Use Of Nonprobability Sampling Research Articles

Relationship Between Nutrition Status, Growth And Development For Children Aged 15 Years At Railaco Health Center, Ermera Municipality, Timor-Leste 2023

1-5 year children as an investiment for a nation, because they are the new generations for a nation. The quality of the nation in the hands of infants because the infants as a human resource that harm now implements with the systematic and continues to increase growth and development for infants in pre-school ages to be optimal through the state of nutrition with quality and certain (Judanwanto, 2019). This research wanted to identify a relationship between the nutrition state and the development growth for children in the preschool period in Health Center Railaco, Ermera municipality, Timor-Leste. To identify a relationship between nutritional state and growth and development for children in the pre-school period in Health Center Railaco, Ermera municipality, Timor-Leste. in this research they use the quantitative method in the approach with cross sectional approach in the techical use of non probability sampling with the type of accidental sampling. the result of research for 65,8% of children with moderate nutritional status and 34,2% good. And there is 59,1% moderate growth and 40,9% are good. And there is 63,8% moderate development and 36,2% are good. The result of the statistic using the Chi Square test between the nutritional status and the growth and development, it identifies p value= 0,000 0r p=< 0,05

Lifetime Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Post-Concussive Symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is prevalent among active duty military service members, with studies reporting up to 23% experiencing at least one TBI, with 10-60% of service members reporting at least one subsequent repeat TBI. A TBI has been associated with an increased risk of cumulative effects and long-term neurobehavioral symptoms, impacting operational readiness in the short-term and overall health in the long term. The association between multiple TBI and post-concussive symptoms (PCS), however, defined as symptoms that follow a concussion or TBI, in the military has not been adequately examined. Previous studies in military populations are limited by methodological issues including small sample sizes, the use of non-probability sampling, or failure to include the total number of TBI. To overcome these limitations, we examined the association between the total lifetime number of TBI and total number of PCS among U.S. active duty military service members who participated in the Millennium Cohort Study. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the Millennium Cohort Study's 2014 survey (n = 28,263) responses on self-reported TBI and PCS (e.g., fatigue, restlessness, sleep disturbances, poor concentration, or memory loss). Zero-inflated negative binomial models calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the unadjusted and adjusted associations between lifetime TBIs and PCS. A third of military participants reported experiencing one or more TBIs during their lifetime with 72% reporting at least one PCS. As the mean number of PCS increased, mean lifetime TBIs increased. The mean number of PCS by those with four or more TBI (4.63) was more than twice that of those with no lifetime TBI (2.28). One, two, three, and four or more TBI had 1.10 (95% CI: 1.06-1.15), 1.19 (95% CI: 1.14-1.25), 1.23 (95% CI: 1.17-1.30), and 1.30 times (95% CI: 1.24-1.37) higher prevalence of PCS, respectively. The prevalence of PCS was 2.4 (95% CI: 2.32-2.48) times higher in those with post-traumatic stress disorder than their counterparts. Active duty military service members with a history of TBI are more likely to have PCS than those with no history of TBI. These results suggest an elevated prevalence of PCS as the number of TBI increased. This highlights the need for robust, longitudinal studies that can establish a temporal relationship between repetitive TBI and incidence of PCS. These findings have practical relevance for designing both workplace safety prevention measures and treatment options regarding the effect on and from TBI among military personnel.

Scoping review of the methodology of large health surveys conducted in Spain early on in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The use of health surveys has been key in the scientific community to promptly communicate results about the health impact of COVID-19. But what information was collected, where, when and how, and who was the study population? To describe the methodological characteristics used in large health surveys conducted in Spain early on in the COVID-19 pandemic. Scoping review. Inclusion criteria: observational studies published between January 2020 and December 2021, with sample sizes of over 2,000 persons resident in Spain. Databases consulted: PubMed, CINAHL, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en CC de la Salud, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Dialnet and Web of Science Core Collection. We analyzed the characteristics of the literature references, methodologies and information gathered in the surveys selected. Fifty five studies were included. Sixty percentage of the studies included had mental health as their main topic and 75% were conducted on the general adult population. Thirteen percentage had a longitudinal design, 93% used the internet to gather information and the same percentage used non-probability sampling. Thirty percentage made some type of sampling correction to reduce coverage or non-response biases, but not selection biases. Sixty seven percentage did not state the availability of their data. Consistent with the extensive use of non-probability sampling without any bias correction in the extraordinary setting created by COVID-19, quality population frameworks are required so that probability and representative samples can be extracted quickly to promptly address other health crises, as well as to reduce potential coverage, non-response and particularly selection biases by utilizing reweighting techniques. The low data accessibility despite the huge opportunity that COVID-19 provided for Open Science-based research is striking.

