Use Of Noninvasive Ventilation In Patients Research Articles

Non-invasive ventilation in the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with palliative care needs: a scoping review

BackgroundPatients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could have palliative care (PC) needs because of unmet needs such as dyspnoea. This may lead to anxiety and may have an impact on patients’ ability to perform daily activities of living. PC can be started when patients with COPD have unmet needs and can be provided alongside disease-modifying therapies. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) could be an important measure to manage dyspnoea in patients with COPD in need of PC. A scoping review was conducted to gain an overview of the existing research and to identify knowledge gaps. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map published studies on the use of NIV in patients with COPD with PC needs, including the perspectives and experiences of patients, families, and healthcare professionals (HCPs).MethodsThis review was conducted following the framework of Arksey and O’Malley. The reporting of the review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. The review protocol was published. AMED, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PEDro, and PsycInfo were searched from inception to November 14, 2022. The included studies had to report the perspectives and experiences of COPD patients, relatives, and HCPs regarding NIV in the care of patients with COPD with PC needs. In pairs, the authors independently assessed studies’ eligibility and extracted data. The data were organised thematically. The results were discussed in a consultation exercise.ResultsThis review included 33 papers from 32 studies. Four thematic groupings were identified: preferences and attitudes towards the use of NIV; patient participation in the decision-making process of NIV treatment; conflicting results on the perceived benefits and burdens of treatment; and heterogenous clinical outcomes in experimental studies. Patients perceived NIV as a ‘life buoy’ to keep them alive. Many patients wanted to take part in the decision-making process regarding NIV treatment but expressed varying degrees of inclusion by HCPs in such decision-making. Conflicting findings were identified regarding the perceived benefits and burdens of NIV treatment. Diversity in heterogeneous clinical outcomes were reported in experimental studies.ConclusionsThere is a need for more studies designed to investigate the effectiveness of NIV as a palliative measure for patients with COPD with PC needs using comprehensive outcomes. It is especially important to gain more knowledge on the experiences of all stakeholders in the use of home-based NIV treatment to these patients.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation assistance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review.

Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and morbidity is related to poor quality of life (QOL). Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may be associated with prolonged survival and QOL in patients with ALS. To assess whether NIV is effective and safe for patients with ALS in terms of survival and QOL, alerting the health system. Systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting standards using population, intervention, comparison, and outcome strategies. The Cochrane Library, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE, and CRD databases were searched based on the eligibility criteria for all types of studies on NIV use in patients with ALS published up to January 2022. Data were extracted from the included studies, and the findings were presented using a narrative synthesis. Of the 120 papers identified, only 14 were related to systematic reviews. After thorough reading, only one meta-analysis was considered eligible. In the second stage, 248 studies were included; however, only one systematic review was included. The results demonstrated that NIV provided relief from the symptoms of chronic hypoventilation, increased survival, and improved QOL compared to standard care. These results varied according to clinical phenotype. NIV in patients with ALS improves the outcome and can delay the indication for tracheostomy, reducing expenditure on hospitalization and occupancy of intensive care unit beds. PROSPERO database: CRD42021279910 - https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=279910.

Evaluation of Frequency and Risk Factors of Barotrauma among Patients with Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia Underwent Non-Invasive Ventilation in Afzalipour Hospital Kerman

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following Covid-19 pneumo-nia is an important complication; using non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is one of the best supportive options available. In the recent Covid-19 pandemic, we have seen a significant increase in baro-trauma incidence following the use of NIV in patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia. We aimed to identify the risk factors of barotrauma in patients with Covid-19 pneumonia under-going NIV. Methods: In this retrospective study, all adult patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia who under-gone NIV and suffered from any form of barotrauma from July to September 2021 in Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran were evaluated. Laboratory tests and NIV machine settings were collected from patients' files. A chi-square test and an independent t-test were used for analytical statistics. Results: Twenty patients with barotrauma secondary to severe Covid-19 pneumonia were enrolled. The most common manifestation of barotrauma was pneumomediastinum in 19 patients (95%). No significant relationship was seen between the occurrence of barotrauma and Laboratory tests. The mean ± SD Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (IPAP) level in passed-away patients (17.8 ± 1.1) was significantly higher than in recovered patients (13.5 ± 0.5) (p = 0.04). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, using a low level of IPAP in the ventilator ma-chine settings of patients with barotrauma secondary to severe Covid-19 pneumonia will reduce the mortality rate.

