Use Of Narcotic Substances Research Articles

INDICES OF THE CAPILLARY DIAMETER IN NORMAL RETINA AT DIFFERENT TERMS OF EXPERIMENTAL OPIOID INFLUENCE AND IN THE SUBCHRONIC AND CHRONIC PERIODS OF THEIR CORRECTION

In Ukraine, according to the latest biobehavioral research, the estimated number of people who inject drugs was 317000 people (on the controlled territory of Ukraine), of which 200661 people (63.3% of the total number) use only opioids, 38674 people use stimulants (12.2% of the total number), 77665 people practiced mixed use of narcotic substances (24.5%). Increasingly, doctors of various specialties face the problem of treating various nosologies in people with opioid addiction. It dramatically complicates the process of correcting the main pathology due to the consequences arising from the chronic use of opioid drugs. One of these factors is the long-term use of opioid analgesics for therapeutic purposes, as well as the use of opioid drugs without medical indications by people belonging to the category of drug addicts. At present, the issue of structural reorganization in the layers of the retina and links of its hemomicrocirculatory bed during long-term use of opioid drugs and the possibility of correcting the resulting changes in the subchronic and chronic periods of experimental opioid exposure remains unclear. That is why we decided to supplement, expand and deepen information about these processes by conducting our own research in this direction.The purpose of the study is to find out the dynamics of changes in the diameter of the capillary link of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the retina at different times of experimental opioid exposure and to establish the possibility of correcting these changes in the subchronic and chronic periods. Material and methods. The research material was sexually mature, outbred, white male rats, in number 125 animals weighing 160-270 g, aged 4.5-7.5 months. The initial dose of nalbuphine during the first 2 weeks was 0.212 mg/kg, the next 2 weeks (III-IV weeks) – 0.225 mg/kg, the next (V-VI weeks) – 0.252 mg/kg, the next (VII-VIII weeks ) – 0.260 mg/kg, the next (IX – X weeks) – 0.283 mg/kg, the next (XI – XII weeks) – 0.3 mg/kg, and during (XIII – XIV weeks) – 0.45 mg/ kg Correction was carried out in the early and late periods of opioid exposure, where the dose of pentoxifylline was 2.857 mg/kg. The morphometric study of the diameter of retinal capillaries in normal conditions at different times of experimental opioid exposure and during correction was performed using histological preparations according to generally accepted methods.Research results. With the help of our statistical analysis of the capillary component of the retina, we established the diameter parameters of the retinal capillaries, which were 5.9 [5.6; 6.1] μm., which made it possible to assess the degree of vascularization of the retina in the norm. When corrected at the subchronic period, we found that there was no significant difference between the average values of capillary diameters (p>0.05) between the control group and the 14th subgroup (2 weeks of nalbuphine administration with withdrawal followed by 4 weeks of pentoxifylline administration). There was a significant increase in mean capillary diameter when comparing subgroup 10 (2 weeks of nalbuphine followed by 4 weeks withdrawal) (p<0.05) with subgroup 12 (2 weeks of nalbuphine followed by 4 weeks of pentoxifylline) (p<0.05). 0.001), compared to the data of the control group. Capillary diameters in subgroup 10 (2 weeks of nalbuphine administration followed by 4 weeks withdrawal) were increased by 18.7% (p>0.05), compared to subgroup 5 (6 weeks of nalbuphine administration). The situation was significantly unfavorable in comparison with the previous results in subgroup 12 (2 weeks of nalbuphine administration with the addition of 4 weeks of pentoxifylline) - by 32%, compared to the diameters of capillaries in subgroup 14 (2 weeks of nalbuphine administration with withdrawal and followed by 4 weeks of pentoxifylline administration). When corrected for the chronic period, we found that, compared to the control group, capillary diameters increased the least in the 15 subgroup of 10 weeks (6 weeks of administration of nalbuphine with withdrawal and followed by 4 weeks of administration of pentoxifylline) (by 35%). Capillary diameters were significantly larger in the 11-week 10-week subgroup (6 weeks of nalbuphine followed by 4-week withdrawal) (by 49%), while in the group with ten weeks of experimental opioid exposure (by 57%). The most unfavorable situation was in the 13th subgroup of 10 weeks (6 weeks of administration of nalbuphine with the addition of pentoxifylline for 4 weeks) (by 63%).Conclusion. As a result of our research, we can conclude that in the subchronic and chronic periods of correction of opioid exposure, the situation was most unfavorable in the subgroups where correction was carried out with simultaneous administration of nalbuphine and pentoxifylline. From the above, it is possible to draw a clear conclusion that in no case can these drugs be combined during the medical correction of pathomorphological changes in the retina and links of its hemomicrocirculatory bed in experimental opioid retinopathy.

