Use Of Nail Polish Research Articles

Concealing Meets Healing in the Treatment of Toenail Onychomycosis: A Review of Concurrent Nail Polish Use With Topical Efinaconazole 10% Solution

Introduction: Females are more likely than males to seek help or treatment for onychomycosis and are more likely to camouflage affected nails with nail polish. Between 2016 and 2022, over half of prescriptions for topical efinaconazole 10% solution were written for females, suggesting that there may be particular interest in the interaction between nail polish use concurrent with efinaconazole treatment for onychomycosis.
 Methods: Review in vitro data on effects of nail polish on nail penetration of efinaconazole 10% solution and clinical studies on the impact of nail polish use on efficacy of topical efinaconazole in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.
 Results: Only 4 small studies have assessed interactions between efinaconazole 10% solution and concurrent nail polish use. In vitro, penetration of efinaconazole 10% solution through cadaverous human nails coated with traditional nail polish was similar to penetration through uncoated nails. In a 1-year clinical study, once-daily efinaconazole treatment for 48 weeks was associated with improvements in onychomycosis severity and clear toenail growth that were similar for participants who used traditional nail polish and those who did not use nail polish. In a second, 6-month clinical study, participants received once-daily efinaconazole treatment concurrent with monthly gel nail polish pedicures. After 6 months, 100% of participants tested negative for fungal infection (mycological cure) and all participants experienced visible improvements in their treated toenails. In clinical and in vitro studies, efinaconazole application was associated with degradation of traditional nail polish texture and appearance as well as color transfer to the applicator and unused medication. In contrast, efinaconazole did not affect the duration, quality, or texture of gel nail polish.
 Conclusions: Application of nail polish did not prevent penetration of efinaconazole 10% solution through human nails or its successful use in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. Further, efinaconazole did not impact the texture or appearance of gel-polished nails. To our knowledge, these findings represent the only available data on topical treatment of toenail onychomycosis with concurrent nail polish use, and may be of particular importance when selecting treatment options for female patients with onychomycosis.
 Funding: Ortho Dermatologics

The effects of diet and beauty products on the uptake and storage of 14C in hair and nails: ramifications for the application of bomb pulse dating to forensic anthropological casework

Radiocarbon dating is a useful tool in the examination of unknown human remains. Recent studies have shown that the analysis of hair and nail samples can provide a highly accurate estimation of the year of death (YOD). However, little research has examined factors that may influence the uptake and storage of 14C in these tissues, such as diet, or the use of beauty products. This study measured the level of 14C in human hair and nail samples collected from living individuals to determine whether diet, and the use of hair dye or nail polish, has a significant impact on the estimation of YOD. The results of this study showed that diet did not appear to impact the radiocarbon content in human hair and nail, and thus should not be considered a limitation when analysing samples obtained from unidentified human remains. The use of nail polish, and in the majority of cases, hair dye, did not significantly impact the 14C concentration in nails and hair. While the results of this study are preliminary, they suggest that in most cases, both hair and nail can be successfully analysed using radiocarbon dating to estimate an individual’s YOD. However, best practice should involve the analysis of multiple tissue types, to minimise any error that may be introduced as a result of the decedent’s use of beauty products.

Cosmetics Use and Mammographic Breast Density (MBD) in Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Since breast cancer is increasing worldwide and previous risk factors cannot justify such an increasing trend, investigating new environmental factors is necessary for each population. Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer as well as a biomarker for the effect of chemicals on breast tissue. Objective: Given limited data about the association between breast density and cosmetic products containing endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cosmetic products on MBD in Iranian women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, women who attended two university hospitals for breast screening mammography and who had been living in the capital city of Iran for the last 3 years or more were recruited. We asked women to fill out a questionnaire containing two parts; the first part was about the women's characteristics and medical history and the second part consisted of cosmetic use. The frequency of cosmetic use was measured using the Likert scale in four scales. One expert radiologist in each center reported the MBD on a four-category scale. Results: The mean age of 813 participants was 50.16 ± 7.65. Three hundred-seven (37.8%) women had low breast density and 506 (62.2%) had high breast density. Based on our results, heavy use of moisturizers, sunscreen, nail polish, eye products, makeup products, and lipstick was associated with increased breast density. In multivariable analysis after adjusting for menopause, excessive use of nail polish, sunscreen, and moisturizing cream was associated with increased MBD. Conclusion: Our study shows a probability of an increased MBD with the excessive use of cosmetic products. Since a small increase in the risk of breast cancer may lead to a considerable public health impact, thus further studies are needed to find new prevention strategies.