Home noninvasive ventilation use in patients hospitalized with COPD.

The study objective was to estimate the prevalence of chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure (CHRF) and home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) use in a high-risk population, individuals with a history of at least one COPD-related hospitalizations. We retrospectively analyzed electronic medical record data of patients with at least one COPD-related hospitalization between October 1, 2011, and September 30, 2017, to the Iowa City VA Medical Center. We excluded individuals with no obstructive ventilatory defect. Of 186 patients, the overall prevalence of compensated hypercapnic respiratory failure (CompHRF), defined as PaCO2 > 45 mmHg with a pH =7.35-7.45, was 52.7%, while the overall prevalence of home NIV was 4.3%. The prevalence of CompHRF was 43.6% and home NIV was 1.8% in those with one COPD-related hospitalization. Among those with ≥4 COPD-related hospitalizations, the prevalence of CompHRF was 77.8% (14 of 18), and home NIV was 11.1% (2 of 18). Approximately half of individuals with at least one COPD-related hospitalization have CompHRF, but only 8.2% of those use home NIV. Future studies should estimate CHRF rates and the degree of underutilization of home NIV in larger multicenter samples.

Role of Sedation and Analgesia during Noninvasive Ventilation: Systematic Review of Recent Evidence and Recommendations.

AimThis systematic review aimed to investigate the drugs used and their potential effect on noninvasive ventilation (NIV).BackgroundNIV is used increasingly in acute respiratory failure (ARF). Sedation and analgesia are potentially beneficial in NIV, but they can have a deleterious impact. Proper guidelines to specifically address this issue and the recommendations for or against it are scarce in the literature. In the most recent guidelines published in 2017 by the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS) relating to NIV use in patients having ARF, the well-defined recommendation on the selective use of sedation and analgesia is missing. Nevertheless, some national guidelines suggested using sedation for agitation.MethodsElectronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library) from January 1999 to December 2019 were searched systematically for research articles related to sedation and analgosedation in NIV. A brief review of the existing literature related to sedation and analgesia was also done.Review resultsSixteen articles (five randomized trials) were analyzed. Other trials, guidelines, and reviews published over the last two decades were also discussed. The present review analysis suggests dexmedetomidine as the emerging sedative agent of choice based on the most recent trials because of better efficacy with an improved and predictable cardiorespiratory profile.ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that sedation has a potentially beneficial role in patients at risk of NIV failure due to interface intolerance, anxiety, and pain. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to comment on this issue and formulate strong evidence-based recommendations.How to cite this articleKarim HMR, Šarc I, Calandra C, Spadaro S, Mina B, Ciobanu LD, et al. Role of Sedation and Analgesia during Noninvasive Ventilation: Systematic Review of Recent Evidence and Recommendations. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(8):938–948.

Evaluation of the Effects of Noninvasive Ventilation on Blood Gas and Depression Levels of Patients with Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is associated with increased mechanical load on respiratory system. Here, we aimed to investigate and evaluate the effects of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on physical and mental status of patients with OHS. The current study is an observational study that was performed in 2020 on 50 patients with OHS in Isfahan, Iran. Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were also filled for all patients assessing their depression levels that were confirmed by psychiatrists. PO2 and PCO2 of patients were evaluated using venous blood gas (VBG) before interventions. Patients with a definite diagnosis of OHS and depression entered the study and underwent treatments with NIV. One month after the interventions with NIV, the blood gases of patients were evaluated using VBG and BDI-II, and HADS questionnaires were also filled for all patients, evaluating their depression. The mean age of the subjects was 63.5 ± 13.5. The mean blood oxygen after the use of NIV in patients with OHS increased significantly (P = 0.001). The mean of carbon dioxide after using NIV in patients with OHS decreased significantly (P = 0.001). Based on the BDI-II and HADS scales, the mean score of depression after using NIV decreased significantly (P = 0.001 for both). NIV therapies are associated with improvements in blood oxygen and CO2 of patients with OHS. The levels of depression also decreased after treatments that were confirmed by psychiatrists.