Analysis of the Effect of Work Meaning and Work Totality on Work-Life Balance of Female Workers in Capital Cities in Indonesia

This research aims to elucidate the impact of the entirety of employment and the significance of employment on the equilibrium between work and personal life in female employees. The participants in this study consist of 300 married, full-time female employees in various major cities in Indonesia. For this investigation, a quantitative methodology is used. Through the usage of the Google Form link, data is indirectly collected online. Through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), each measuring device's concept validity is examined using the Lisrel 8.70. Multiple regression analysis methods are used with SPSS's assistance to test the study hypothesis. The purposive sampling method makes use of non-probability sampling. The study's results show that the combined impact of work significance (genuineness, self-efficacy, self-worth, purpose, belongingness, transcendence, culture, and interpersonal understanding) and work entirety (enthusiasm, dedication, and flexibility) on work-life balance exceeds 50%. Commitment, sincerity, and self-efficacy are the factors that have a substantial impact on work-life balance.

Probability vs. Nonprobability Sampling: From the Birth of Survey Sampling to the Present Day

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an active debate about random selection of units versus purposive selection of groups of units for survey samples. Neyman’s (1934) paper tilted the balance strongly towards varieties of probability sampling combined with design-based inference, and most national statistical offices have adopted this method for their major surveys. However, nonprobability sampling has remained in widespread use in many areas of application, and over time there have been challenges to the Neyman paradigm. In recent years, the balance has tilted towards greater use of nonprobability sampling for several reasons, including: the growing imperfections and costs in applying probability sample designs; the emergence of the internet and other sources for obtaining survey data from very large samples at low cost and at high speed; and the current ability to apply advanced methods for calibrating nonprobability samples to conform to external population controls. This paper presents an overview of the history of the use of probability and nonprobability sampling from the birth of survey sampling at the time of A. N. Kiær (1895) to the present day.

Do Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients Have more Severe Metabolic Syndrome

Background and goal: Alcohol-unrelated fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent type of chronic liver disease (CLD) that is rapidly spreading around the world. The study's primary goal is to evaluate the severity of metabolic syndrome in people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Materials and methods: From January to July 2019, Shalimar Medical and Dental College in Lahore, Pakistan, conducted this cross-sectional study. Through the use of non-probability sampling, the data was gathered. 100 patients with hepatic cirrhosis provided the data. The participants in this study ranged in age from 20 to 60. For the serum examination of liver enzymes, blood was drawn. Results: A correlation between the severity of the metabolic syndrome and NAFLD was found in this study, which included data from 100 individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD. The patients were 45.67 3.56 years old on average. Compared to the normal control (11,3.42), the ALT levels in the patients were 258.291.73, 79.6628.63, and 50.73 8.4 correspondingly. Patients with cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, and viral hepatitis all had considerably higher aspartate aminotransferase levels. The significant frequency elevated aminotransferases and of NAFLD in IR-obese adolescents, as well as the potential consequences for their health, are concluded. The strong connections between NAFLD and MetS encourage the screening for additional MetS co-morbidities.

Professional Help-Seeking in Men Experiencing Sexual Problems – The Role of Sexual Identity and Minority Stress

Only a minority of men experiencing sexual problems will seek professional help and the proportion of gay or bisexual men can be even lower. To investigate if sexual identity and minority stress are related to professional help-seeking in Polish gay and bisexual men. Sexual identity was measured with the standard question: "Do you consider yourself to be heterosexual, gay, or bisexual?" Men who provided a complete set of answers to the study tools and replied "yes" to the question: "Have you ever had a problem with sexual functioning that lasted at least several months?" were included (Ntotal =644, Nstraight = 203, Ngay = 324, Nbi = 117). A simple question on help-seeking was: "Did you seek professional assistance then?" Other data were gathered with the use of a self-constructed questionnaire. Minority stress processes, that is, internalized homophobia, expectations of rejection, and identity concealment, were measured with the subscales of the Sexual Minority Stress Scale.Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to test the statistical significance of sexual identity and minority stress processes as predictors of professional help-seeking. Contacting a specialist when experiencing a sexual problem. A total of 84.5% of all men did not seek professional help. Gay identity (OR = 0.58, P = .045), as opposed to bisexual identity, was significantly related to reduced odds of consulting a specialist. Age (OR = 1.03, P = .005), number of doctor's visits per year (OR = 1.51, P < .001), and a psychiatric diagnosis (OR = 1.65, P = .043) were positively related to help-seeking behaviors. Identity concealment significantly decreased the likelihood of consulting a specialist (OR = 0.94, P = .017). Specialists need to be aware that gay identity and identity concealment may prevent a proportion of men from seeking their help and thus should be publicly explicit about their inclusive and nonpathologizing approach to sexual diversity. The major strengths of the study include the use of a relatively large sample size and data from the little recognized Polish context characterized by a predominantly hostile anti-LGBT social climate, and exploration of a neglected topic of substantial significance at the public and individual levels. The major limitations are the use of nonprobability sampling, cross-sectional self-report design, and a single question to capture the presence of sexual problems with no measurement of associated distress. Gay men are at risk of avoiding help-seeking when experiencing sexual problems because of identity concealment.

