Use Of Pauses Research Articles

Localization and pauses duration in Russian iambic tetrameter in the poetry of A. S. Pushkin

This article is a continuation of a study dedicated to the role of pauses in the prosodic structure of the Russian iambic tetrameter. New data on the localization and duration of the pauses in Alexander Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin,” as voiced by three speakers, corroborate previously identified patterns in the organization of poetic lines at the prosodic level. Pauses of varying durations, occurring with different frequencies at various junctures, emphasize the depth of the varying degree of internal division within a line. The method of multidimensional classification revealed five groups of pause durations, ranging from ultra-short to super-long. It was found that within a line, ultra-short and short pauses predominate, while longer pauses tend to occur more towards the middle and less towards the beginning. The absence or brevity of pauses near the end of a line highlights a more prolonged inter-line pause. Individual pause strategies manifest in the observance or omission of inter-line pauses, their duration, the frequency of prosodic breaks within a line, and the frequency of using pauses of a particular duration group. High correlation coefficients indicate a consistent use of pauses among the three speakers.

Teaching Student Speaking Skill Through Media Audio -Visual With The Short Movie The king’s Speech At SMKN 1 Sepuluh

The purpose of this study is to describe students' experiences using movies as learning media and how the use of movies affects students' speaking skills. Teaching speaking is not just about teaching students to produce spoken words to express their feelings, such as ideas and thoughts but also to facilitate students in negotiating facilitate students in negotiating means using general knowledge of the situation and subject. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with purposive sampling technique of students at SMK N 1 . Data collection methods were carried out by observation and interview. Data analysis techniques using milles huberman. The results showed that short movie can be used as an alternative learning resource for teaching speech so that students are not bored. The high enthusiasm of students can make students more active and easy to understand. Additionally, short films like The King's Speech can provide students with a powerful example of the importance of effective communication in public speaking.This is modeled after King George VI. Students will learn about the challenges faced when speaking in public and how to overcome these obstacles with will and effort.By analyzing the techniques used in this film, such as breathing exercises and proper use of pauses, students will gain valuable insight into how to improve their speaking skills.This is not just academic learning, but also learning that inspires and motivates students to overcome their fears and develop self-confidence in public speaking.

Интонационните паузи в речта на телевизионните водещи. Прагматични аспекти

The functions of intonation depend on the simultaneous action of its components (along with their overlay on the segmental language system). The desired effect in speech is achieved by following rules that are, in most cases, unconscious to native speakers. If communicators do not manage to follow the rules in terms of intonation, the optimal result of their communication cannot be reached. The present study marks and analyses violations of the regularities in the use of pauses, as a component of into-nation, in the Bulgarian media discourse, and more specifically – in the speech of tele-vision presenters. The object of the study are video materials broadcasted on bTV and NOVA. The conclusions highlight the specific features of media discourse that are typical for interviews and news broadcasts.

Analysis of triadic interaction between parents, their preterm infants, and a sonorous object

In the period between birth and approximately 9 months, adults introduce infants to triadic (adult–infant–object) communication. The objective of this study is to explore how early triadic interactions arise and develop in moderate–late preterm infants. We observed and analyzed seven preterm infants at 2, 3, and 4 months of age in triadic interactions with a caregiver and a sonorous object. In the first 2 months of the infant’s life, the responsibility for the interaction rests with the adult. As time went by, parents used a wider range of semiotic systems to communicate with the child, about and through the object. The results demonstrated the presence of triadic interactions in a preterm population beginning in the third month of life. Interaction is structured with the object, its sound, rhythm, and pauses. The parents’ use of pauses was adjusted to the child’s availability. These pauses became longer and more communicative over time, which allowed more participation on the part of the infants. Communication is facilitated by the rhythmic components of the triadic interaction (time/pauses/structure of the interaction sequence).