NON-INVASIVE VENTILATION IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RISK OF CONTAMINATION: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Introduction Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be a useful resource to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF), which occurs in patients with COVID-19. However, it is important to consider that there are still no clinical studies that have verified the safety of its use in increase of contamination. Areas covered Given the potential benefits and simultaneous concerns over the use of NIV in patients with COVID-19, further inquiry is necessary to reach a clinical consensus and provide recommendations for safe use, avoiding contamination. In this context, this narrative review, which included articles published in the Embase, SciELO, PEDro, Pubmed and Cochrane up to August 2021, is focused to evaluate available studies related to interfaces, types of circuits, recommended filters, cares for the environment and protective factors for NIV use in patients with COVID-19. Expert Opinion The studies analyzed recommend that the use of NIV can be safe: 1) with equipment that allows the use of the helmet as a safer interface; 2) with double circuit and antimicrobial filter in the expiratory branch; 3) in an environment that allows negative pressure, reducing the dispersion of aerosol particles in the environment; 4) the health team must use the recommended PPE to avoid contamination.

Clinical Outcomes of Noninvasive Ventilation in Asthma, Bronchiectasis, and Other COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) appears to be associated with a significant decrease in frequency of exacerbation, hospital admissions, and mortality in patients with COPD. In this study, we sought to determine clinical outcomes, prevalence, patient profiles and systems characteristics associated with the use of NIV in patients with asthma, bronchiectasis, and other COPD. In this retrospective study, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset was used to evaluate patient characteristics for adult hospitalizations for asthma, bronchiectasis, and other COPD between January 2002 and December 2017. Using the adjusted survey logistic regression model, the association between NIV and in-hospital mortality for asthma, bronchiectasis, and other COPD was ascertained. Other COPD hospitalization prevalence was nearly two times higher among non-Hispanic Black patients compared with non-Hispanic White patients (8.32/1000 vs 4.46/1000). There was a 4.3% average annual decrease in the rates of NIV among hospitalized patients with other COPD during the study period. Furthermore, nonusage of NIV was associated with increased in-hospital mortality for asthma (odds ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-1.57), bronchiectasis (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.69-2.41), and other COPD (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16-1.32), respectively. Inpatient use of NIV has a clear mortality benefit in asthma, bronchiectasis, and COPD. These findings support a signal for potential benefit, particularly among certain populations and warrant further investigation.

Non-invasive respiratory support strategies in COVID-19

Non-invasive respiratory support strategies in COVID-19

Acute effects of noninvasive ventilation on sleep physiology in patients with moderate to severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study

Objective/backgroundChanges in sleep architecture in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) can be explained by a combination of physiological changes in breathing during sleep, with impairment of respiratory mechanics and reduction of arterial oxygenation. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) – compared to spontaneous breathing – on sleep latency and stages, and on the occurrence of sleep-related respiratory events, nocturnal hypoxemia, and changes in heart rate (HR) in patients with moderate to severe stable COPD. Patients/methodsPatients completed two polysomnography (PSG) studies: one during spontaneous breathing and one while receiving NIV in bilevel mode and with backup respiratory rate (RR.) setting. Sleepware G3 software was used for the analysis of PSG and pressure, volume, and ventilator flow curves × time. ResultsParticipants were 10 female patients with a mean age of 68.1 ± 10.2 years. NIV during sleep decreased sleep onset latency (17 ± 18.8 min vs 46.8 ± 39.5 min; p = 0.02), increased REM sleep time (41.2 ± 24.7 min vs 19.7 ± 21.7 min; p = 0.03), and decreased the obstructive apnea index (OAI) (0 vs 8.7 ± 18.8; p = 0.01). Lower mean HR (66.6 ± 4.1 bpm vs 70.6 ± 5.9 bpm; p = 0.03) and lower maximum HR (84.1 ± 7.3 bpm vs 91.6 ± 7.8 bpm; p = 0.03) were observed in PSG with NIV. ConclusionsThe use of NIV in patients with moderate to severe stable COPD while they were sleeping increased REM sleep time and decreased sleep onset latency, the number of obstructive respiratory events, and the mean and maximum HR.

