Use Of Permanent Magnets Research Articles

Development of a Permanent Magnet Magnetic System for an Energy-Saving Synchrotron Radiation Source

New technologies can be used to further improve the parameters of synchrotron radiation sources. One of them is the use of permanent magnets when creating elements of the magnetic storage system. This will help eliminate the influence of power supply instability and vibrations caused by the operation of the cooling system on the stability of the electron beam position. In addition, the use of permanent magnets will make it possible to increase the aperture of the vacuum chamber and, thus, simplify the vacuum and injection systems of the storage device, as well as increase the threshold instability currents. This work is devoted to the development of two bending magnets, focusing and defocusing, which make up the regular part of the magnetic system of an energy-saving compact synchrotron radiation source. The design and results of magnetic field modeling are presented.

Machine learning assisted search for Fe–Co–C ternary compounds with high magnetic anisotropy

We employ a machine learning (ML)-guided framework to explore rare earth free magnetic materials, specifically focusing on Fe–Co–C ternary compounds for potential use in permanent magnets. Utilizing a specifically trained crystal graph convolutional neural network model, we efficiently screen a vast space of nearly a million substitutional structures to select 620 promising structures for further investigation by first-principles calculation. We predict five low-energy metastable Fe–Co–C compounds with formation energy less than 150 meV/atom above the convex hull. These compounds exhibit high magnetization (Js > 1.0 T) and significant magnetic anisotropy (K1 > 1.0 MJ/m3), making them promising candidates for permanent magnet applications. The phonon calculations indicate these compounds are dynamically stable. Our ML-guided framework demonstrates the utility of rapidly identifying novel materials with tailored magnetic properties.

Enhancing capacity utilization of Li|LiCl-KCl-CsCl|Bi (300 °C) liquid metal batteries through the application of external magnetic fields

Long-cycle-life, high-safety liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are considered competitive alternatives for large-scale energy storage applications. LMBs typically operate at high temperatures, and reducing their operating temperature has been a focus of research. In this study, we adopt a multi-cation molten salt LiCl-KCl-CsCl as the electrolyte for LMBs and achieve the stable operation of Li|LiCl-KCl-CsCl|Bi battery at 300 °C for the first time. However, the lower operating temperature significantly deteriorates the kinetic performance, resulting in a capacity utilization of only about 30 %. To address this issue, we apply a certain intensity of magnetic field to the battery using Helmholtz coils, which increases the capacity utilization to 100 %. This study combines the strategy of low-temperature LMBs with external magnetic field regulation, not only achieving a low operating temperature but also ensuring complete capacity release. Furthermore, this approach paves the way for the potential use of permanent magnets within battery modules to provide the magnetic field environment, without the risk of demagnetization.

Improvement of Performance and Efficiency Through the Use of Permanent Magnet Propelling Phenomenon in Traditional Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Systems

Improvement of Performance and Efficiency Through the Use of Permanent Magnet Propelling Phenomenon in Traditional Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Systems

Design study of a low emittance complex bend achromat lattice

Light sources worldwide have experienced rapid growth in the last decades, pushing toward higher brightness with lower emittance to meet growing demands from the user community. The quest for higher brightness motivates the development of low-emittance ring lattices. At this point, all fourth-generation storage ring light sources employ variations of the multibend achromat (MBA) lattice. In this paper, we discuss an extension of this approach, known as complex bend achromat lattice in relation to the future NSLS-II upgrade. A detailed approach for the lattice design will be described and the developed lattice will be presented. The advantages of using our complex bend approach are evident in reaching a natural emittance as low as 23 pm at a beam energy of 3 GeV, providing a straight section of 8.4 m for long insertion devices, and acquiring a ratio of about 50% of free space with respect to the ring circumference. The design includes the use of permanent magnets largely reducing the need for power supplies. Our new approach provides an extension to the MBA concept for the next-generation light source lattice design. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Creating a computer model of a synchronous motor for the implementation of the project «Creation of a series of electric motors with a modernized rotor for electric transport of low power»

