Use Of Mineral Supplements Research Articles

Некоторые факторы, оказывающие влияние на заболеваемость ОРВИ детей (10–18 лет), проживающих на территории Мурманской области

To identify factors influencing the incidence children of respiratory diseases, a study was conducted on the health of schoolchildren aged 10–18 years living in the Murmansk region. A trend has been established that children who take any vitamin and mineral supplements in their food are recover faster. This suggests that the available food for schoolchildren is unbalanced in its main components and the inclusion of local products in a child’s diet is not enough to fully replenish all the necessary nutrients in the growing body of adolescents. The use of various vitamin and mineral supplements in food, including vitamin D3 and fish oil, allows you to at least partially compensate for the lack of essential elements.

Serum vitamins and trace elements in vitiligo patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

AbstractVitiligo is one of the most common pigmentary skin disorders, which significantly impacts the quality of life. The aetiology and pathophysiology of vitiligo are still unclear, but one of the proposed mechanisms is oxidative damage interrupting melanogenesis. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the serum levels of trace elements and vitamins and to systematically review the evidence comparing vitiligo patients with a healthy group. We comprehensively retrieved all studies related to vitiligo and the serum levels of vitamins and minerals from databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Magiran, SID and ISC up to December 2022. Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted by two independent reviewers. Pooled standard mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using random‐effects models. Our meta‐analysis revealed no significant differences in serum levels of Vitamin B12 and copper. It was concluded that serum concentrations of Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and zinc were lower in vitiligo patients. Conversely, these patients exhibited higher levels of selenium and folic acid compared with healthy individuals. These results might affect the potential use of vitamin and mineral supplementation in vitiligo treatment.

Determinants and Prevalence of Depression Among Dietary Supplement Users in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary supplements (DSs) are used by a large number of people globally. It is widely believed that DSs can improve health, prevent diseases, and replenish vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with DS use among the Saudi population and the association between DS consumption and depressive symptoms. Research methodology: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. The questionnaire was distributed through an online mode among adult Saudis (18 years or older) living in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The survey included four parts: socio-demographic characteristics, participants' health, lifestyle, and activity, vitamin and mineral supplement use, and a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a valid and reliable diagnostic tool for depression. Result: Of the 1309 respondents, 1173 were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 26.3 ± 8.8 (range, 18-24) years, and approximately 14.7% exhibited psychological anxiety while 8.4% experienced psychological depression. The prevalence of DS use among Saudis was found to be relatively high (52.2%). The most commonly used DS was vitamin D (43%). DSs improved depressive symptoms in 49.4% of the participants. Conclusion: The prevalence of DS use is high among the Saudi population, and vitamin D is the most common DS. The use of multivitamins and minerals, especially iron, is associated with improved depressive symptoms; however, further studies are needed to understand the relationship between DS use and depressive symptoms.

Transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis reveal the dietary copper deficiency and supplementation effects of liver gene expression and metabolite change in grazing sheep.

The appropriate mineral nutrients are essential for sheep growth and reproduction. However, traditional grazing sheep often experience mineral nutrient deficiencies, especially copper (Cu), due to inadequate mineral nutrients from natural pastures. The results indicated that dietary Cu deficiency and supplementation significantly reduced and elevated liver concentration of Cu, respectively (p < 0.05). FOXO3, PLIN1, ACTN2, and GHRHR were identified as critical genes using the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) validation as potential biomarkers for evaluating Cu status in grazing sheep. Combining these critical genes with gene functional enrichment analysis, it was observed that dietary Cu deficiency may impair liver regeneration and compromise ribosomal function. Conversely, dietary Cu supplementation may enhance ribosomal function, promote lipid accumulation, and stimulate growth and metabolism in grazing sheep. Metabolomics analysis indicated that dietary Cu deficiency significantly decreased the abundance of metabolites such as cholic acid (p < 0.05). On the other hand, dietary Cu supplementation significantly increased the abundance of metabolites such as palmitic acid (p < 0.05). Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome revealed that dietary Cu deficiency may reduce liver lipid metabolism while Cu supplementation may elevate it in grazing sheep. The Cu content in diets may have an impact on hepatic lipid metabolism in grazing sheep. These findings provide new insights into the consequences of dietary Cu deficiency and supplementation on sheep liver and can provide valuable guidance for herders to rationalize the use of mineral supplements.