Long-Term Noninvasive Ventilation in Chronic Stable Hypercapnic Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is used for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic hypercapnia. However, evidence for clinical efficacy and optimal management of therapy is limited.Target Audience: Patients with COPD, clinicians who care for them, and policy makers.Methods: We summarized evidence addressing five PICO (patients, intervention, comparator, and outcome) questions. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to evaluate the certainty in evidence and generate actionable recommendations. Recommendations were formulated by a panel of pulmonary and sleep physicians, respiratory therapists, and methodologists using the Evidence-to-Decision framework.Recommendations: 1) We suggest the use of nocturnal NIV in addition to usual care for patients with chronic stable hypercapnic COPD (conditional recommendation, moderate certainty); 2) we suggest that patients with chronic stable hypercapnic COPD undergo screening for obstructive sleep apnea before initiation of long-term NIV (conditional recommendation, very low certainty); 3) we suggest not initiating long-term NIV during an admission for acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, favoring instead reassessment for NIV at 2–4 weeks after resolution (conditional recommendation, low certainty); 4) we suggest not using an in-laboratory overnight polysomnogram to titrate NIV in patients with chronic stable hypercapnic COPD who are initiating NIV (conditional recommendation, very low certainty); and 5) we suggest NIV with targeted normalization of PaCO2 in patients with hypercapnic COPD on long-term NIV (conditional recommendation, low certainty).Conclusions: This expert panel provides evidence-based recommendations addressing the use of NIV in patients with COPD and chronic stable hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Effects of non-invasive ventilation in subjects undergoing cardiac surgery on length of hospital stay and cardiac-pulmonary complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundCardiac surgery often leads to pulmonary complications. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a mechanical ventilation modality that may help to prevent the pulmonary complications, and the role of the prophylactic use of NIV in patients after cardiac surgery remains controversial.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central for randomized controlled trials comparing the use of NIV (continues positive airway pressure or bi-level positive airway pressure) with standard treatment in post-cardiac surgery subjects without language restriction. Two investigators screened the eligible studies up to July, 2019. Meta-analysis using random effect model or fixed effect model was conducted for pulmonary complications, mortality, rate of reintubation and cardiac complications, and mean difference (MD) or standard mean difference for length of hospital stay and length of ICU stay.ResultsWe included nine randomized controlled trails with 830 subjects. The use of NIV failed to reduce the risk of pulmonary complications, including atelectasis [risk rate (RR) 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28 to 1.28, P=0.19] and pneumonia (RR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.05 to 1.64, P=0.16). However, it has shortened the length of ICU stay (MD −1.00 h, 95% CI: −1.38 to −0.63, P<0.00001) and the length of hospital stay (MD −1.00 d, 95% CI: −1.12 to −0.87, P<0.00001). NIV also failed to reduce the rate of reintubation (RR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.21 to 2.26, P=0.53) or the risk of cardiac complications (RR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.13, P=0.22).ConclusionsThe prophylactic use of NIV immediately in post-cardiac subjects who underwent cardiac surgery might be able to shorten the length of hospital stay and the length of ICU stay, but it has no significant effect on pulmonary complications, rate of reintubation or cardiac complications.

Clinical introduction and benefits of non-invasive ventilation for above C3 cervical spinal cord injury