A Review of Nonprobability Sampling Using Mobile Apps for Fishing Effort and Catch Surveys

AbstractTechnology and computational advancements have caused us to rethink data collection and sampling methods that have been the standard for gathering information to guide policy decisions. The availability of new technology such as mobile apps has made using nonprobability samples more attractive because of the speed and low expense that are associated with this approach. We review how the use of nonprobability sampling using mobile apps affects the quality of inferences in fishing effort and catch surveys. We present an approach for evaluating the potential biases that arise from both probability and nonprobability sampling methods. The approach shows that well‐conducted probability samples have major advantages compared with nonprobability samples. We conclude that the application of nonprobability sampling for fishing surveys faces serious challenges and should prove that it is fit for use before being adopted more widely.

Model-assisted SCAD calibration for non-probability samples

Increasing costs and non-response rates of probability samples have provoked the extensive use of non-probability samples. However, non-probability samples are subject to selection bias, resulting in difficulty for inference. Calibration is a popular method to reduce selection bias in non-probability samples. When rich covariate information is available, a key problem is how to select covariates and estimate parameters in calibration for non-probability samples. In this paper, the model-assisted SCAD calibration is proposed to make population inference from non-probability samples. A parametric model between the study variable and covariates is first established. SCAD is then used to estimate the model parameters based on non-probability samples. The modified forward Kullback–Leibler distance is lastly explored to conduct calibration for non-probability samples based on the estimated parametric model. The theoretical properties of the model-assisted SCAD calibration estimator are further derived. Results from simulation studies show that the model-assisted SCAD calibration estimator yields the smallest bias and mean square error compared with other estimators. Also, a real data from the 2017 Netizen Social Awareness Survey (NSAS) is used to demonstrate the proposed methodology.

The Effect of Store Image on Store Loyalty Mediated by Customer Satisfaction and Trust

Purpose: This study aims to identify the influence of store image on store loyalty in the context of the Bangladesh retail market. It also observes the mediating roles of trust and customer satisfaction on store image and store loyalty. Methods: This is a quantitative cross-sectional study based on survey data. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The study used a non-probability, convenience sampling technique. Responses from 534 supermarket shoppers were included for analysis. Partial Least Square (PLS) based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Results: The results revealed that the store image has a direct relationship with store loyalty. The study also validates an indirect relationship between store image and store loyalty via customer satisfaction and trust. Implications: This paper contributes to the theoretical and practical knowledge to formulate effective retail marketing strategies which may affect customer loyalty. The results of the study also have a contribution to the overall development of the retailing industry of Bangladesh. Originality: This study envisioned a unique model considering the multi-dimensional hierarchical concept of store image and customer loyalty. Additionally, this study validated the intervening role of trust between store image and store loyalty which is a pioneering attempt in this regard. Limitations: The study would have been made more effective if other variables like service quality, store choice, purchase intention, store reputation affecting store loyalty, etc. were also included. In addition, the use of non-probability sampling (convenience sampling) also restricts the generalizability of the findings.