Tahlil Akhta' As Shautiyah fi Ta'diyatil al Mafsil lada Thullab al Jamiah Ali bin Abi Thalib al Islamiyyah Bisurabaya

The causes of difficulties in Arabic are ignorance of the rules or customs of the language, the influence of the mother tongue, and inaccurate language teaching. This study aims to identify vocal errors in the use of pauses in Arabic by semester I students majoring in Arabic language education at Islamic University Ali bin Abi Thalib Surabaya. The method used is a qualitative one, namely descriptive analysis, which explains the data and summarizes it in words. Data collection techniques were carried out using free listening and speaking techniques, writing techniques, and recording techniques using a voice recorder. The results of this study indicate that there are three mistakes that are often made by students when using pauses in Arabic, namely that first, students read texts with pauses but do not read in a high tone before pauses (52.4%). Second, students read the text with pauses but not at the proper pauses (33.3%). Third, there was no pause at all in students' pronunciation while reading the text (14.3%). The results of this study provide an overview of phonological errors in the use of pauses in Arabic so that they can be used as a reference for evaluation in learning Arabic.

Фонетические критерии неискренности

The study aims to determine the phonetic criteria of insincerity. The term “insincere utterances” in this study refers to utterances in which false information is reported. The work is novel in that it is the first to examine the results of the experiments conducted according to two different schemes, which allow obtaining prepared and spontaneous insincerity, their results were compared and it was shown that depending on the type of insincerity, opposite trends can be traced when analyzing features at the suprasegmental level: in spontaneous insincere utterances, the tempo of speech increases, the range of the fundamental frequency tone decreases, as for prepared insincere utterances, an increase in the fundamental frequency tone at the beginning of the phrase was noted. The results of the study suggest that apart from a greater use of pauses, including hesitation pauses, it is impossible to deduce the general patterns for determining false statements (even if they were prepared in advance) that could be applied to any speaker. Prepared and spontaneous lies may have different phonetic characteristics, but the manifestations of insincerity in speech as a whole are deeply individual.

Functions of Pauses and Hesitations in Ola Rotimi’s Our Husband Has Gone Mad Again

All normal human beings have the ability to pass across different messages in different contexts without necessarily making use of the oral form of language. These other ways of passing across messages and meanings without using the oral form include gestures, facial expressions, vocalisers, interjections as well as pauses and hesitations which are the subjects of this study. The data for the study are extracted from Ola Rotimi’s play entitled Our Husband Has Gone Mad Again using insight from the concept of context for its analysis. The play is selected for the research because it contains several instances of the use of pauses and hesitations which are capable of yielding novel functions of the two phenomena. The novel functions of pauses and hesitations discovered in the data are: pauses and hesitations perform the function of emphasis when they occur together; hesitation is used to indicate that the current speaker is emotionally unstable; hesitation and pauses are used to demonstrate strategic competence during interactions; in addition, the two phenomena when deployed effectively in the appropriate context may indicate fear of the person that one is interacting with; lastly, hesitations can be used to pass across certain feelings that may be appropriately interpreted in context.

Impact of VO2max on mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various VO2 max rates on mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players. The experimental method consisted of two experiments: one for calculating the VO2 max in the laboratory and another for testing the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw. A total of 36 handball players who specialized in shooting the 7-meter throw participated in the current study. They were divided into three equal groups in terms of training age, VO2 max level and the shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw at rest time. Their average age was 24.1±3.2 years, their height was 177±23 cm, and their weight was 72±4.3 kg. We used three Canon Eos 80D cameras, a Scout Cortex lactate device, and Kinovea 0.9.5 software for performance evaluation. The study's results revealed a statistically significant effect of multiple rates of VO2 max on some mechanical variables, lactic acid concentration, and shooting accuracy of the 7-meter throw among handball players, with a negative effect that increases when the rates of VO2 max become greater at the level of significance (α = 0.00). In light of the study's results, the researcher advised handball coaches to work on increasing their players' VO2 max levels or delaying their players' access to higher levels of VO2 max to avoid an increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and, as a result, a decrease in the players' abilities to perform the 7-meter throw skill. According to the results of this study, they should also consider the use of pauses and substitutions during matches to ensure that players do not reach levels of up to 65% of VO2 max.

Unmastery: Woolf’s far side of language and the pedagogy of the pause

ABSTRACT In this article, Eve Sorum argues that Woolf’s use of pauses illustrates a feminist pedagogy of unmastery, providing readers and teachers with an alternative approach to reading that counteracts what Woolf saw as patriarchal modes of experiencing language and defining knowledge. Through an examination of essays including “On Not Knowing Greek,” “Why?,” “Craftsmanship,” and “The Reader,” Sorum posits that unmastery involves rethinking a one-way relationship between the knower and the “object” of knowledge, between reader and text.