Meat productivity and quality of meat and liver of broiler chickens after consuming diet with mineral supplements containing chelates of cuprum, iron, zinc, and manganese

Poultry farming plays an important role as a producer of high-quality animal protein, which can solve issues of protein deficit among the population. Genetic growth potential of broiler chickens can be maximized through regular supply of microelements, especially chelate aminoacids. Those compounds improve metabolic processes in the body and increase increments in live mass and slaughter-yield of meat. The main objective of the study was identifying effects of mineral supplements with chelate microminerals on meat productivity of broiler chickens, quality of breast and thigh muscles, and content of mineral compounds in meat and liver. The studies were carried out on Kobb-500 broiler chickens, divided into three groups, each comprising 25 individuals. The experiment lasted from day 1 to day 42 of raising poultry. Broilers of the control group received the basic diet balanced in nutrients; the diet of birds of the second group was supplemented with Kronotsyd-L with chelates of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in calculation of 0.25 mL/L of water, and chickens of the third consumed a diet with copper glycinate in calculation of 0.30 mL/L of water. Subject to mineral supplements with chelate microelements, the chickens had the highest mean-daily increments of live mass, slaughter yield, and yield of breast muscles. Use of mineral supplements in the diet of broiler chickens affected the quality of their meat, in particular its chemical composition. Those supplements led to changes in mineral composition of meat, influencing the concentrations of individual minerals in the tissues of the birds. Since minerals are important components of protein metabolism, the supplements augmented the content of dry matter and protein in meat. In the broiler chickens that had been receiving copper glycinate, the breast muscles had statistically significant increases in the mass shares of dry matter and protein. We found decrease in the content of fat in the breast and thigh muscles and the liver subject to copper glycinate and Kronotsyd-L with chelates of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese. This indicates improvement of the quality of meat and the liver. Use of mineral supplements with chelated microelements increased the ash content in dry matter because of higher concentrations of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese.

Effect of mineral feed additive on egg productivity of laying hens

Improving the consumption and increasing the efficiency of the use of feed, obtaining maximum egg productivity is ensured by a high level of balanced feeding with various feed additives. Therefore, the research work aimed to study the effect of mineral feed additives on the egg productivity of laying hens of the Loman Brown cross. During the experiment, the control group of laying hens consumed the basic ration (BR) – complete combined feed. In feeding the research group, a mineral selenium-containing feed additive was used with the main diet. Selenium in the feed additive is contained in organic form, selenomethionine and selenocystin. Unlike inorganic forms, selenoamino acids can be transported and metabolized in the body to build amino acids. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that when feeding mineral feed additive, there was an increase in the gross collection of eggs in laying hens of the 2nd group by 12.7 % (Р ≥ 0.01) and a decrease in feed consumption by 10 pcs. eggs by 9.0 %, relative to the control group. In addition, there is a tendency to increase the laying rate per average laying hen by 9.5 % and the laying intensity by 3.9 %. With the additional use of the mineral feed additive by laying hens of the 2nd group, the mass of eggs increases by 5.3 % (Р &lt; 0.05), the height of the yolk by 25.0 % (Р &lt; 0.05), and the yolk index by 0.06 % (P &lt; 0.01) versus the control value. It was established that the use of mineral supplements by laying hens of the 2nd group increases live weight by 5.1 % (Р ≤ 0.05), absolute gain by 12.3 % (Р ≤ 0.01), pre-slaughter live weight by 5.7 % (Р ≤ 0.05), the weight of the semi-cartridge by 4.3 % (Р ≤ 0.05) and the weight of the carcass by 11.5 % (Р ≤ 0.01) against the reference indicator. Under the influence of the mineral feed additive in the 2nd group of laying hens, the survival rate of the flock increased by 3.0 % compared to the control analogs.

Selenium status of beef cattle in the Czech Republic

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of selenium (Se) deficiency in Angus Aberdeen (AA) cows and calves during the grazing season on several farms in different geographical locations of the Czech Republic. Selenium deficiency was diagnosed by measuring Se concentrations in whole blood. A total of 78 cows and 78 calves aged 3 to 6 months were examined in eight herds. The reference range of blood Se in cows and calves is 80 to 120 ug/l. Lower values are indicative of deficiency. Overall, Se deficiency was observed in 39.75% cows and 80.76% calves. Suboptimal Se status was mainly a consequence of low Se concentration in pasture vegetation. The Se concentration in plants ranged from 0.032 to 0.086 mg/kg on dry matter basis. Selenium deficiency adversely affected fertility and natality in cattle. In the herd with the highest prevalence of Se deficiency (Herd 2), the number of calves reared till 6 months of age per 100 cows (natality) was as low as 80. The findings show that the grazing cattle suffered from major Se deficiency. The results of the study highlight the importance of implementing early diagnosis, effective prevention, and use of appropriate mineral supplements.