Narcotic Use under Probation and Parole Supervision - A longitudinal Study of Risk-group-specific Recidivism under Abstinence Conditions

The aim of this long-term study was to record substance-specific prevalences of illegal use of narcotics despite court-imposed abstinence requirements. Urine assays were obtained by a public health department on the basis of administrative assistance for the probation department of a district court. The individual and valid allocation of these urine samples was ensured using a proven marker system. After postal dispatch, laboratory chemical analyses for narcotics residues were carried out in an external laboratory via enzyme immunoassay and validation by mass spectrography in the case of positive narcotics results. On the basis of all available routine data, a pooled data set covering a total of fourteen consecutive calendar years (2006-2019) was generated digitally and evaluated anonymously. From a total of 380 subjects (female: 13% versus male: 87%; average age: 30.4 years), 13,500 individual narcotic substance analyses from 2,941 urine samples were available. In 2.7% of all individual analyses, at least one of eight potential narcotic substances was detected, whereby the highest overall prevalences in the sense of a relapse were found for cannabis with 3.7% and for opiates with 2.4%. In contrast, there were almost no residues for barbiturates and LSD and no positive evidence for buprenorphine and PCP. As expected, most relapses in all narcotics groups were found in the age groups from 18 to 35 years. Strikingly, more women than men violated the court abstinence order with amphetamines, while relapses with the other seven narcotics groups occurred predominantly among men. In the course of the entire observation period, the most marked fluctuations in relapse rates were found for cannabis, opiates and cocaine. The use of narcotic substances during probation and parole supervision does not appear to be a rare occurrence and has received little professional attention. Increased attention to this group-specific recidivism and more studies on this topic should help reduce this deficit.

Analysis of the primary incidence of drug addiction disorders in regions including cities with a population of over a million and regions without such cities

To analyze the primary incidence of mental disorders and behavioral disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances in subjects with cities with a population of over a million and in subjects where there are no such cities, using the example of the Volga and North-Western federal districts. Material and methods. The study compared the detection rates for these disorders obtained from the forms of federal statistical observation №11 «Information on diseases with narcological disorders» for 2020 in all subjects that are part of the Volga and North-Western federal districts. Results. When assessing the detectability of narcological disorders between the North-Western and Volga federal districts, significant differences were found in the detectability of alcoholism, harmful use of alcohol and harmful use of narcotic substances. In all cases, the detection of such disorders was higher in the Volga Federal District. At the same time, when assessing the detection of drug addiction, no differences were found. It was established that the primary incidence of drug addiction, the harmful use of alcohol and drugs was significantly higher in the cities with a population of one million in the Volga Federal District. And in the Northwestern Federal District, the opposite situation was observed. It draws attention to the fact that the detection of alcoholism, the harmful use of alcohol and the harmful use of drugs is significantly less in St. Petersburg, compared with other subjects of the district. Conclusion. The incidence of narcological disorders depends on many factors, including economic, social, as well as the territorial location of the subject. In addition, the identified differences both between the compared federal districts and between regions with cities with a population of over a million and regions without such cities indicate different approaches to organizing drug treatment services for the population, in particular preventive and diagnostic measures.

The role of the toxicological service in the drug situation monitoring system: problems and ways of improvement

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the high significance of measures aimed at combating and preventing the illegal distribution and non-medical use of narcotic substances.
 The aim of the study. Show the importance of toxicological monitoring in the drug situation assessment system, identify existing problems and ways to improve it.
 Material and methods. analiysis of the regulatory legal framework regulating the provision of toxicological care to the population and the drug situation monitoring system, analysis of the toxicological monitoring system in St. Petersburg. Statistical and analytical methods along with content analysis were used.
 results. The article presents the contribution of the toxicological service to the drug situation monitoring system in the Russian Federation and identifies a number of organizational problems related to the diagnosis and accounting of acute poisoning with narcotic substances. Proposed the ways of improving toxicological monitoring, which will improve the quality and efficiency of information capturing – organization and equipping with modern diagnostic equipment of toxicological centers (departments) in all subjects of Russian Federation; ensuring the availability of toxicological counseling through the development of a system of regional information and advisory toxicological centers; coordination of poisoning by new narcotic substances and their precursors with the unified coding system ICD-10; development of a control system for filling out registration form No. 58-1/у “Emergency notification of acute poisoning of chemical etiology”; supplement the group “drug poisoning” of Federal Forms of Statistical Observation No. 57 and No. 14 with nosological units - cannabis poisoning (T40.7), LSD poisoning (T40.8), poisoning with other and unspecified psychodisleptics (T40.9); organization of a stationary post of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the basis of toxicological centers, which will allow more effective measures to prevent spread and use of drugs.
 Limitations. Regulatory and legal framework in the field of official statistical accounting of acute poisoning with drugs and psychosleptics.
 Conclusion. The data obtained in the course of the study will allow improving the system of monitoring the drug situation in the country, conducting a comparative interregional analysis, promptly and objectively evaluating the quality of work on the prevention of illegal distribution and non-medical use of narcotic substances and drug trafficking control.