Correlates of non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemical mixtures among reproductive-aged Black women in Detroit, Michigan

Some studies indicate that Black women have higher exposure to multiple non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) than white women, but little is known about correlates of exposure to EDC mixtures. Using baseline data from a prospective cohort study of reproductive-aged Black women (N = 751), we characterized profiles of EDC mixtures and identified correlates of exposure. At baseline, we quantified biomarkers of 16 phthalates, 7 phenols, 4 parabens, and triclocarban in urine and collected covariate data through self-administered questionnaires and interviews. We used principal component (PC) analysis and k-means clustering to describe EDC mixture profiles. Associations between correlates and PCs were estimated as the mean difference (β) in PC scores, while associations between correlates and cluster membership were estimated as the odds ratio (OR) of cluster membership. Personal care product use was consistently associated with profiles of higher biomarker concentrations of non-persistent EDCs. Use of nail polish, menstrual and vaginal products (e.g., vaginal powder, vaginal deodorant), and sunscreen was associated with a mixture of phthalate and some phenol biomarkers using both methods. Current vaginal ring use, a form of hormonal contraception placed inside the vagina, was strongly associated with higher concentrations of high molecular weight phthalate biomarkers (k-means clustering: OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.28, 4.59; PCA: β = −0.32, 95% CI = −0.71, 0.07). Several dietary, reproductive, and demographic correlates were also associated with mixtures of EDC biomarkers. These findings suggest that personal care product use, diet, and contraceptive use may be sources of exposure to multiple non-persistent EDCs among reproductive-aged Black women. Targeted interventions to reduce exposure to multiple EDCs among Black women are warranted.

Effect of Use of Nail Polish on Hand Bacterial Colonization

Effect of Use of Nail Polish on Hand Bacterial Colonization

Assessment of Multipollutant Exposures During Pregnancy Using Silicone Wristbands.

Silicone wristbands can assess multipollutant exposures in a non-invasive and minimally burdensome manner, which may be suitable for use among pregnant women. We investigated silicone wristbands as passive environmental samplers in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, a prospective pregnancy cohort. We used wristbands to assess exposure to a broad range of organic chemicals, identified multipollutant exposure profiles using self-organizing maps (SOMs), and assessed temporal consistency and determinants of exposures during pregnancy. Participants (n = 255) wore wristbands for 1 week at 12 gestational weeks. Of 1,530 chemicals assayed, 199 were detected in at least one wristband and 16 were detected in >60% of wristbands. A median of 23 (range: 12,37) chemicals were detected in each wristband, and chemicals in commerce and personal care products were most frequently detected. A subset of participants (n=20) wore a second wristband at 24 gestational weeks, and concentrations of frequently detected chemicals were moderately correlated between time points (median intraclass correlation: 0.22; range: 0.00,0.69). Women with higher educational attainment had fewer chemicals detected in their wristbands and the total number of chemicals detected varied seasonally. Triphenyl phosphate concentrations were positively associated with nail polish use, and benzophenone concentrations were highest in summer. No clear associations were observed with other a priori relations, including certain behaviors, season, and socioeconomic factors. SOM analyses revealed 12 profiles, ranging from 2 to 149 participants, captured multipollutant exposure profiles observed in this cohort. The most common profile (n = 149) indicated that 58% of participants experienced relatively low exposures to frequently detected chemicals. Less common (n ≥ 10) and rare (n < 10) profiles were characterized by low to moderate exposures to most chemicals and very high and/or very low exposure to a subset of chemicals. Certain covariates varied across SOM profile membership; for example, relative to women in the most common profile who had low exposures to most chemicals, women in the profile with elevated exposure to galaxolide and benzyl benzoate were younger, more likely to be single, and more likely to report nail polish use. Our study illustrates the utility of silicone wristbands for measurement of multipollutant exposures in sensitive populations, including pregnant women.

