interviewed. These interviews were complemented by focus groups and observations. A community advisory board ensured community ownership and participation. Findings showed that heroin, buprenorphine, diazepam and avil were the drugs most commonly injected. The use of pharmaceutical preparations as a ‘cocktail’ was also prevalent. Drug injectors interviewed were males, and most (81%) were from low-income groups living in slums. Direct (69%) as well as indirect sharing (94%) was common. Such unhygienic injecting practices, and the lack of access to sterile water, contribute to the high incidence of adverse health consequences. Compared with the buprenorphine injectors, heroin injectors were more likely to share injecting equipment ( P=0.0022), inject more frequently ( P=0.0013), have more drug using network members ( P=0.0104), frequent ‘shooting’ locations ( P=0.002), use the dealer’s place to inject ( P=0.0317), and face threats of arrest ( P=0.0023). Many buprenorphine injectors managed their life without serious crises, and seemed to adopt a ‘natural’ harm reduction response. Sexual risk behaviour was prevalent among opioid users, and a history of commercial sex was associated with daily alcohol use ( P=0.0221). The assessment led to an action plan which was presented and endorsed in an advocacy meeting by key stake-holders and decision-makers. The critical importance of implementing quality, accessible, community-oriented, and effective HIV interventions with the capacity to reach the majority of IDUs is discussed. Public health responses to injecting drug use must target changes among individuals at-risk, as well as in the community and risk environment.

The analysis of evening primrose oil

Because of its use in pharmaceutical preparations, the oil of evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis L.) must be subjected to rigorous analyses as part of any quality control programme. Gas chromatography (GC) can be applied for the determination of fatty acid content (especially that of γ-linolenic acid), but more complicated methodology may be necessary for structural analysis of triacylglycerols, for example. These and other methods for analysis of evening primrose oil are reviewed here.

Development of a dispersal procedure for the lipid A analog E5531 using a `pH-jump method'

We have developed a `pH-jump method' in order to facilitate the dispersion of E5531, a synthetic analog of lipid A, at neutral pH for use in pharmaceutical preparations. The `pH-jump method' procedure involves dispersing E5531 at pH 11.0 (above p K 2) at 50°C (higher than the phase transition temperature) followed by mixing with phosphate buffer in order to adjust the solution to a neutral pH. The size of the aggregates prepared by the pH-jump method was approximately 15 nm. However, when E5531 was dispersed in neutral pH (7.3), directly (normal dilution method), the size of aggregates was approximately 120 nm and when sonication was used (sonication method), the size of the aggregates was approximately 45 nm and larger than that prepared by pH-jump method. E5531 aggregates form vesicle structures. The membrane fluidity and micropolarity of the aggregates prepared by the pH-jump method was higher than that of those prepared by the normal dilution and sonication methods. This study therefore shows that the pH-jump method will provide smaller, fully hydrated aggregates of E5531 than either the normal dilution or sonication methods.

The influence of antagonists of poly(adp-ribose) metabolism on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

An array of therapeutically used analgetic and antirheumatic drugs causes severe liver damage. The present study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of inhibitors of NAD-dependent adenoribosylation reactions in analgesics-induced hepatic injury. Male NMRI mice were treated perorally with 500 mg/kg of acetaminophen, and the activities of both glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were determined in serum. In addition, the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) was quantified in liver cell nuclei. While the PARP-activity remained essentially unchanged, the acetaminophen-induced release of both GOT and GPT from injured liver cells could be inhibited by 90–99%, when mice were injected additionally with the selective PARP-inhibitors nicotinic acid amide, benzamide, caffeine, theophyline, and thymidine, respectively. We see the main application of inhibitors of adenoribosylation reactions as for the combinational use in pharmaceutical preparations of analgesics and antirheumatic drugs in order to avoid hepatic damage.