RESULTS OF LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH HIV/TUBERCULOSIS COINFECTION

The problem of combined HIV/tuberculosis infection is characterized by a broad social orientation, a serious risk factor for the development of the disease and a factor of death is the use of narcotic substances. The number of patients with HIV/tuberculosis co-infection in the Russian Federation remains high, the majority of cases of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection are detected in the late stages of the disease, mainly when patients turn to the general treatment network. In recent years, the situation has been complicated by an increase in the proportion of cases of sexual transmission of HIV, the number of infected among young women is growing. The problem of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis creates many difficulties in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The course of the tuberculosis process in HIV patients, due to pronounced immunosuppression, is often atypical, TB diagnosis is especially difficult at the stage of severe immunodeficiency, the tuberculosis process often proceeds in a generalized form. Treatment of comorbid patients is also a big problem due to the simultaneous administration of a large number of anti-tuberculosis drugs in addition to their lifelong HIV treatment, which leads to a decrease in adherence to treatment. The article presents data from an 11-year follow-up of a cohort of patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis. The clinical and anamnestic data, the experience of HIV infection, the timing and causes of deaths were evaluated. The patients were mainly young men (70%) with a high level of intravenous drug use (77.5%), high hepatitis C virus infection (55%), severe immunosuppression (60.1%), a significant proportion of MDR (43.8%), lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (58.8%). 51.25% of patients died during the follow-up period. Due to the high risks of death and other failures of tuberculosis treatment in patients with HIV/TB comorbidity, studies of the results of management of such patients in the long term remain a priority for all regions of the country. The problem of detecting tuberculosis in patients with HIV-infection remains urgent, which requires the interaction of both the phthisiological service and infectious disease specialists, narcologists and primary health care.

MICROSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SUBMANDULAR GLAND UNDER CONDITIONS OF 5-WEEK OPIOID INFLUENCE

The use of opioids is an effective method of treatment for severe and acute pain; however, when they used inappropriately, in addition to their powerful pain-relieving properties, opioids cause significant side effects. The initial changes in the human body caused by the use of narcotic substances (opiates) are detected in the oral cavity, in particular, in the salivary glands. The earliest manifestations of pathological changes in the oral cavity are caries, stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontitis and xerostomia. Based on the results of our research and the study of the effect of opioids on other organs, we can conclude that long-term use of opioids has a significant negative effect on the structure of the submandibular gland and homeostasis of the oral cavity as a whole. The presence of a number of unsolved questions regarding the problems of structural reconstruction of the salivary glands during the use of narcotic agents, as well as the possibility of selecting the most effective methods of treatment and prevention of salivary gland diseases determined the choice of this research topic.
 Materials and methods. The research was performed on 15 mature, white, male rats with body weight 200–220 g, aged 4.5–6 months, which were kept under standard conditions at the vivarium of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University. Animals were divided into two groups: experimental and control. In the experimental group, animals (10 rats) were daily administered an opioid analgesic (nalbuphine) intramuscularly according to the following schedule: 1st week – 8 mg/kg, 2nd week – 15 mg/kg, 3rd week – 20 mg/kg, 4th week – 25 mg/kg, V week – 30 mg/kg. Controls were 5 rats that were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution in a volume of 1 ml for 5 weeks. We used the histological method to conduct the research.
 Results. Damage to the organs of the oral cavity and the submandibular gland, in particular, is an element of comorbid pathology caused by long-term use of opioids. During the 5-week administration of the opioid, we observed irreversible destructive changes in the structural organization of the submandibular gland, which was characterized by the dilation of the vessels of the microcirculation, dystrophic and necrotic changes of the final serous and mucous secretory acini, necrosis of serocytes. Such pathological processes in the structural organization of the submandibular gland can cause an imbalance in the quantitative and qualitative composition of saliva and, as a result, a violation of the homeostasis of the oral cavity and the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
 Conclusions. The results of the research demonstrate the negative impact of long-term opioid exposure on the structural organization of the submandibular gland and are similar to changes in other organs and body systems during long-term opioid exposure. The damage to microcirculation vessels is the starting and primary mechanisms in this process with the subsequent increase of irreversible destructive changes of the submandibular gland. The data of the scientific work have a wide practical and theoretical significance for morphologists, pathomorphologists and dentists in the aspect of developing new methods of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of salivary gland pathology in patients with opiomania and make it possible to establish safe terms of use of «nalbuphine».