Background contamination of perfluoralkyl substances in a Belgian general population

The few Belgian studies on the human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have until now concerned the Northern part of Belgium (Flanders), while data related to Wallonia (South region) are missing. To fill this gap, 8 perfluorinated carboxylic acids and 3 perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates were measured in the serum of 242 adults (>18 years old) recruited in 2015 and living in the Province of Liege. Some multivariate regression models were also built with the PFAS levels and the participant’s answers to a questionnaire about their diet and lifestyle habits in order to identify some predictors of exposure. The results obtained showed that although PFAS levels observed in our population seemed to be similar or lower than those reported in other countries, and especially lower than in the Northern part of Belgium, half of the population showed PFOS and PFOA serum levels above the health guidance values set by the German HBM Commission. As expected, age and gender were the main covariates explaining the different PFAS serum levels between participants, while breastfeeding (for women), consumption of fish and seafood, consumption of rice, and use of nail polish seemed also to impact the PFAS body burden of our population. Nevertheless, the statistical models were poorly predictive suggesting that the main sources of exposure were not taken into account.

The Glitz and Glamour Trial: Effects of Nail Polish Use on Post-Cesarean Wound Infections [20T

INTRODUCTION: To determine the effect of fingernail polish on the rate of post-operative wound infection following Cesarean delivery. METHODS: This is a block-randomized trial where surgeons were assigned to wear or not wear nail polish for two week block-intervals. After each non-emergent Cesarean delivery nail characteristics were logged on a case-coded sheet. The primary outcome was wound site infection (superficial or deep) occurring within 6 weeks of cesarean delivery. A t-test and chi-squared or Fisher's exact were used with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: From August 1, 2017 - October 1, 2018, 632 cases met the inclusion criteria: 297 (47%) were randomized to the nail polish and 335 (53%) to the nail polish free arm. Mean age, 31.8 (15 - 52) vs. 31.7 years (16 - 47), p = 0.830 and gestational age at delivery, 38.6 (23.2 - 41.5) vs. 38.4 weeks (25.6 - 41.5), p = 0.125 were similar for the nail polish and nail polish free arms respectively. BMI was greater in the nail polish group, 29.3 (16.1 - 64.1) vs. 27.9 (16.5 - 49.4), p = 0.015, and more patients were obese 38.5% vs. 30.3%, p = 0.031. Other demographics including race and insurance status were similar. The rate of wound infection was lower in the nail polish group, although this difference was not significant (1.7% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.077). CONCLUSION: The rate of postoperative wound infection is not affected by the use of fingernail polish.

Home management of crown fractures of two central incisors complicated by exposure of the pulp

Aim: As dental trauma is an unpredictable event, the patient is sometimes unable to receive dental care immediately in case of tooth fracture complicated by exposure to the pulp. It is conceivable that a long wait may favor bacterial contamination that can lead to necrosis of the pulp. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case in which the pulp has been protected domiciliary to reduce post-traumatic hypersensitivity and the risk of pulpal necrosis. Materials and methods: In the presented clinical case, the nail polish was used as an emergency material for the direct capping of the pulp of two fractured incisors. In thisway itwas possible to protect the pulp and seal the dentinal tubules for 5 days, such it is the time between trauma and therapy. Results: application of the nail polish led to a reduction in hypersensitivity; at 2-year follow-up both teeth were still vital. Conclusions: Based on this experience, it is suggested the possibility to recommend the use of nail polish as a protective material for the pulp and for reducing symptoms in case of complicated and uncomplicated fractures, if the dentist is consulted by telephone and the patient is not in condition to reach it quickly.

Urinary phthalate metabolite and bisphenol A levels in the Korean adult population in association with sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2012-2014.

Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have been used in a variety of consumer products and are detected widely in both humans and the environment. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics that affect exposure to these chemicals have been investigated among several general populations; however, nationally-representative population-based studies are limited to Canada, Germany, and the USA. Moreover, relatively little is known about the socio-demographic characteristics that influence exposure to these chemicals among nationally representative populations of Asia. Data are obtained from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012-2014). In total, 6,478 adults (aged 19 and older) were recruited and sampled for urinary levels of major phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A. In addition, demographic and socio-economic parameters were determined from questionnaire data and the characteristics associated with urinary concentrations of the target chemicals were assessed. Urinary levels of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites of Korean adults were generally higher, but those of mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) were lower, and BPA were similar or higher than those reported from national biomonitoring programs in the United States and Canada. Similar to other nationally representative populations, females and older adults showed higher creatinine-adjusted phthalate metabolite and BPA levels among the Korean population. Meanwhile, monthly household income and education were negatively associated with urinary phthalate metabolites. Among personal care products, nail polish use was positively associated with both phthalate metabolites and BPA concentrations in urine. Our observations based on a nationally representative population of Korea show that socio-demographic determinants for these urinary chemicals vary by country, and should be considered for developing appropriate mitigation measures and policies.

Stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction for trace determination of triphenyl and diphenyl phosphate in urine of nail polish users

This work describes a new analytical method useful for monitoring the human exposure to the endocrine-disrupting plasticizer triphenyl phosphate (TPP) via nail polish use. The method allows trace determination of this parent compound and its main metabolite, namely diphenyl phosphate (DPP), in urine samples of nail polish users. The method is based on a novel microextraction technique termed stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction (SBSDME) using a magnetic composite made of CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles embedded into a mixed-mode weak anion exchange polymer (Strata™-X-AW), followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The main parameters involved in the extraction procedure were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method was successfully validated showing good linearity (at least up to 100 ng mL−1) and enrichment factors (17 and 30), limits of detection and quantification in the low ng L−1 range (1.9–17.1 ng L−1 and 6.3–57.1 ng L−1, respectively) and good intra- and inter-day precision (RSD < 8%). Excellent recoveries (81–112 %) were achieved by using matrix-matched calibration for quantification. Finally, the method was applied to the determination of both the parent compound and the metabolite in human urine samples from volunteers who applied themselves a nail polish containing TPP. Detectable amounts of the parent compound were found just in the first urination, whereas quantifiable amounts of DPP were found in the low ng mL−1 range even 24 h after application of the nail polish, thus suggesting a rapid biotransformation and a low excretion, and showing DPP as excellent biomarker of human exposure to TPP. This work expands the analytical potential of the novel SBSDME, and the proposed methodology contributes to the study of the absorption/excretion levels of endocrine disruptors present in cosmetic products.

The association of urinary phosphorous-containing flame retardant metabolites and self-reported personal care and household product use among couples seeking fertility treatment

BackgroundPhosphorous-containing flame-retardants (PFRs) are widely detected. They are used both as a flame retardant as well as plasticizer.MethodsA subset of 230 women and 229 men were recruited from Massachusetts General Hospital fertility clinic between 2005 and 2015. At each visit, participants completed a questionnaire of personal care product (PCP) and household product (HP) use. Metabolites [bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), tert-butylphenyl phenyl phosphate and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate] were measured in urine (1–5 samples; n = 638 women, n = 335 men). Associations were assessed using generalized mixed models, adjusted for SG, age, BMI, smoking, education, and season.ResultsIn women, moisturizer (60%), nail polish remover (77%), and nail polish (134%) use were associated (p < 0.05) with an increase in DPHP concentrations, while ip-PPP concentrations increased 21–27% with conditioner, cosmetics, deodorant, and hair product use. Mouthwash and vinyl glove use were associated with a respective 31% and 92% increase in DPHP among men.ConclusionsOur exploratory analysis suggests PFRs may be used as a plasticizer in consumer products, and nail polish use contributes to internal DPHP exposure. Further research is needed to understand how PFRs are used in these products and how it relates to exposure.

Effect of use of nail polish on bacterial colonization after surgical handwashing in operating room nurses: a preliminary study

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of nail polish applied by operating room nurses on bacterial colonization after surgical hand washing. Materials and Methods: This is a self-controlled, experimental study in which the before and after values of the same group were analyzed. This study was conducted on 33 operating room nurses. The glove juice method was used to measure bacterial colonization on the nurses' hand flora. The data were collected using the Introductory Information Form for Nurses and the Data Recording Form. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods along with the Wilcoxon test. Results: Of the nurses, 54.56% had a bachelor's degree, 78.8% had been working as a nurse for at least 11 years, and 63.7% had been working as an operating room nurse for at least 11 years. Of them, 66.7% had nails shorter than 2 mm. and 60.6% sometimes used moisturizer. No statistically significant difference was found between the amount of bacteria in the samples obtained from the nurses' hands with and without nail polish after surgical hand washing.Conclusion: The findings showed that freshly applied nail polish has no effect on bacterial colonization.