RELEVANCE. The challenges of creating modern permanent magnet synchronous motors require solving technical problems in conjunction with economic realities. Due to the use of permanent magnets in the construction of synchronous motors, their cost limits their industrial application. Therefore, there is an urgent issue of optimizing the design of synchronous motors, which can be solved by changing the topology.TARGET. The goal is to create more economical permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in low-power electric vehicles. It is planned to implement a new method for constructing PMSM. This solution will reduce weight and size parameters and increase specific power, which are important indicators for electric transport.METHODS. To modernize modern synchronous motors, a complex topological optimization method based on a genetic algorithm is proposed.RESULTS. A computer model was obtained in the form of calculation of electromagnetic fields in the stator and rotor of a synchronous motor with permanent magnets.CONCLUSION. Modeling the parameters of synchronous motors with permanent magnets has a low degree of development in the domestic mechanical engineering due to the lack of developed infrastructure in the field of low-power electric transport; the creation of domestic developments in this area is of a strategic nature.

Tunable rebound of millimeter-sized rigid balls by magnetic actuation of elastomer-based surface microstructures

A novel method for controlling the rebound behavior of small balls made of Al2O3 with a radius of 2.381 mm is presented. It uses different types of micro-structured surfaces of soft magnetoactive elastomers. These surfaces were fabricated via laser micromachining and include fully ablated surfaces as well as micrometer-sized lamellas with a fixed width of 90 µm, height of 250 µm and three different gap sizes (15, 60 and 105 µm). The lamellas can change their orientation from edge-on to face-on configuration according to the direction of the external magnetic field from a permanent magnet. The orientation of the external magnetic field significantly influences the rebound behavior of the balls, from a coefficient of restitution e of ≈0.5 to < 0.1. The highest relative change in the coefficient of restitution between zero field and face-on configuration of ≈80% is observed for lamellas with a gap of 60 µm. Other characteristics of the ball rebound such as the penetration depth into an Magnetoactive elastomer and the maximum deceleration are investigated as well. The proposed method does not require a constant power supply due to the use of permanent magnets. It may find novel applications in the field of impact engineering.

Degradation of thiocyanate by Fe/Cu/C microelectrolysis: Role of pre-magnetization and enhancement mechanism

Thiocyanate (SCN−), a non-volatile inorganic pollutant, is commonly found in various types of industrial wastewater, which is resistant to hydrolysis and has the potential to be toxic to organisms. Premagnetized iron-copper-carbon ternary micro-electrolytic filler (pre-Fe/Cu/C) was prepared to degrade SCN−. Pre-Fe/Cu/C exhibited the most significant enhancement effect on SCN− removal when magnetized for 5 min with an intensity of 100 mT, and the SCN− removal rate was the highest at an initial pH of 3.0 and an aeration rate of 1.6 L/min. The electrochemical corrosion and electron transfer in the pre-Fe/Cu/C system were confirmed through SEM, XPS, FTIR, XRD, and electrochemical tests. This resulted in the formation of more corrosion products and multiple cycles of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cu0/Cu+/Cu2+. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were utilized to illustrate the oxygen adsorption properties of the materials and the participation of reactive oxygen species (1O2, ·O2−, and ·OH) in SCN− removal. The degradation products of SCN− were identified as SO42−, HCO3−, NH4+, and N2. This study introduced the use of permanent magnets for the first time to enhance Fe/Cu/C ternary micro-electrolytic fillers, offering a cost-effective, versatile, and stable approach that effectively effectively enhanced the degradation of SCN−.