Influence of diet free of nad-precursors on acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice

Recently, we demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of nicotinic acid amide, a selective inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30) on mice suffering from acetaminophen (AAP)-hepatitis, suggesting that the AAP-induced liver injury involves a step which depends on adenori-bosylation. The present study investigates the effects of a diet free of precursors of NAD, the substrate on which PARP acts, in female NMRI mice with AAP hepatitis and evaluates the influence of simultaneous ethanol consumption in these animals. Liver injuries were quantified as serum activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT). While AAP caused a 117-fold elevation of serum transaminase activities in mice kept on a standard laboratory diet, which was significantly exacerbated by ethanol and inhibited by nicotinic acid amide (NAA), adverse effects were noted in animals fed a diet free of precursors of NAD. In these animals, only minor increases of serum transaminase activities were measured in the presence of AAP, and unlike the exacerbation caused by ethanol in mice on a standard diet, the liver damage was inhibited by 50% by ethanol. A further 64% reduction of hepatitis was observed, when NAA was given to ethanol/AAP-mice. Our results provide evidence that the AAP-induced hepatitis and its exacerbation by ethanol can either be reduced by end-product inhibition of PARP by NAA or by dietary depletion of the enzyme's substrate NAD. We see the main application of NAA as for the combinational use in pharmaceutical preparations of acetaminophen in order to avoid hepatic damage in patients treated with this widely used analgesic.

Exacerbation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by thalidomide and protection by nicotinic acid amide

1. 1. The effects of racemic thalidomide ( d[ + ]/ l[ - ] α-phthalimido-glutarimide) on acetaminophen (AAP)-induced hepatitis were tested in male NMRI mice ( n = 133) and quantified as serum activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT). 2. 2. A 2.1-fold increase of GOT and a 1.9-fold increase of GPT activities ( P < 0.001) were observed in mice treated perorally with 500 mg/kg of AAP plus 150 mg/kg of thalidomide (Tha1). In the absence of AAP, Thal did not display any detectable hepatotoxic effects. 3. 3. The Thal-induced exacerbation of AAP hepatotoxicity was completely inhibited by nicotinic acid amide, a selective inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) ( P < 0.0001), suggesting a possible influence of Thal on the hepatic metabolism of NAD-adenoribosylation. 4. 4. We see the main application of nicotinic acid amide as for the combinational use in pharmaceutical preparations of AAP in order to avoid hepatic damage in patients treated with AAP and Thal.

Adhesiveness of Bacillus subtilis Strains to Epithelial Cells Cultured in vitro

The use of pharmaceutical preparations containing spores of Bacillus subtilis or other bacterial species in the treatment and prophylaxis of intestinal disorders associated with antibiotic therapy or diarrhoea of various origin is widespread and has been supported by encouraging results. However, the mechanism by which such an action is manifested in vivo is still not well defined. We carried out a study using B. subtilis spores present in a commercial preparation and treated in vitro , to mimic physiological conditions following oral consumption. Tests were carried out to evaluate the capacity of microorganisms to colonist: the surface of eukaryotic (Caco-2 and HEp-2) cells. The bacteria were assayed both in the spored phase. and following stimulation of germination by exposure to low pH values (as in the case of gastric juice) or again with exposure to high temperatures. B. subtilis adhered to the surface of the eukaryotic cells, the degree of adhesion varying in relation to the different physiological phases of the bacterial cell Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; adhesive properties

Adhesiveness ofBacillus subtilisStrains to Epithelial Cells Culturedin vitro

The use of pharmaceutical preparations containing spores of Bacillus subtilis or other bacterial species in the treatment and prophylaxis of intestinal disorders associated with antibiotic therapy or diarrhoea of various origin is widespread and has been supported by encouraging results. However, the mechanism by which such an action is manifested in vivo is still not well defined. We carried out a study using B. subtilis spores present in a commercial preparation and treated in vitro , to mimic physiological conditions following oral consumption. Tests were carried out to evaluate the capacity of microorganisms to colonist: the surface of eukaryotic (Caco-2 and HEp-2) cells. The bacteria were assayed both in the spored phase. and following stimulation of germination by exposure to low pH values (as in the case of gastric juice) or again with exposure to high temperatures. B. subtilis adhered to the surface of the eukaryotic cells, the degree of adhesion varying in relation to the different physiological phases of the bacterial cell Keywords: Bacillus subtilis ; adhesive properties

4870174 Imidozopyrionidines and their use in pharmaceutical preparations

4870174 Imidozopyrionidines and their use in pharmaceutical preparations