Health and economic imperatives for households in the context of the anti-Covid-19 strategy in Cameroon. The case of Yaounde

Purpose This paper aims to explore the responses of households in the informal economic sector to the Cameroon Government strategy against Covid-19 in Yaounde, Cameroon between March and May 2020. Design/methodology/approach Given the recency of Covid-19, the exploratory design was used to collect and analyse information for the study. Empirical data was obtained through personal observations and questionnaires, whereas grey data were sourced from official sources in government and international agencies in Yaounde. The mode of the ordinal data generated from the questionnaire was used to characterise the attitudes of respondents to quarantine measures and bar charts were used to illustrate the distribution of responses. Findings The government’s strategy against Covid-19 was largely ignored in Yaounde between March and May 2020 because of the influence of the predominantly informal economy on household’s ability to allocate scarce resources between the competing needs of protecting their health on the one hand, and their livelihoods on the other hand. Poor households had to walk a difficult line between shutting down their businesses to protect their health or risking Covid-19 infections to protect their livelihoods. Over 53.1% of respondents thought quarantine measures were unsuccessful as over 63% ignored them. Quarantining and Social distancing were also difficult in informal settlements because of structural congestion. Research limitations/implications Perhaps, the greatest limitation of this study was the use of non-probability sampling. As such, sampling error could not be estimated, blurring the ability to ascertain the degree of similarity between the sample and the study population. This made sample generalisability difficult. Practical implications There are short-term and long-term policy implications of these findings. Basic comprehensive measures including food and water distribution, as well as rent holidays, must be implemented in informal neighbourhoods to ensure more successful quarantines in future pandemics. In the long run, investments in urban social housing must be carried out to reduce slums, an ever-present risk factor in the rapid propagation of infections. Originality/value The originality of this study is first, in its level of analysis which is the household. By measuring household responses to quarantine measures within defined neighbourhoods, the study deviates from most that have adopted a theoretical approach and conducted analysis at country or regional levels. Few studies have attempted to investigate the failure of quarantine measures against Covid-19 from the viewpoint of the occupational characteristics of the populations involved.

Global seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Many studies report the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. We aimed to synthesize seroprevalence data to better estimate the level and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection, identify high-risk groups, and inform public health decision making. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched publication databases, preprint servers, and grey literature sources for seroepidemiological study reports, from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. We included studies that reported a sample size, study date, location, and seroprevalence estimate. We corrected estimates for imperfect test accuracy with Bayesian measurement error models, conducted meta-analysis to identify demographic differences in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and meta-regression to identify study-level factors associated with seroprevalence. We compared region-specific seroprevalence data to confirmed cumulative incidence. PROSPERO: CRD42020183634. We identified 968 seroprevalence studies including 9.3 million participants in 74 countries. There were 472 studies (49%) at low or moderate risk of bias. Seroprevalence was low in the general population (median 4.5%, IQR 2.4-8.4%); however, it varied widely in specific populations from low (0.6% perinatal) to high (59% persons in assisted living and long-term care facilities). Median seroprevalence also varied by Global Burden of Disease region, from 0.6% in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Oceania to 19.5% in Sub-Saharan Africa (p<0.001). National studies had lower seroprevalence estimates than regional and local studies (p<0.001). Compared to Caucasian persons, Black persons (prevalence ratio [RR] 3.37, 95% CI 2.64-4.29), Asian persons (RR 2.47, 95% CI 1.96-3.11), Indigenous persons (RR 5.47, 95% CI 1.01-32.6), and multi-racial persons (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.60-2.24) were more likely to be seropositive. Seroprevalence was higher among people ages 18-64 compared to 65 and over (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.45). Health care workers in contact with infected persons had a 2.10 times (95% CI 1.28-3.44) higher risk compared to health care workers without known contact. There was no difference in seroprevalence between sex groups. Seroprevalence estimates from national studies were a median 18.1 times (IQR 5.9-38.7) higher than the corresponding SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, but there was large variation between Global Burden of Disease regions from 6.7 in South Asia to 602.5 in Sub-Saharan Africa. Notable methodological limitations of serosurveys included absent reporting of test information, no statistical correction for demographics or test sensitivity and specificity, use of non-probability sampling and use of non-representative sample frames. Most of the population remains susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Public health measures must be improved to protect disproportionately affected groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, until vaccine-derived herd immunity is achieved. Improvements in serosurvey design and reporting are needed for ongoing monitoring of infection prevalence and the pandemic response.