Optimal Design of a Novel Consequent-Pole Interior Permanent Magnet Motor with Flared-Structured Rotor

Interior permanent magnet motors are widely used in applications requiring high power density and high efficiency due to their high torque-generating capabilities. Recently, given the price fluctuations and unstable supply of rare earth permanent magnets, alternative configurations with reduced use of permanent magnets are being sought. Among the various candidates related to this, the consequent-pole type rotor structure can halve the number of permanent magnets used compared with conventional structures. However, in a no-load analysis, the waveform of the back electromotive force becomes asymmetric, generating a harmonic component. As a result, there is a disadvantage that the torque ripple increases. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a novel rotor structure that applies a consequent-pole structure to an embedded permanent-magnet motor structure, wherein a number of permanent magnets are arranged in a flared structure to constitute a single polarity. In the proposed flared-structured magnet arrangement, it is possible to adjust the angle of the permanent magnet and the polar angle to mitigate the asymmetry of the back-EMF waveform. The proposed structure was optimized with a genetic algorithm and a prototype of the optimal model was constructed and experimentally evaluated to verify its validity. Finally, the performance improvement and validity of the proposed structure were verified by comparing the analysis results of the optimal model with the experimental results.

Design of A Permanent Quadrupole Magnet with Adjustable Magnetic Field Gradient

As compared to traditional magnets, permanent magnets can effectively reduce energy consumption and eliminate the impact of current ripple and the water cooling system on beam current. The use of permanent magnets in accelerators has become a new trend as permanent magnet technology has advanced. In HALF (Hefei Advanced Light Facility), we have designed a permanent magnet based on the quadrupole magnet, and the central magnetic field strength of the permanent magnet can be adjusted, indicating that single or multiple permanent magnets can be developed to replace different sizes of quadrupole magnets in accelerators, greatly improving systematization. The magnet’s mechanical design has been finalized, and the prototype of the permanent magnet will be manufactured and tested soon.

Design Study of an HTS Linear Power Generator Suitable for Wave Energy Converter

In this paper, we show a conceptual structure of a direct drive linear power generator with REBaCuO high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bulk field poles for wave energy conversion. The proposed linear power generator structure is comprised of a moving armature coil and HTS bulks concept, which we call it a dual translator power generation system. Its performance has been analyzed using a finite-element electromagnetic field analysis method. A determination of the main machine parameters for the dual translator HTS linear power generator was conducted. Simulation results were compared between our dual translator HTS linear generator structure and the use of permanent magnets (PMs) for the field poles of that structure. It was found that the electromotive forces, electromagnetic forces and output power of the dual translator HTS linear power generator structure are 1.67, 2.63 and 2.60 times superior to that of dual translator PM linear generator structure, respectively. A combination of the dual translator power generation system and HTS bulks has the potential to help us to achieve higher torque and higher output power despite low ocean wave speed, which is important to achieve practical application of ocean power generation systems.

A new approach to design line start permanent magnet synchronous motors

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The article describes a new approach to line start permanent magnet synchronous motors (LSPMSM) design process. This different, novel approach is based on the modification of mass-produced induction motors. The presented method facilitates and expedites the electrical motor design process. A field-circuit model of the motor has been created to expound the methodology of the process. Then, the machine's geometry was changed to apply permanent magnets. The problems and benefits associated with the use of permanent magnets were described. The created model was tested. The authors examined the operation of the LSPMSM motor in different states, such as starting, no-load, and blocked-rotor tests. Electromechanical characteristics have been plotted. The simulation results were compared with the parameters and characteristics of the induction motor. The conducted tests proved the correctness of the design process. The operational properties of the motor have been improved. Moreover, the validity of using LSPMSM motors instead of induction motors has also been demonstrated.&lt;/span&gt;

A rotary magnetic separator integrating nanoparticle-assisted water purification: Simulation and laboratory validation

This work introduces a continuous flow process for the implementation of magnetic nanoadsorbents in drinking water treatment practices based on their complete recovery using a rotary separation setup with an arrangement including the use of permanent magnets. Magnetostatic analysis and computational fluid dynamics were combined to simulate the generated magnetic field of a Halbach array of magnets fixed in a PMMA disk, and the flow behavior of a Sn-based magnetic nanocomposite dispersion under the influence of the alternating field. The rotating speed and direction, the flowrate of the dispersion and the immersion level into the dispersion tank were proven to be the critical parameters to maximize capture and separation of the nanocomposite from the flowing water. To validate the efficiency of the designed setup, the corresponding magnetic separator was built and adapted as a unit in a sequence with a stirring tank which brings Cr(VI)-polluted water in contact with the nanocomposite. The experimental operation involved the use of a tin oxyhydroxide (abhurite), a phase known for its high uptake efficiency on Cr(VI), loaded with 20%wt. Fe3O4 nanoparticles which act as the magnetic carrier for the post-treatment recovery. The developed pilot unit achieved a complete water purification, for Cr(VI) concentrations up to 100 μg/L even for low contact times such as 15 min whereas the in line magnetic separator offered a total (100 %) capture of the nanocomposite providing solid-free and purified water.