Study design: Retrospective study. Objectives: To determine the best time to introduce non-invasive ventilation (NIV), clinical effectiveness of NIV, and complications of long-term use of NIV in patients with high-level cervical spinal cord injuries (CSCI). Setting: Public Hospital, Japan. Methods: The subjects were 14 tracheostomy ventilator-dependent patients, with above C3 spinal lesions, and American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment Scale A (ASIA A). They were referred to our clinic between 2005 and 2010 for switching mechanical ventilation support system from tracheostomy ventilation to NIV. Respiratory function tests were measured before and after NIV. Patients who were successfully switched to NIV were interviewed two years later and asked about their health and social status. Results: Eleven patients were successfully switched to NIV. The success rate of switching to NIV within 1 year was also high (P < 0.05). NIV improved the vital capacity of C2 ASIA A and C1 ASIA A patients with adequate respiratory accessory muscle strength sufficient to expand the chest wall. The time on ventilator-free spontaneous breathing increased or did not deteriorate after NIV. Three C1 ASIA A patients with insufficient muscle strength to expand the thorax mastered glossopharyngeal breathing and enjoyed a short ventilator-free time. All patients who were successfully switched to NIV lived in the community. Two patients developed minor complications after discharge and two died later for unrelated causes. Conclusion: Ventilator-dependent patients should be switched to NIV within 1 year of injury. Long-term NIV can improve respiratory function and clinical outcome.

Non-invasive ventilation in palliative care: a systematic review

An ageing population and steady increase in the rates of neoplasms and chronic degenerative diseases poses a challenge for societies and their healthcare systems. Because of the recent and continued advances in therapies, such as the development and widespread use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), survival rates have increased for these pathologies. For patients with end-stage chronic respiratory diseases, the use of NIV following the onset of acute or severe chronic respiratory failure is a valid option when intubation has been excluded. The following electronic databases were searched from their inception to January 2000 to December 2017: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAIL, CENTRAL (Cochrane Central register of Controlled Trials), DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal Club database. The available evidence strongly supports the use of NIV in patients presenting with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well end-stage neuromuscular disease. Few studies support the use of NIV in end-stage interstitial lung disease and in morbid obesity patients. In patients with cancer has been recommend offering NIV as palliative care to improve dyspnea. The decision regarding the treatment should be made by the patient, ideally before reaching the terminal stage and after having a frank dialogue with healthcare professionals and family members.

Variation in noninvasive ventilation use in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

We sought to examine prevalence and predictors of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in a composite cohort of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) followed in a clinical trials setting (Pooled Resource Open-Access ALS Clinical Trials database). NIV initiation and status were ascertained from response to question 12 of the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). Factors affecting NIV use in patients with forced vital capacity (FVC) ≤50% of predicted were examined. Predictors of NIV were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard models and generalized linear mixed models. Among 1,784 patients with 8,417 simultaneous ALSFRS-R and FVC% measures, NIV was used by 604 (33.9%). Of 918 encounters when FVC% ≤50%, NIV was reported in 482 (52.5%). Independent predictors of NIV initiation were lower FVC% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.37 for 10% drop), dyspnea (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.87-3.69), orthopnea (HR 4.09, 95% CI 3.02-5.55), lower bulbar and gross motor subscores of ALSFRS-R (HRs 1.09 [95% CI 1.03-1.14] and 1.13 [95% CI 1.07-1.20], respectively, per point), and male sex (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.31-2.28). Adjusted for other variables, bulbar onset did not significantly influence time to NIV (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.47-1.08). Considerable unexplained variability in NIV use was found. NIV use was lower than expected in this ALS cohort that was likely to be optimally managed. Absence of respiratory symptoms and female sex may be barriers to NIV use. Prospective exploration of factors affecting adoption of NIV may help bridge this gap and improve care in ALS.

EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF NONINVASIVE VENTILATION IN CANCER PATIENTS AFTER LOBECTOMY

With the appearance of the modern devices for noninvasive ventilation (NIAVL) in our country, the interest to this issue has increased even more, because the use of a simple, atraumatic method of ventilation allows to avoid intubation and of invasive mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube with their complications for some patients. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness and indications for the use of noninvasive ventilation in cancer patients which underwent surgical operations on the thoracic organs. Since 2013, 34 patients who underwent surgical treatment on the thoracic organs have been examined. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group included patients (n = 24), which received noninvasive lung ventilation (NIAVL) in the early postoperative period. The second group consisted of patients (n = 10) that were treated according to the local protocol. The use of NIAVL in patients that were operated on the chest organs proved to be effective as it improved hemodynamics and blood gases balance and it can prevent the development of respiratory failure.

