ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine the links between primary socialization sources and the past year non-medical use of prescription pain relievers among adolescents. Methods The data for the study came from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2016–2019). Specifically, self-reported past year non-medical use of prescription pain relievers, Primary Socialization Theory (PST) constructs, and control measures was used. Results The results from binomial complex survey logistic regression indicated poor parental bonds, poor school bonds, and associating with substance using peers had links with past year non-medical use of prescription pain relievers. Conclusion Further, the results indicated associating with substance using peers had the strongest link with past year non-medical use of prescription pain relievers hypothesized by the theory. The limitations and implications for future research are noted.