Alternative Patterning Methods for Paper-based Analytical Devices Using Nail Polish as a Hydrophobic Reagent

A rapid, easy, and cost effective fabrication method for paper-based analytical devices (PADs) is described. This newly developed method is based on the use of nail polish as an alternative hydrophobic reagent, and the nail polish was resistant to basic and organic solvents. Three approaches for fabrication of paper-based analytical devices (PADs) were investigated, namely writing, stamping, and spraying. The writing approach was carried out by drawing the hydrophobic area of a pre-designed pattern on filter paper with a simple lab-made pen filled with nail polish as the hydrophobic agent. The stamping and spraying approaches required the use of a designed mask, which was made by laser cutting of the magnet rubber sheet. With laser cutting, two types of templates were made, i.e., positive and negative counterparts. The positive counterpart was the inside pattern and the negative counterpart was the outside pattern of the magnet sheets. For the stamping approach, the negative counterpart of the magnet rubber mask was attached onto a simple rubber stamper that was then stamped onto filter paper after loading with nail polish solution. With the spraying method, the positive counterpart was used to cover the hydrophilic area on the paper. Then, the nail polish solution was used with an air brush and sprayed on the paper covered with the magnet rubber mask. All approaches were cost effective and required neither extra equipment nor any pretreatment step. Among all three methods, however, the spraying method was found most suitable for mass production and provided the best resolution when compared with the other two approaches. With this approach, the actual channel widths obtained were similar to the designed widths, with the narrowest possible channel width of 650 μm. Furthermore, a nail polish-treated PAD was prepared by soaking the paper in the nail polish solution. The ability of the nail polish-treated PAD was examined for its resistance to a strong basic solution and an organic solvent (up to 30% ethanol and dichloromethane). The nail polish-treated paper also showed the potential to be used as an organic-aqueous separator.

Single-Center, Prospective, Blinded Study Comparing the Efficacy and Compatibility of Efinaconazole 10% Solution in Treating Onychomycosis with and without Concurrent Nail Polish Use

Background: Topical efinaconazole 10% solution is a promising new treatment for distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO). However, it is unknown whether this treatment is both compatible and efficacious in individuals wearing toenail polish. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the efficacy and compatibility of efinaconazole 10% solution with concurrent nail polish use in treating DLSO over 52 weeks. Efficacy was assessed using the onychomycosis severity index (OSI) and by measuring nail growth and thickness, while compatibility with nail polish was evaluated with questionnaires. Results: Eleven patients completed the study; 6 wore nail polish regularly and 5 abstained from polish. The efficacy of efinaconazole was not diminished by concurrent nail polish use as measured by OSI, nail growth, and thickness. However, this treatment produced undesirable cosmetic changes to the quality of nail polish over time. Conclusions: While efinaconazole 10% solution is an effective treatment of DLSO in patients wearing nail polish, this treatment may diminish the quality of the polish. Further research and development is needed to enhance the compatibility of topical onychomycosis treatments with nail polish use.

Environmental basis of primary biliary cholangitis.

Autoimmunity is a consequence of both genetic and environmental factors, occurring in genetically susceptible hosts with environmental triggers. While genome-wide association studies have revealed a number of susceptible genes contributing to etiology, the environmental triggers remain poorly understood. Primary biliary cholangitis, formally known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is considered a model autoimmune disease for which our group has extensively evaluated environmental factors involved in its etiology. Bacterial infection and xenobiotics have been proposed as candidate environmental factors that may explain tolerance breakdown and production of primary biliary cholangitis-specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies. Large-scale case-control studies have consistently detected an association of primary biliary cholangitis with urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, as E. coli PDC-E2 is molecularly similar to human PDC-E2, the immunodominant target of AMAs. Another bacterium of interest is Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium that produces lipoylated proteins, which are highly reactive with sera from primary biliary cholangitis patients. Regarding xenobiotics, case-control studies have suggested that frequent use of nail polish is associated with an increased susceptibility to primary biliary cholangitis. We found that 2-octynamide, the conjugate derived from 2-octynoic acid present in cosmetics, lipsticks, and some chewing gums, was unique in both its quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis and reactivity with primary biliary cholangitis sera. 2-nonyamide is another xenobiotic that also has the optimal chemical structure for xenobiotic modification of the PDC-E2 epitope, as demonstrated by the enhanced epitope recognition with AMA-positive PBC sera. Moreover, we found that C57BL/6 mice immunized with 2-octynoic acid-BSA possess many of the features characteristic to primary biliary cholangitis. Impact statement Autoimmunity is believed to develop in genetically susceptible hosts with triggers from the environment. Researchers have recently demonstrated that bacteria and xenobiotics commonly present in our environment are potential triggers of tolerance breakdown against autoantigens and autoimmunity, particularly in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The link between xenobiotics and PBC has been further confirmed with the establishment of PBC model mice by immunizing mice with xenobiotics.