CHALLENGES IN OVERCOMING THE USE OF TOPIC FRONTING AMONG TESL TRAINEES IN MALAYSIA

Communication strategies include the use of nonverbal or paralinguistic communication strategies such as the use of mime, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact as well as the use of pauses for emphatic expressions could be assimilated. Communication strategies also include the use of verbal communication strategies which need to be learned and developed. One of the verbal communication strategies is a Malaysian classified variety, topic fronting. The issue is that, despite being an achievement communication strategy, topic fronting does not abide by the English language grammatical rule. Thus, a high use of this strategy among ESL learners might affect them adversely especially in academic discourse. This study looked into this strategy among the TESL trainees in two universities from two states in Malaysia. The findings obtained from their focus group discussions (FGD) identified the utilisation of topic fronting in online interactions and methods of overcoming it as well as the inculcation of suitable communication strategies. This study’s findings show a low utilisation of topic fronting (1.142 per thousand words) with the highest theme on the “concession of topic fronting in teaching” at 2.20% average. In the effort to inculcate the TESL trainees’ awareness of their use of topic fronting communication strategy, they need to be involved in active FGDs and be provided with communication strategy trainings on alternative strategies, specifically linguistic strategies like exemplification, circumlocution and paraphrasing.

Expressing the Bewilderment of the Modern Man through Silence in Samuel Beckett’s Happy Days

Samuel Beckett’s Happy Days (1961) clearly portrays a lack of communication among the characters of the play which refers to the condition of modern man. This failure of communication led Samuel Beckett to use a lot of pauses and silences in all plays written instead of using words. To express the bewilderment of the modern man during the 20th century, Beckett adopts the use of no language strategy in the dramatic works. After World War II, people were without hope, religion, food, jobs, homes, or even countries. Beckett gave them a voice. He used a dramatic language out of everyday things, in which silence was part of the syntax as a poetic repetition. Language is no more important to the modern man; instead, he used silence to express his feelings. For him, silence is more powerful than the words themselves. That’s why; long and short pauses can be seen throughout all Beckett’s plays. In this play, the characters chose not to communicate; instead, they kept silent because they failed to interact with each other or even with themselves. The nature of this study is qualitative and objective; it textually analyzes the text to show the state of the modern man during 20th century. As a conclusion, one can say that Beckett’s use of pauses and silences was to express the bewilderment of the modern man and the inner conflict inside of him. Moreover, the modern man has lost his communication with other people as a result of that conflict.

Long-term effects of teamwork training on communication and teamwork climate in ambulatory reproductive health care.

We previously reported an association between team training in the ambulatory setting and improvements in team climate at 6 and 12 months, but it is unknown whether improvements persist at 2years. From 2014 to 2015, we enrolled 20 organizations, each operating a varying number of health centers, into a teamwork training initiative. We evaluated teamwork outcomes at baseline and 2years using a communication behaviors assessment, the TeamSTEPPS® Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ), and the Patients' Insights and Views of Teamwork (PIVOT) survey. At 2years, use of TeamSTEPPS® tools and strategies remained increased compared to baseline at many health centers; results ranged from 32% of centers reporting increased use of pauses to identify the patient to 91% reporting increased use of standardized language. Staff T-TPQ responses indicated that TeamSTEPPS® implementation was associated with improved perceptions of teamwork in approximately half (49%) of statements at 2years. Significant improvements occurred in over half of PIVOT survey statements, and patient satisfaction was significantly greater at 2years compared to baseline. Patient and staff views of teamwork were significantly improved 2years after TeamSTEPPS® implementation in ambulatory reproductive health care centers, demonstrating positive long-term effects of teamwork training.