Person-centered approach to work with drug addicts on substitution maintenance therapy

IntroductionAccording to the United Nations World Drug Report 2019, there are an estimated 53 million opioid users[1]. Health problems, social problems associated with this abuse are the result of a complex interaction between psychoactive substances, the patient and the environment. There are two main approaches in the treatment - aimed at complete abstinence from the use of a psychoactive substance and substitution maintenance therapy using methadone and buprenorphine [2]. This is due to the pharmacological effects of narcotic substances, the dynamics of physiological processes and the general state of health with the systematic use of psychoactive substances.ObjectivesThe problem of the use of narcotic substances must be considered not only as a physiological problem, but also as a problem of a person resorting to drugs in a specific social situation. In this case, curative and rehabilitation work acquires new content and new opportunities. The emergence of addiction depends on two main reasons: on the one hand, these are certain specific personality traits of a person, formed primarily by the family, and on the other hand, external factors such as the influence of friends, curiosity, life difficulties experienced and other personal problems. The greatest danger of the formation of drug addiction occurs in the case of simultaneous exposure to both groups of causes.MethodsThe study interviewed 123 patients aged 23 to 45 years (109 men and 14 women) diagnosed with opioid addiction. Of these, 17 patients with a period of abuse of up to three years and 105 - longer than three years, respectively. Personality disorders were assessed using the 16-factor Cattell Personality Questionnaire for the study of personality traits [3], the multi-aspect MMPI methodology (mini-mult) [4], and the Luscher color choice method [5].Results14 drug addicts (82%) with a period of abuse of less than 3 years were characterized by impulsivity, reduced stress resistance, risk appetite; in 83 drug addicts (79%) with a period of abuse longer than 3 years, persistent psychosocial maladjustment, communication difficulties, conflicts were detected, social norms were disregarded, increased readiness for open manifestation of aggression; 14 women (100%) had features of mental rigidity, disregard for social norms, conflict, impulsiveness; 88 men (81%) had emotional instability, excitability, hostility.ConclusionsThe formation of opioid dependence is influenced by both the psychophysiological characteristics and the pathopsychological changes that occurred during the use of a psychoactive substance.Addiction therapy should include a psychological analysis of risk factors.Selection of psychological options for social adaptation that contribute to the maximum possible realization of the individual’s potential, will increase the effectiveness of substitution therapy and accelerate the resocialization of drug addicts.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Практичні аспекти застосування методів екстракорпоральної детоксикації у лікуванні гострих отруєнь хімічної етіології

Abstract. The structure of xenobiotics that cause poisoning and the need for hospitalization is constantly changing. Today, psychotropic and narcotic substances and their precursors have become the main cause of severe poisonings that require emergency medical care. At the same time, another problem is the combined use of narcotic substances and alcohol, which often causes multiorgan dysfunction and prompts doctors to search for new treatment approaches, using traditional methods of afferent and efferent therapy in combination with modern extracorporeal detoxification technologies. Aim. Study of the peculiarities of the use of extracorporeal detoxification methods in the treatment of patients with acute chemical poisoning, which are associated with the change in the structure of poisons for 1990-2020. Materials and Methods. A cohort retrospective analysis of 1,685 charts of hospitalized patients with acute poisoning (Form No. 003/0) and 5,025 protocols of artificial detoxification procedures was conducted. Data from the reports of the Toxicological department and the Intensive care and extracorporeal detoxification unit of the Kyiv City Clinical Emergency Medical Center (hereinafter referred to as the Toxicological Center) for the period 1990-2020, with information on the structure of medical technologies (membrane, centrifugal, sorption and other) and the number of artificial detoxification methods used during the study period. Results. On average, the Kyiv Toxicological Center provides medical care to about 2,500 adult patients with chemical poisonings per year, of which about 1,500 patients will receive assistance in the Intensive care and extracorporeal detoxification unit. About 64,000 patients were treated in the period 1990-2020. It was established that the structure of acute poisonings has undergone significant changes: the number of poisonings by pesticides (organophosphorus substances, carbamates, and pyrethroids), technical fluids and solvents (ethylene glycol, dichloroethane, hydrogen tetrachloride, and methanol), metals (lead, mercury), corrosive substances (acids, alkalis). At the same time, a significant number of poisonings with alcohol and its surrogates, plant toxins and mushrooms, and household chemicals remained. The share of domestic, suicidal and criminal drug poisonings increased. However, after 2015, the number of poisonings by drugs, psychotropic substances (methadone, heroin, synthetic opioids) and their precursors, including in combination with benzodiazepines, meth- and amphetamine, cocaine and ethanol, has increased rapidly. In general, the part of drug poisonings has increased 3.5 times over the past 30 years. In accordance with the change in the structure of acute poisoning, the structure of extracorporeal detoxification technologies has also gradually undergone changes. The annual number of sorption technologies (hemosorption, plasmasorption) decreased. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of centrifuge technologies and membrane plasmapheresis. Significant changes have taken place in the direction of the application of blood oxygenation methods: the use of HBO in the treatment of acute poisoning has almost stopped, but the number of ozone therapy procedures and ultraviolet irradiation of the blood is increasing. During the study period, membrane technologies (hemodialysis, ultrafiltration, hemoperfusion) are the most common in the treatment of poisoning. Conclusions. The structure of toxic substances that cause household poisoning has undergone significant changes over the past 30 years: the number of poisonings by narcotic, psychotropic substances, medicines and alcohol has increased. There was a need to improve the existing approaches to the application of extracorporeal detoxification methods, in particular, a promising direction of research is the study of the effectiveness of various technologies for removing toxicants from the blood in case of poisoning with "new" narcotic, psychotropic substances and their precursors. The clinical effectiveness of hemodialysis, plasmapheresis, ozone therapy and ultraviolet irradiation of blood and their combination in the program of complex treatment of poisoning in adults are demonstrated. Key Words: acute poisoning, drugs, extracorporeal detoxification.