Sizing of a Traction Switched Reluctance Motor for an Electric Refuse-Collecting Vehicle Application

Refuse-collecting vehicles are significant polluters due to their expected drive cycles involving frequent stops and long idle periods. Electric refuse-collecting vehicles, still in their infancy, promise to address this through the replacement of internal combustion engines with batteries and electric traction motors. Today, typical motors for these vehicles involve heavy use of rare earth permanent magnets, which are subject to high price volatility, environmentally damaging mining practices, and occupational health hazards associated with refinement. The switched reluctance motor, which makes use of no permanent magnets, is a suitable substitute. This type of motor technology offers several advantages such as simple and robust construction, the ability to operate at high speeds and high temperature conditions, fault tolerance capability, and lower production costs in comparison with other technologies. This paper focuses on the design process of a switched reluctance motor for a battery electric refuse-collecting vehicle. The designed motor has a 36/24 outer rotor configuration, and its electrical and mechanical characteristics are based on the commercial traction motor TM4 SUMO HD HV3500-9P. The performance of the motor is evaluated using simulation tools such as JMAG and MATLAB/Simulink.

Magnetic double-core@shell MnO2@NiFe@DE as a multifunctional scavenger for efficient removal of tetracycline, anionic and cationic dyes

Design and fabrication of core-shell nanomaterials with excellent properties such as multifunctionality, tunability, and stability for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants from wastewater is highly valued. In this work, magnetic MnO2@NiFe@DE nanocomposites with double-core@shell structures were obtained via a two-step hydrothermal method for efficiently removing tetracycline, anionic and cationic dyes through the synergistic effect of oxidation and adsorption. The novel nanomaterial displayed superior removal of methyl orange, methylene blue, and tetracycline in low pH solutions with 100%, 100%, and 83%, respectively. The effects of solution pH, adsorption time, and contaminant concentration on the performance of the nanocomposite were also investigated, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well described the data. Physical adsorption including electrostatic adsorption, anion exchange, and hydrogen bonding are the predominant mechanisms for contaminant removal. The oxidation mechanism is mainly hydroxyl radical action. Through the use of permanent magnets, the recovery process of the adsorbent and the adsorbed dyes and antibiotics is energetically and economically sustainable. This as-synthesized nanocomposite as multifunction material has a high removal rate, low cost, and easy separation, and the applicability in treating the solutions with low pH, which is promised to be an efficient organic wastewater remover in practical applications.

Magnetic Levitation Technology As An Object Floating Technique In Wooden Craft

Research and application of magnetic levitation have been expanded in electric motors, generators, radar monitoring systems, car-door central locks, and metal object towing devices. In the operation, the objects do not touch each other. The use of a magnet-based system that floats objects is called a levitation system. In earlier times, fine art had been comfortable with its structure. Consequently, it is not prepared to deal with electromagnetic technology systems. Magnetic levitation technology is the process of floating objects with a gravitational force that rejects or counteracts each other in a magnetic field. This research aims to provide innovations in applying magnetic levitation in designing fine artworks in Indonesia, mainly wooden crafts. The work was designed with eco-design methods. The magnetic levitation techniques have been widely applied in woodcraft art today. The process of floating objects in the air has the property of rejecting each other's components, while the use of permanent magnets sets the object's position stable. Wood material as an object medium is formed to resemble a flying bird stabilized by magnetic levitation techniques. This wooden crafts experiment featured objects spinning and hovering when exposed to the wind.