Examination of ‘Pause’ in Pinter's The Homecoming and Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation

Pauses as pragmatic markers are considered important devices that help readers to gain a better and deeper understanding of certain texts as well as speech, promoting effectively language communication. They can help both the speaker and the hearer, due to the functions they have in a text. Their occurrence in speech has a value that they make it more understandable. In this regard, the present study aims to examine the forms and functions of pauses in literary texts, more specifically, in selected extracts from two dramas, namely, Pinter's The Homecoming and Baker's Circle Mirror Transformation and to compare how the two writers use pauses in these two dramas. To do so, the sequential production approach of turn-taking by Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974), in combination with the contributions of some scholars who state the multifunctional use of pauses, has been used. The findings of the present study show that pauses do not exist arbitrarily in speech, but they are found to serve certain functions depending on the context in which they occur. Pauses, whether silent or filled have certain references. They are not merely meaningless. Pauses can express what is going on inside the characters without even saying a word. Regarding the selected extract from each play, it is noticed from the comparison that the two writers employ pauses frequently. Pauses are used by the two writers to be informative and that is why they should be studied with great care as they affect the interpretation of a certain text and consequently affect understanding

Spanish clicks in discourse marker combinations

In this study, we analyze 764 clicks and their co-occurring discourse markers that form clusters or stacks. In our corpus of interviews in Peninsular Spanish, 60.5% of the clicks appear in clusters, and on average, a cluster contains a click plus two additional markers, equally distributed before and after the click. The five most common elements combining with clicks were found to be em/mm ‘um’, eh ‘uh’, y ‘and’, pues ‘well’ and entonces ‘so/then’. Pertinent to the make-up of these clusters is the use of pauses between markers and prolonged syllables, two phenomena that we also incorporate into the analysis. We report differences between the pre- and post-click environments, such as the more frequent use of pauses and prolongation before the click. On both sides of the click, the duration of pauses and prolongation within the clusters is substantial, averaging around 500 ms.

THE PECULIARITIES OF THE IMPERATIVE STRUCTURES TEMPORAL ORGANISATION IN LECTURE AND SERMON DISCOURSES

The article is devoted to the study of the imperative constructions temporal organization in the sermon and lecture discourses. Based on the presence of common intentional criteria for lecture and sermon discourses (transfer of knowledge and the point of view / belief formation), these discourses are considered in the article as a special kind of institutional instructive discourse with a common compositional structure. In the implementation of the lecturer and the preacher’s operational strategies, an important role is played by the ways of encouraging the audience to communicate, carried out, in particular, by the imperative constructions. Among the prosodic means involved in the imperatives implementation, a huge role belongs to the tempo changes nature and the pause features. To determine the degree of the intonation temporal component participation in the design of the sermon and lecture oral text, a complex phonetic analysis was conducted, the purpose of which was to identify the general trend of the discourses under study temporal organization. As a result of perceptual and electroacoustic analysis, the main temporal characteristics of the investigated imperative structures were revealed. Instrumentally, it is found out that imperative constructions tempo in the introduction of all the investigated types of text varies from slow to normal. An analysis of the textual pauses showed differences (minor ones) between the lecture and the sermon, which consist not so much in the use of pauses in various texts, but in the percentage distribution of the different duration pauses in the text. The frequency of various duration pauses occurrences when pronouncing imperative constructions is directly related to the structure of the text. The instrumental analysis of the oral English-speaking imperative constructions temporal characteristics in the lecture and sermon discourses allows us to conclude that there are integral and distinctive temporal parameters of the constructions under study. The presence of the integral characteristics proves the validity of attributing the investigated types of discourses to institutional oral discourse of an instructive type.

Pauses and Hesitations in Drama Texts

Pauses and hesitations are phenomena that can be found in speech. They can help both the speaker and the hearer, due to the functions they have in a dialogue. Their occurrence in speech has a value that they make it more understandable. In this regard, the researchers intend to critically examine the pauses and hesitations used in the two texts as well as their functions. The present paper aims to identify the types of pauses and hesitations used by Pinter’s The Homecoming and Baker’s Circle Mirror Transformation as well as the functions they serve and to compare both playwrights in this regard. To do so, the sequential production approach of turn taking, in combination with the contributions of some scholars who state the multifunctional use of pauses and hesitations, has been used. The findings of the present study show that pauses and hesitations do not exist arbitrarily in speech but they are found to serve certain functions depending on the context in which they occur. Regarding the two selected extracts, it is noticed from the comparison that the two writers do not use pauses and hesitations equally. Baker uses them more frequently than Pinter due to the context in which they are used which requires using pauses to aid comprehension.