CANCER PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT WITH OPIOIDS IN GEORGIA

354 cancer patients undergoing treatment, were interviewed by phone. Pain was diagnosed in 235 (66.4%) patients. 177 patients, that’s 75.3% of them had moderate to severe pain (p<0,001). According to the WHO recommendations, pain, with such severity, requires opioid therapy, although only 17 (9.6%) patients received it; Thus, 160 (90.4%) patients did not receive adequate care. We studied the possibility of pain management with opioids in cancer patients and as well the legal use of narcotic substances in Georgia. Methadone consumption was found to be constantly increasing (9 mg/capita), while morphine consumption remained almost the same (2 mg/capita). Methadone consumption (146 kg), for substitution therapy is 16 times higher, than morphine consumption for pain (9 kg). The difference will increase further in 2022, as the need for methadone consumption is estimated at 250 kg, and as for morphine at 13 kg, which is 2.7 times less, than the need, of oncology patients with pain in terminal stage (35 kg). Conclusion: In case of desire and political will, regulations on the medical use of opioids, can be developed, that improve prescribing and access to opioids based on patient indication and need, and protect the fundamental human right - access to pain relief.

СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОКАЗАНИЯ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ У НАРКОЗАВИСИМЫХ ПАЦИЕНТОВ, ПРИНИМАЮЩИХ СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИЕ НАРКОТИЧЕСКИЕ ВЕЩЕСТВА

The subject. Clinical manifestations of dependence on synthetic narcotic substances have been thoroughly studied by specialists in the field of psychiatry, narcology, therapy, immunology at the tissue, organ and system levels. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about dentistry. When receiving a drug-dependent patient, most dentists cannot determine drug addiction and, accordingly, competently draw up a treatment plan for such patients. 
 Objectives. To study the features of the management of dental diseases in patients taking synthetic narcotic substances, according to the literature.
 Methodology. Within the framework of this article, the analysis of publications from the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary and Cyberleninka describing the toxicological properties and clinical manifestations of synthetic narcotic substances is carried out. The search included full-text articles for the last 5 years. Informational letters were excluded from the analysis.
 Results. The fight against the spread and use of narcotic substances throughout the world is not slowing down. However, the creation of analogues of studied and illicit drugs by correcting their chemical structures, as well as new narcotic substances with known properties, reduces the effectiveness of this struggle. The dental status of patients taking synthetic narcotic substances has been little studied, since they rarely seek dental care, arriving, as a rule, for urgent indications, or by referral from a narcological institution. 
 Conclusions. The analyzed literature data suggest that in patients taking synthetic "designer" substances, the most studied are the manifestations of drug addiction in terms of their effect on the central nervous system. This problem is relevant for doctors of narrow specialties, since knowing the signs of drug use, it is possible to correctly plan treatment tactics, preventing the occurrence of complications during the administration of drugs. Since the manifestations of drug addiction in dental patients are practically not described in the scientific literature, this topic requires further research.