Formaldehyde exposure during pregnancy.

Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable time for exposure to indoor air pollutants, such as formaldehyde (FA), which is linked to spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and premature birth. To determine personal exposure to FA during pregnancy, and to identify the relationship between FA exposure levels and potential residential sources of FA. The study sample consisted of 140 pregnant women recruited from obstetrical clinics in Huntsville, Alabama. Formaldehyde exposure was measured by FA vapor monitor badges. Questionnaires were administered to participants to identify potential residential sources of FA. Urine cotinine, a surrogate for tobacco smoke exposure, was also used as an indicator of a possible source of residential exposure to FA. The mean level of FA exposure by vapor monitor badge was 0.04 parts per million (ppm) (SD = 0.06; range 0.003-0.54 ppm). Minimum risk levels of 0.03 and higher were found in 36.4% of participants. Exposure levels of FA were higher in spring than winter (p < 0.001). Exposure levels of FA were correlated with indoor temperature of dwellings (p < 0.02), installation of new carpet within last 5 years (p < 0.04), and use of nail polish (p < 0.01). No relationship was found between FA exposure and urine cotinine levels. Formaldehyde exposure may increase at various times in the lives of women; however, it is of particular concern during pregnancy because of perinatal risk to the exposed fetus.

Transient Yellow Finger Nails Discoloration: Two Different Causes

Background: Nail disorders comprise approximately 10% of all dermatological conditions. Abnormalities in the color of nails are called ungal dyschromia or chromonychia. Ungual dyschromia may be endogenous or exogenous. Yellow discoloration of the nails has been reported during the last years as separate observation related to drug administration, during hemodialysis and associated with pulmonary diseases as yellow nail syndrome.&#x0D; Case reports:Â A 23-year-old female patient was diagnosed with yellow nails induced by application of a specific nail polish. A 67-year-old man presented with transient nail discoloration as a result of the exacerbation of his chronic pulmonary disease.&#x0D; Conclusion:Â Our cases illustrate transient yellow discoloration of finger nails associated with the use of nail polish, and with an acute episode of chronic bronchitis, with full recovery in the absence of any treatment.

RC2: Day 4

66% d2o in ddw 33% d2o in ddw 99.9% d2o 66% d2o 33% d2o di water ddw di water no seeds I haven’t had much time to study these pictures, but from quick observations it looks like the seeds in 33% d2o mixed with ddw are sprouting before the seeds in 33% d2o mixed with di water. Another interesting thing to note is the seeds in pure di water are sprouting slowly. I’m hoping that my use of nail polish to seal the analyslides hasn’t ruined the experiment.

The effect of nail polish on pulse oximetry readings

Pulse oximeters utilise the pulsatile nature of arterial blood flow to distinguish it from venous flow and estimate oxygen saturation in arterial blood. Pulse oximetry is primarily used in hospital wards, emergency rooms, intensive care units, operating rooms and home care. The objective of this study is to determine whether the use of nail polish of various colours have an effect on oximeter readings of oxygen saturation value. The sample group of this study is comprised of 40 healthy women. In the first phase of the study, readings were taken on left and right hand fingers, with no nail polish, to determine any differences in oxygen saturation value. In the second phase of the study, 10 different colours of nail polish, namely dark red, yellow, dark blue, green, purple, brown, white, metallic, black and pink, of the same brand were applied. Readings were recorded once oxygen saturation values on the screen became stable. Number and percentage distributions along with Wilcoxon signed ranks and Friedman test were used in the analysis of data. Only red nail polish did not yield statistically significant reading results. We conclude that different nail polish colours cause a clinically significant change in pulse oximeter readings in healthy volunteers.