Prosody in tourist oral communication. Pausing in city audio guides

Abstract – Over the last decades, tourist communication has been widely investigated in various languages, involving a variety of printed and Web-based genres and a variety of perspectives. However, as far as oral tourist genres are concerned, there seems to be a gap in academic research, with the published literature including a study by Gavioli (2015) on dialogue interpreting in guided tours in English, a study by Francesconi (2014) on prosody in a BBC travel radio programme, a study by Ravazzolo (2014) on guided tours of botanic parks in French, and a study by Nardi (2012) on museum audio guides in German. Even lesser attention has been paid to the prosodic features of speech in oral tourist genres, and how these are employed to effectively deliver the contents of the tour. This study attempts to contribute to developing this specific area of tourist studies by investigating prosody in city audio guides. More specifically, the study focuses on the use of pauses in city audio guides in Italian and in English. At a theoretical level, the city audio guide is intended here as a form of informative script-based public speaking, whose main function is to provide historical and artistic information on the sites visited by users. On the basis of such theoretical premises, the study unfolds around the assumption that prosody – and pausing in this specific case – plays a key role in effective content delivery and uptake. The study was carried out on 42 audio fragments selected from the scripts of 21 audio guides produced in Italy, the UK and the USA. In each audio fragment, silent pauses were annotated by means of PRAAT , a software for acoustic analysis of speech. The use of pauses between utterances was then investigated in each group of fragments, quantitatively in terms of pause duration variation, and qualitatively in relation to the textual features of the selected portions of scripts. The results show a more frequent use of long pauses and patterned pausing in the British audio fragments with respect to their Italian and American counterparts. Finally, the results are framed within a discussion on best practices in public speaking.

An Analysis of EFL Learners' Use of Pauses, Japanese Translation, and English Repetition in Reading and Listening

An Analysis of EFL Learners' Use of Pauses, Japanese Translation, and English Repetition in Reading and Listening

Creepy-ass cracker in post-racial America: Don West’s examination of Rachel Jeantel in the George Zimmerman murder trial

Abstract This article examines interactions between defense attorney Don West and witness Rachel Jeantel in the 2013 State of Florida v. George Zimmerman trial following the murder of Trayvon Martin. The focus of analysis is how the defense constitutes the term creepy-ass cracker as evidence of violence and aggression on behalf of Trayvon Martin. Their argument is located within an ideological framework of a post-racial American society wherein the defense claims colorblindness (Bonilla-Silva 2014) for their client George Zimmerman. Trayvon Martin’s observation of Zimmerman’s whiteness, as indexed by the word cracker, is positioned as evidence of a culture and an individual with inherently violent, racially motivated intentions. The article examines interactional moments during the defense’s questioning of Rachel Jeantel wherein creepy-ass cracker is positioned as immoral within a post-racial ideological framework, and evidence of racism toward white people. Don West’s use of pauses, hyper-articulated Standard American English, and emblematic deictic terms discursively and linguistically segregate Martin’s and Jeantel’s community from the hegemonic white practices of the courtroom. West’s attempts to assert symbolic control over the semantic meaning of creepy-ass cracker reflect the relative unmarkedness of Standard American English and whiteness in contemporary United States judicial systems and society.

Soft Prosody and Embodied Attunement in Therapeutic Interaction: A Multimethod Case Study of a Moment of Change

This study focused on a moment of weeping in one psychotherapy case. The overall aim was to explore the role of “soft prosody” in psychotherapy interaction—that is, the participants’ use of pauses, a lower volume, slower rhythms, and softer intonation than in the surrounding speech. A mixed-method, micro-analytic perspective was applied to investigate (a) social interaction, including its verbal and nonverbal elements; (2) the participants’ bodily responses, including autonomic nervous system (ANS) measurements; and (3) the participants’ thoughts and feelings during the therapy session, as reported in subsequent individual interviews. Soft prosody was observed to be an important conversational tool. It was used in conveying affiliation and offering therapeutic formulations, and it appeared to contribute both to emotional attunement between the participants and to the therapeutic change that occurred during the interaction under study. Two differing bodily synchronization tendencies in the arousal levels were observed among the participants: (a) a complementary tendency—that is, when the client's arousal increased, the therapist's decreased (occurring during the active therapeutic processing); and (b) a tendency to concurrent decreased arousal in all of the participants.