اضطراب تعاطي المخدرات وكوفيد 19؛ من منظور الطب الشرعي وعلم الأدوية: مراجعة سردية موجزة

Many investigations have confirmed the link between a substance use disorder (SUD) and the COVID-19 pandemic's increased risk of infection and consequences. This narrative review aims to understand these issues from a pharmacological standpoint, as well as the pandemic's impact on forensic medicine. Research and review articles included in this review were selected through an extensive search of databases such as PubMed and the use of appropriate keywords e.g. “substance use disorder” and “COVID-19”. Due to a weakened immune system and degeneration of the respiratory system's defense systems, SUDs have been shown to increase the risk of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, some substances raise pro-inflammatory mediators, exposing the body to a cytokine storm. SUD frequently causes secondary comorbidities, such as the liver, lung and cardiovascular disease, complicating the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Some misused substances can compromise the treatment's effectiveness or safety. This study also looked at the effects of the pandemic on forensic medicine. It underlines the importance of developing safe forensic examination procedures and methodologies during pandemics. The use of narcotic substances was documented as one of the reasons for the increase in the frequency of COVID-19 and the severity of its repercussions.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RELATED TO THE EFFECT OF PARENTS' ADDICTION ON CHILDREN'S ADDICTION IN LIGHT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The phenomenon of drug proliferation is one of the most complex or dangerous phenomena for humans and society، and this phenomenon is one of the problems of the times، and there is no doubt that the phenomenon of drug addiction has begun to occupy a prominent position in the interests of local and global public opinion، and the danger of this phenomenon lies in the fact that it affects the human energy present in any A community، directly and indirectly، as this research aims to identify the extent of the effect of parents' drug addiction on their children's addiction to narcotic substances through: 1. Identify the factors specific to society that lead to drug use. 2. Know the effects of drug abuse on society. 3. Identify the reasons that led to the use of narcotic substances. 4. . Learn about the role of the family in supervising children when using drugs. 5. Knowing the role of the media in preventing drug abuse The descriptive and analytical approach was used to describe the phenomenon subject of the study, analyze its data and indicate the relationship between its components, and the study population was represented in the Juvenile Institution in Bulaq Dakrour in Giza, and also the Aman Foundation for Mental Health, in order to achieve the largest rates of participation from all different age, social, professional and scientific groups. Assuming a sample of (100) items. The research found that there is a statistically significant significant effect of addiction of fathers and mothers on children's addiction in social and environmental factors، as there is a direct relationship between addiction of fathers and mothers to addiction to children in light of social and environmental factors. One of the most important recommendations is to educate parents about the need to monitor the behavior of their children, to identify the patterns of their personal spending and to continuously educate their children about the harms and dangers of drugs, as well as to educate the Egyptian family through cooperation with specialists and information devices (print, audio, and visual) of the need to pay attention to children by instilling basic principles of planning Their resources and their good management, keeping away from drugs and bad friends, by simplifying information and making applications commensurate with ages and mental abilities.

DRUG ADDICTION: PUNISH OR TREAT?

The article studies the effect of narcotic substances on the health of a person suffering from drug addiction. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the statistics presented in the article, according to which 29.5 million people among drug users suffer from disorders associated with the use of narcotic drugs and caused by these drugs. The examples of changes in the structure of the brain that result from the systematic use of narcotic substances make it possible to qualify a person suffering from drug addiction as a patient and one who needs treatment. The search for ways to improve the approach of both the legislator and the public to people suffering from drug addiction and the measures that need to be applied to such people actualizes the need for a comprehensive study of these issues by both doctors and lawyers.It should be noted that given the rapid increase in the number of people suffering from drug-related disorders (these data are regularly reported by the United Nations in their annual reports on drugs), scientists around the world are studying the effects of drugs on the human body and, in particular, to the brain. Modern studies of the mechanisms of addiction and, including, drug addiction have led to the conclusion that the impact of drugs on the brain is so strong that it can be regarded as a disease of the brain. For example, scientists at the US National Institute on Drug Addiction have found that long-term use of drugs can alter important parts of the brain – primarily the limbic system, which is the centerpiece of the hippocampus.Now in the scientific community there is no unity of positions regarding whether it is necessary to punish or treat a drug-dependent person, and a comprehensive study of the medical and educational measures existing in the world practice for this category of people has not been carried out. The main purpose of this article is to try to solve this problem and highlight the general trends of treatment, which applies to people suffering from drug addiction, instead of punishment.

Subliminal effect, as upgrading the moral and psychological compliance of individual in military collective technology

In article based on studying the results of modern psychological investigations of subliminal effect on the psyche of personality worked out technological methods of such influence on the moral and psychological state of the military collective. In particular, author focus on the possibility of application subliminal effect in collective technologies (including law enforcement, military) through effect on the individual’s personality fields, his ideas, thoughts, assertions, conviction (Cognitive sphere), emotions (Emotion sphere), behavior, skills, acting (behavioral sphere). Summing up the indicators of moral and psychological condition of military collectives, the factors that shape such condition are singled out: military duty, love of country, patriotism, treason, the ratio of personnel to the use of alcoholic beverages, including the driving of vehicles in a state of intoxication, the desire to use and use of narcotic substances, precursors), promotion of illegal activity, participation in it, corruption. Together with the personal content, meaningful entities and other elements of the psyche, subliminal effect firstly changes the moral and psychological background, and in the future, and the morale of the collective. Personality in relation to which subliminal technologies were used may subconsciously change the level of life awareness (of his inner world, himself), and maybe deliberately, at a particular moment, regardless of the further tasks of the study, rethink his existence in this world, find their own locus of the past and future.