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has a well-‑established role in the treatment of acute-‑on-‑chronic respiratory failure and cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Its role in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure has been increasingly investigated, but its impact on the management and outcome of the subset of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still to be determined. ARDS could be a risk factor for NIV failure, and in these patients, delayed endotracheal intubation can lead to an increased mortality. On the other hand, in a subset of patients with ARDS, endotracheal intubation can be avoided when NIV is applied. This review summarizes the current practice of NIV use in patients with ARDS and underlines the importance of proper patient selection before an NIV trial as well as criteria that should be used to predict failure early enough. A brief overview of high-‑flow nasal cannula is also provided. The use of NIV in ARDS is still debated, and it is important to be aware of the potential limitations and pitfalls of this treatment, which, when properly applied, could reduce the incidence of endotracheal intubation.

Favorable Outcomes in Blunt Chest Injury with Noninvasive Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation

Recent clinical research in patients with blunt chest injury has focused on the benefits of surgical fixation of rib fractures. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been demonstrated to prevent the need for intubation and ventilation in posttraumatic respiratory failure. The preemptive use of NIV in patients with rib fractures has not been extensively studied. Our study evaluated the outcomes of patients with ≥3 rib fractures and hospitalized for ≥ 4 days. Seventy-one patients treated with NIV were compared with 270 patients without NIV. NIV patients were older (65.8 vs 56.5 years) had more rib fractures (6.25 vs 5.32) and a higher body mass index (31 vs 27.8) than the comparison group, P < 0.05, but did not have an increased mortality or incidence of respiratory failure. NIV patients did have a statistically significant increase in length of stay compared to control (12.8 vs 8.8, P < 0.05). In the total sample, worse clinical outcomes were associated with older age, increased number of and bilateral rib fractures, higher Injury Severity Score, lower Glasgow Coma Scale, and higher body mass index. Outcomes in the most severely injured group of patients treated with NIV were comparable to other studies using surgical fixation of rib fractures and epidural pain control.

Noninvasive Ventilation of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Insights from the LUNG SAFE Study.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The evidence supporting NIV use in patients with ARDS remains relatively sparse. To determine whether, during NIV, the categorization of ARDS severity based on the PaO2/FiO2 Berlin criteria is useful. The LUNG SAFE (Large Observational Study to Understand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Failure) study described the management of patients with ARDS. This substudy examines the current practice of NIV use in ARDS, the utility of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in classifying patients receiving NIV, and the impact of NIV on outcome. Of 2,813 patients with ARDS, 436 (15.5%) were managed with NIV on Days 1 and 2 following fulfillment of diagnostic criteria. Classification of ARDS severity based on PaO2/FiO2 ratio was associated with an increase in intensity of ventilatory support, NIV failure, and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality. NIV failure occurred in 22.2% of mild, 42.3% of moderate, and 47.1% of patients with severe ARDS. Hospital mortality in patients with NIV success and failure was 16.1% and 45.4%, respectively. NIV use was independently associated with increased ICU (hazard ratio, 1.446 [95% confidence interval, 1.159-1.805]), but not hospital, mortality. In a propensity matched analysis, ICU mortality was higher in NIV than invasively ventilated patients with a PaO2/FiO2 lower than 150 mm Hg. NIV was used in 15% of patients with ARDS, irrespective of severity category. NIV seems to be associated with higher ICU mortality in patients with a PaO2/FiO2 lower than 150 mm Hg. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02010073).

Noninvasive ventilation in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) of lungs during the last two decades significantly improved the results of management of severe COPD patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure during both periods of exacerbation and stability. At present, NIV is considered to be the first-line therapy for acute exacerbation of COPD with hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. This method of airway support turned out to be effective in patients after extubation both for the relief of excommunication from a respirator and for prophylaxis and treatment of postextubation respiratory failure. NIV was proven to be successful in patients with a combination of COPD and obstructive sleep apnea (overlap syndrome), in COPD with pneumonia and in postoperative COPD patients who have undergone lung resectional surgery. The efficacy of NIV under intensive care and intensive therapy unit conditions has stimulated the interest to the use of mask ventilation in hospitals and out-patient departments (for a prolonged domestic therapy). This article presents a review of NIV use in patients with COPD during both periods of exacerbation and stability.