Positive, Negative or Both? Assessing Emotional Appeals Effectiveness in Anti-Drink Driving Advertisements

Background: The use of advertising to influence social behavior is one element of social marketing campaigns. While it is known that informational appeals are less effective in changing social perceptions and behaviors, the literature presents mixed and inconsistent results of which appeal (i.e. positive negative or both) is more effective in changing social behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of positive, negative and a combination of both appeals on young adults’ drink driving perceptions. Focus: This article is related to research and evaluation of the social marketing field. Research Question: Which, if any, of positive, negative or combination of both emotional appeals, is most effective in changing young adults’ drink driving attitudes, norms and intentions and how well do intentions explain behavior? Importance to the Field: The study builds on, and extends previous research exploring the effectiveness of emotional appeals, contributing to the literature by exploring both emotional appeals along the testing of each appeal separately. The research also validates the TRA’s utility beyond previously explored contexts. At a practical level, the research informs the work of advertising message design. It is recommended that, social marketers consider combined emotional appeals approach when designing messages. Methods: Respondents were randomly exposed to one of three emotional appeals (positive, negative or both) and asked to complete a questionnaire about their attitudes, norms and intentions to drink drive before and after exposure. Two analyses were used, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to validate the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), and paired sample t-tests to assess change of perceptions over time between the three groups. Results: First the study found the TRA to have a strong predictive utility in explaining drink driving intentions. Second, the combination of both positive and negative emotional appeals was found more effective in changing drink driving attitudes, norms and intentions of young adults. Recommendations for Research or Practice: The study recommends that, social marketers consider combined emotional appeals approach when designing messages. However, further investigation is required to confirm this recommendation and as in any campaign, pre-testing the advertisements with the target audience is a must. Limitations: The key limitations of the study include the use of non-probability sampling, self-reported data, and varied exposure times. Future research should utilize autonomic measures to accurately assess perceptions and emotions as well as unifying the time of exposure for all emotional appeals.

The Association Between Health Literacy and Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Behaviors: Findings From the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Health literacy has been linked to breast and cervical cancer screening, with inconsistent findings, which may result from the use of nonprobability sampling and a health literacy instrument that measures a subset of health literacy. The aim of this study was to examine the association between health literacy and breast and cervical cancer screening using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) that uses a nationally representative U.S. probability sample. This cross-sectional, correlational study used national-level data from the 2016 BRFSS for women eligible for breast (N = 44,241) and cervical (N = 38,956) cancer screening per the American Cancer Society guidelines. A health literacy survey consisted of three items: oral (asking for medical advice), listening (understanding information that providers offer), and written (understanding printed health information) literacy. We extracted data regarding age, race/ethnicity, income, marital status, education, employment, insurance, and access to providers. Analyses were weighted using the complex survey design and multiple logistic regressions were used to test for the associations between health literacy and cancer screening after controlling for sociodemographic and healthcare system factors. Oral and listening literacies were contributing factors to up-to-date breast cancer screening (p = .002, p < .001, respectively). The association ceased to be significant in the presence of all three literacy items in one model. Oral and listening literacies were also associated with cervical cancer screening (p < .001, p = .005, respectively), but only oral literacy maintained significance in the presence of listening and written literacy items. Oral and listening literacies are contributing factors to lifetime breast cancer screening and up-to-date cervical cancer screening. Providers should create an atmosphere of effective patient-provider communication and informed decision-making by reducing health literacy demands in the medical encounter.

Calibrating Non-Probability Surveys to Estimated Control Totals Using LASSO, with An Application to Political Polling

SummaryDeclining response rates and increasing costs have led to greater use of non-probability samples in election polling. But non-probability samples may suffer from selection bias due to differential access, degrees of interest and other factors. Here we estimate voting preference for 19 elections in the US 2014 midterm elections by using large non-probability surveys obtained from SurveyMonkey users, calibrated to estimated control totals using model-assisted calibration combined with adaptive LASSO regression, or the estimated controlled LASSO, ECLASSO. Comparing the bias and root-mean-square error of ECLASSO with traditional calibration methods shows that ECLASSO can be a powerful method for adjusting non-probability surveys even when only a small sample is available from a probability survey. The methodology proposed has potentially broad application across social science and health research, as response rates for probability samples decline and access to non-probability samples increases.

New data strategies: nonprobability sampling, mobile, big data

PurposeResearchers now have more ways than ever before to capture information about groups of interest. In many areas, these are augmenting traditional survey approaches – in others, new methods are potential replacements. This paper aims to explore three key trends: use of nonprobability samples, mobile data collection and administrative and “big data.”Design/methodology/approachInsights and lessons learned about these emerging trends are drawn from recent published articles and relevant scientific conference papers.FindingsEach new trend has its own timeline in terms of methodological maturity. While mobile technologies for data capture are being rapidly adopted, particularly the use of internet-based surveys conducted on mobile devices, nonprobability sampling methods remain rare in most government research. Resource and quality pressures combined with the intensive research focus on new sampling methods, are, however, making nonprobability sampling a more attractive option. Finally, exploration of “big data” is becoming more common, although there are still many challenges to overcome – methodological, quality and access – before such data are used routinely.Originality/valueThis paper provides a timely review of recent developments in the field of data collection strategies, drawing on numerous current studies and practical applications in the field.