SPECIFIC USE OF SCREENING IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TESTS FOR THE PRIMARY DETECTION OF FACTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE IN URINE AND SALIVA

The use of narcotic substances is a serious social problem, a threat to the health of an individual and to the security of the country as a whole. The use of narcotic substances affects the safety of the overall productivity of labor, which, ultimately, creates a rather large burden on the economy of the country as a whole. In the framework of federal programs for the prevention of drug addiction, the practice of testing for the use of narcotic drugs at work and study places is being increasingly used. And here the question naturally arises of the significant cost, laboriousness and time-consuming test systems for the use of narcotic substances produced by Russian companies. All this, of course, complicates the process of introducing a testing procedure. In this situation, the importance of developing, improving and introducing new methods for the detection of narcotic substances and their metabolites in human biological fluids increases. The article provides a general overview of world experience in using immunochromatographic tests for identifying psychoactive substances as a screening test, with particular attention being paid to analyzing the specifics of using screening immunochromatographic tests for the initial identification of psychoactive substances in urine and saliva from the standpoint of the contextual feasibility of their applicability in a number of specific cases related to the specifics of the professional activities of the test. Along with this, the author, on the basis of the available statistical information and original research materials, provides an analysis of the Russian market of test systems for the detection of psychoactive substances in saliva and examines the feasibility of expanding its capabilities through wider use of screening psychoactive substances for saliva.

Psychological diagnostic of risk factors for involving adolescents in the use of narcotic substances: the development of a methodical complex. Part 2. Criterion validity and analysis of profles

Te second part of the paper presents the results of testing the criterion validity of the methodological complex scales conducted on a sample of 637 pupils of the upper grades of general education schools from 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 108 pupils involved in the use of narcotic substances. Pupils using narcotic substances are characterized by a tendency to technological addictions, antisocial tendencies, difculties in self-regulation accompanied by overestimation of the own ability to control emotions, denying the interest for novelty, risky behavior and avoidance as well as difculties in child-parent relations. Some of these factors are manifested in those with a protective response strategy and others — in those with an open demonstration of difculties, which allows us to separate the two risk profles. In pupils appraising their ability to control emotions as high, the risk of involvement in the use of narcotic substances is associated with either a demonstrating or an illusory excessively «prosperous» profle: an overestimation of own emotional control and social support, denial of avoidance, denial of interest for novelty and risky behavior. In pupils appraising their ability to control emotions as low, the risk is higher in those with higher rates of technological addictions, antisocial tendencies, difculties in self-regulation and in child-parent relationships.

THE STUDY OF REGIONAL PECULIARITIES OF PARENTERAL VIRAL HEPATITIS INCIDENCE DYNAMICS AMONG CHILDREN AS AN INSTRUMENT OF DEVELOPING COMPLEX REGIONAL SOCIAL PROGRAMS ON THE PREVENTION OF ITS INCREASE

Introduction: the problem of increase of viral hepatitis incidence which are transmitted in the haemocontact (parenteral) way remains unresolved in the majority countries of the world. The special relevance is acquired lately by a problem of increase of risk of transfer of an infection among children of teenage age, youth, in the main ways of transmission of infection among which there is a risky behavior, addictions (the injection use of narcotic substances) and the unprotected sexual relations due to the lack of informing and awareness of risk of a disease and irreversible losses of health in the future. The aim: Studying of regional features of incidence of parenteral viral hepatitis among children and teenagers with justification of the priority directions of prevention of its increase in the context of implementation of regional comprehensive programs became a research objective. Materials and methods: Data from official forms of the statistical reporting on cases of diseases of viral hepatitis (sharp and chronic) in forms No. 1, No. 2 "The report about separate infections and parasitic diseases" (annual) MZ of Ukraine became primary material for a research. For achievement of a goal methods have been used: system approach, medico-statistical, graphic and conceptual modeling, and organizational experiment. Review: During a research of 2007-2016 it has been established that the majority of viral hepatitis's in Ukraine (58,79 ± 0,44%) is diagnosed in a chronic stage of a disease, and especially in the Kirovohrad region (80,35 ± 2,14%). Increase of incidence of parenteral viral hepatitis's B and C in the Kirovohrad region has happened in age group of children of 15-17 years to prevalence in structure of incidence of children of chronic viral hepatitis's of hepatitis C (52,7 ± 5,8%) that demands search of the medico-organizational reasons of formation of the established incidence tendencies for a solution of the problem of their distribution due to early preventive intervention within complex program social influence. Conclusions: Accounting of regional features of incidence of parenteral hepatitises became scientific justification for acceptance to execution of the comprehensive regional social program of prevention of their distribution among teenagers and youth of the Kirovohrad region.