Hybrid Switched Reluctance Motors for Electric Vehicle Applications with High Torque Capability without Permanent Magnet

In electric vehicle (EV) applications, hybrid excitation of switched reluctance motors (HESRMs) are gaining popularity due to their advantages over other EV motors. The benefits include control flexibility, simple construction, high torque/power density, and the ability to operate over a broad speed range. However, modern HESRMs are constructed by increasing the air gap flux density with permanent magnets (PMs) in the excitation system in order to generate more electromagnetic torque. This study aims to investigate a new topology for increasing the torque capabilities of HESRM without the use of permanent magnets (PMs) or other rare-earth components. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the static and dynamic characteristics, software analysis using the Ansys 2D finite element method (FEM), and an experimental demonstration of the real-time motor with an advanced control strategy in MATLAB/Simulink. Our simulation and experimental results for a machine with 12/8 poles and a machine rating of 1.2 kW indicate that the HESRM designed without PMs has greater torque capability and efficiency than the conventional SRM. The proposed HESRM without PMs has a high torque/power density and a higher torque per ampere across the entire speed range, making it suitable for EV applications.

Different Approaches in the Use of Ferrites in Assisted Reluctance Machines

The adoption of assisted reluctance machines in various applications is becoming popular. The use of permanent magnets in synchronous reluctance machines solves some drawbacks and improves the performance; in general, sintered magnets with regular shapes have been adopted. On the other hand, this approach does not permit to fill completely the flux barriers. The proposed solution consists of the use of bonded magnets. Two types of ferrite magnets, sintered and bonded, have been considered in the study. Different parameters have been investigated, both in the production process and in the performance evaluation. The simulation results have been compared to the reference synchronous reluctance machines. A prototype machine has been prepared, and different experimental tests have been performed. Satisfactory matching between measurement and simulation results has been observed.

Study of possibility of magnetic hydrocyclone use in concentration cycles of oxidized ferriferous quartzites

Iron role is very essential in the up-to-date economics. Magnetite quartzites are the main source of iron making in Russia. Oxidized ferriferous quartzites are also used for accumulation of the Russian mineral and raw material base. Substantial composition and concentration capacity of the represented sample of oxidized iron ore are examined. Ore sample was ground during two stages in a ball mill and IsaMill mill. Comminuted material was classified in magnetic hydrocyclone of original construction. Magnetic system, which was mounted on the hydrocyclone, had been designed using computer software ANSYS Maxwell for simulation of electromagnetic fields and had been manufactured with use of permanent magnets made of Nd&ndash;Fe&ndash;B alloys on the base of rare earth elements. Classifying products in magnetic hydrocyclone were concentrated consequently in low- and high-intensive magnetic fields. Technological scheme for concentration of oxidized ferriferous quartzites was developed. This scheme allows to produce high-quality magnetite concentrate, hematite concentrate and mixed hematite &ndash; magnetite concentrate. The research was conducted at the expense of the grant&nbsp;for execution of the State assignment № FSRW-2020-0014&nbsp;in the field of scientific activity on 2021.

Magnetic-Force Characteristics of Hybrid Levitation Systems Based on CC-Tapes

One of the common applications of high-temperature superconductors is levitation transport. Recently, a number of works have been aimed at increasing the levitation force of levitation transport by using the repulsive force between permanent magnets. The use of permanent magnets significantly increases the levitation force, but also greatly reduces the lateral stability of the system. Then the main role of the superconductor is vertical and lateral stabilization of the system. In our work, we present new experimental results on the study of the levitation force and lateral stability of hybrid maglev systems of various configurations. Configurations are considered when the superconductor is between two magnet assemblies and when the superconductor and the carriage magnet assembly are arranged in series along the guidway. A commercially available 12 mm wide CC-tape manufactured by SuperOx was used for measurements. Both the vertical levitation force and the lateral restoring force were measured. Based on the experimental data, we concluded that the configuration with the separate arrangement of the carriage magnets and the tape stack is more advantageous from the point of view of the stability of the levitation force and the lateral stability of the system. The results obtained may be relevant for the development of hybrid levitation systems using permanent magnets to increase the levitation force.