Apples to Oranges or Gala versus Golden Delicious?

Nonprobability samples have gained mass popularity and use in many research circles, including market research and some political research. One justification for the use of nonprobability samples is that low response rate probability surveys have nothing significant to offer over and above a “well built” nonprobability sample. Utilizing an elemental approach, we compare a range of samples, weighting, and modeling procedures in an analysis that evaluates the estimated bias of various cross-tabulations of core demographics. Specifically, we compare a battery of bias related metrics for nonprobability panels, dual-frame telephone samples, and a high-quality in-person sample. Results indicate that there is roughly a linear trend, with nonprobability samples attaining the greatest estimated bias, and the in-person sample, the lowest. Results also indicate that the bias estimates vary widely for the nonprobability samples compared to either the telephone or in-person samples, which themselves tend to have consistently smaller amounts of estimated bias. Specifically, both weighted and unweighted dual-frame telephone samples were found to have about half the estimated bias compared to analogous nonprobability samples. Advanced techniques such as propensity weighting and sample matching did not improve these measures, and in some cases made matters worse. Implications for “fit for purpose” in survey research are discussed given these findings.

Effective Sampling From Social Media Sites and Search Engines for Web Surveys

With proliferation of web surveys, the relative affordability of recruitment, and increasing nonresponse in other survey modes, nonprobability methods are increasingly being considered by researchers and government offices alike. However, research needs to more fully understand how the demographic characteristics of respondents may depend heavily on the source of sample, mode of recruitment, and context of the survey experience. As a first step in exploring the potential implications of recruitment source on response quality, we use data from a web survey fielded in 2013 to compare data quality indicators in survey data from the two recruitment platforms (Google and Facebook advertisements). In so doing, taking into account demographic differences that may arise from various steps in the recruitment process, we explore the effect of demographics, device and technology usage, incentives, and recruitment platform on data quality and response strategy. Our results show differences between platforms in comparability to national benchmarks, breakoffs, completion time, nonsubstantive answers, and numeric response strategies. Importantly, some variation in substantive responses was explained by demographic differences related to mobile device usage, which varied by recruitment platform. With the use of nonprobability samples on the rise, future work should build from these results to more directly assess the role of recruitment source in data quality.

Best practice in entrepreneurship education

This study identifies and discovers best practices in entrepreneurship education from highly-ranked universities and business schools globally. The study has been qualitative in nature, utilizing semi-structured interviews with 23 respondents at 12 higher education institutions. The study has made use of non-probability sampling by means of a convenience sampling approach. Data have been analyzed by means of thematic analysis. Results indicate that best practices in entrepreneurship education include little to no specialization at undergraduate level, with a strong preference for generic and widely applicable entrepreneurship modules. Individual entrepreneurship-related modules contain distinct individual themes. These modules are most commonly structured as electives, thereby allowing students to structure their courses according to areas of personal preference. At postgraduate level, it has been discovered that programs are often specialized in entrepreneurship and highly interdisciplinary in nature, most commonly with areas of specialization such as engineering and other sciences. Practical assignment and teaching tend to be favored in entrepreneurial teaching, rather than traditional classroom-based approaches. Entrepreneurship hubs and centers are mainly independent units loosely linked to a prominent university, with independent mandates and processes. The best practices identified in this study will assist universities and business schools to effectively structure entrepreneurship curriculums in line with global best practices. Keywords: entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, higher education. JEL Classification: A23, I23

Essay: Sunday shopping - The case of three surveys

There is a growing discussion about the use of non-probability sampling in survey research. Probability sampling is the preferred method of sample selection, but practical problems like reduced data collection budgets, increasing nonresponse rates, and lack of adequate sampling frames force researchers to use different sampling methods. Particularly, online surveys based on self-selection of respondents have become very popular. Some say that use of such alternative sampling methods is not without risks as often proper inference from sample to population is not possible. Others say that non-probability sampling can produce satisfactory estimates provided effective correction techniques are applied. To obtain more insight in various sample selection methods, it would be nice to be able to compare them in practical situations. This paper describes a case in which three different surveys were carried out on the same topic, at the same time, and with the same questionnaire, but with different sample selection methods: an online panel based on probability sampling, an online survey based on self-selection, and a face-to-face survey in shopping centers. The results of these three polls differ substantially. This is a warning to be careful when choosing a sample selection method.