The effect of the prolonged use of narcotic substances on oral health

Introduction : Drug use is a socially significant problem, involving different groups regardless of their age, gender, race and religion. The significant growth of drug abusers worldwide requires the development of a model and algorithm for the diagnosis, treatment and behavior of dental practitioners in regard to these patients. Aim : The aim of this article is to summarize the data from the scientific literature, reading the current studies of Bulgarian and foreign authors, in order to identify variations in oral pathology induced by drug abuse. Material s and Methods: A search has been conducted, using Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The keywords were: "drugs", "research", "patients", "oral health", "effect", "oral pathology". Results: After a thorough study of available literature, we were able to summarize results showing that patients with long-term drug abuse had significantly worse oral health. Drug addicts had a much higher DMFT than control group scores. The periodontal status of patients showed reduced oral hygiene habits, resulting in elevated levels of S tr eptococcus m utans , actinomycetes and others; as well as xerostomia. Conclusion : The study has allowed us to conclude that continued use and abuse of narcotic drugs has a bad effect on patients' oral health.

Psychological diagnostic of risk factors for involving adolescents in the use of narcotic substances: the development of a methodical complex. Part 1. Scale structure and psychometric characteristics

Paper is devoted to the development and validation of the methodological complex for psychological diagnostic of the risk factors for involving adolescents in the use of narcotic substances. The diagnostic of people using psychoactive substances is difficult due to their defensive strategy of answers — both because of the intentional desire to keep their behavior in secret, and because of distortion of the assessment of Self and own behavior. An expanded clinical-psychological observation, due to its high costs, is not always possible, which makes it urgent to develop a primary screening instruments, on the basis of which it is possible to identify risk groups for whom the clinical-psychological examination is especially important, controlling for possible falsifications in the responses. In this work three psychodiagnostic approaches are consistently applied to overcome these difficulties: after the initial theoretical development of constructs, items are selected based on “empirical keying” approach (by their ability to differentiate the clinical and control groups), and then scales are refined based on their psychometric characteristics in the clinical not a control group. This first part of the paper presents the results of testing consistency and factor validity of the methodological complex scales conducted on a sample of 637 pupils of the upper grades of general education schools from 12 subjects of the Russian Federation and 108 pupils involved in the use of narcotic substances. The methodological complex includes scales of technological addictions, antisocial tendencies, self-regulation, emotional control, novelty seeking, risky behavior, child-parent relations, coping strategies for problem solving, social support and avoidance, as well as additional indicators of socially desirable and random answers.

SOCIAL ATTITUDES TO DRUGS ABUSE AMONG YOUTH AND DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

Introduction . The formation of responsibility for one’s health in the youth environment is one of the tasks of the institution of education that determines the process of socialization. The future of sustainable development of country is determined, among other things, by the formation of negative social attitudes towards drug use. The aim of the publication is to study the specifics of the social orientation among young people on drug use and to justify the need for prevention in the educational environment. Methodology and research methods . Methodological basis of work involves classical theories of social installation; anomies; cultural conflict; subcultures; stigmatizations; social control; social space. The analysis and synthesis of scientific publications and data of the government statistics, including results of a number of social researches of 2010–2015 conducted in the Tyumen region are used. Sociological methods, including poll, questioning and the formalized interviews are applied at an experimental investigation phase. Data processing is carried out in technique of the factorial and classification analysis. Results and scientific novelty . Drug abuse among young people is a result of the contradiction between youth attitudes and social norms. It is shown that the prevention of drug abuse in Russia is institutionally ineffective. The social attitudes and motives connected with drug abuse among young people aged 18–30 years are revealed. It is established that acceptance of drug abuse experience is not defined by a gender, social and/or material status. The main types of the attitude to drug abuse experience are designated: 1) complete negation of a possibility of drug abuse; 2) refusal of drug abuse, but indifference or loyal attitude to drug abuse by others; 3) readiness for periodic drug usage; 4) steady stereotype of regular use of narcotic substances. The necessity of flexible forms of influence on youth for formation of sustainable social barriers is justified. The need of adequate public opinion formation which does not enable exclusion and criminalization among youth having some drug abuse experience is approved. Repressive practices of work with such young people only exacerbate the problem. The recommendations on organization regulation of a drug abuse situation in the country are formulated. Practical significance . The materials of the present article can be used for creation of effective system of drug abuse prevention in the educational environment taking into account age characteristics of pupils.