PSVIII-A-1 Effect of Source of Trace Mineral and Bismuth Subsalicylate on Growth, Ruminal H2s, and Trace Mineral Status of Growing Heifers

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of providing inorganic, chelated, and inorganic plus injectable trace mineral supplementation strategies with or without the inclusion of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration, and trace mineral status of growing beef heifers provided high sulfate (5,055 ± 228 mg/L) water. This study consisted of an 84-d feeding period with a 2×2 + 1 factorial treatment arrangement conducted using 2 blocks. Beef heifers (n = 15/block; 367 ± 33 kg BW) in each block were stratified according to their initial liver copper concentration. Mineral treatments included inorganic [added CuSO4 (7.76 mg/kg), ZnSO4 (22.92 mg/kg), MnSO4 (15.28 mg/kg)], chelated (100% of the Cu-methionine (7.68 mg/kg ), Zn-methionine (22.89 mg/kg), and Mn-methionine (15.27 mg/kg), and injectable trace mineral (15 mg/mL Cu, 10 mg/mL Mn, 60 mg/mL Zn) provided in combination with the inorganic mineral treatment. The BSS treatments were 0.0 (CON) or 0.2% (BSS) on a DM basis. Feed and water intake (weekly), ruminal H2S concentration (d 42 and 84), and liver (pre-study, d 42 and 84) and serum trace mineral concentrations (d 1, 28, 56, and 84) were evaluated. Initial liver trace mineral concentration was used as a covariate. Dry matter intake tended to be greater (mineral × BSS, P = 0.05) for heifers provided chelated minerals and fed CON, compared with BSS, and tended to be less for heifers fed inorganic and CON than BSS. Heifers fed chelated minerals drank 6.1 L/d more (P &amp;lt; 0.05) water than those provided inorganic minerals. Injectable trace-mineral provision did not affect DMI or water intake. Ruminal H2S was not affected by mineral type or BSS (P ≥ 0.33). The inclusion of BSS reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration from 60.5 to 31.3 ppm. Heifers provided the injectable minerals had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) liver Cu concentration than the inorganic without BSS treatment. Serum copper was not affected by BSS or mineral treatment (P ≥ 0.44). The liver concentration of Se was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.01) by the inclusion of BSS. The serum Se concentration was not affected by mineral type, BSS, time, or any two- or three-way interactions (P ≥ 0.24). Bismuth subsalicylate did not affect ruminal H2S, and negatively affected liver Cu concentration. The use of organic trace mineral supplementation strategies did not affect the trace mineral status of beef heifers drinking high sulfate water, but use of an injectable trace mineral supplement increased liver Cu.

Association between use of vitamin and mineral supplement and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in hypertensive adults

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic metabolic disorder in hypertensive adults. Impaired metabolism of micronutrients may increase NAFLD risk by exacerbating oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammation among hypertensive adults. In this first cross-sectional analysis of 7,376 hypertensive adults with 2,015 NAFLD cases in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, vitamin and mineral supplements (VMS) use was identified via questionnaire. NAFLD was defined by a hepatic steatosis index > 36. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (MVOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression models. In our study, 18.6% were current users of VMS; of these, 76.7% used multi-vitamin/mineral supplements. Current VMS users had significantly lower odds of NAFLD, compared with non-users (MVOR [95% CI]: 0.73 [0.58–0.92]). The inverse association became attenuated and non-significant among those consuming VMS at higher frequency (≥ 2 times/day), for longer duration (> 16 months), and taking ≥ 2 VMS products. The inverse association with current use of VMS was only evident in those aged < 56 years (MVOR [95% CI]: 0.54 [0.40–0.72]) and men (MVOR [95% CI]: 0.56 [0.40–0.80])(Pinteraction ≤ 0.04). Our results suggest that VMS use may lower NAFLD risk, particularly among younger or male hypertensive adults, if taken in moderation.

Comparison of Nutritional Status with Serum Vitamin D and B12 Levels in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the nutritional adequacy status of pregnant women with gestational diabetes and to examine the relationship between biochemical parameters such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, hemoglobin, hematocrit and fasting glucose. Methods: In the study, serum vitamin D and B12 levels of 130 pregnant women between 24-28 weeks of gestation were examined. As a result of 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test, 70 pregnant women were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The control group consisted of 60 healthy pregnant women. Nutritional factors were obtained through a questionnaire (anthropometric measurements, micronutrients, 3-day food consumption frequency, use of vitamin supplements) and groups were compared in terms of biochemical parameters (vitamin D, vitamin B12). Results: Pregnant women with GDM; mean age (30.34 ± 5.28), family history of diabetes (17.1%), pre-pregnancy body mass index percentage (54.3%), rate of skipping meals were higher. The rate of use of vitamin and mineral supplements in pregnant women with GDM was low. According to the analysis of 3-day food consumption records of pregnant women with GDM, it was determined that the intake of micronutrients vitamin D and vitamin B12 was insufficient. Biochemical parameters such as vitamin D, vitamin B12, hemoglobin and hematocrit were found to be lower in pregnant women with GDM. Conclusion: GDM is the most common endocrinological disorder in pregnancy. The study showed that inadequate nutrient intake negatively affects blood glucose levels and biochemical findings. Individuals with GDM should be referred to a nutritionist, medical nutrition therapy (TBT) appropriate for their individual characteristics should be given and monitored.

The relationship of dietary inflammatory index and dietary patterns with premenstrual syndrome among women in Kermanshah: An analytical cross-sectional study.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common psychological condition that occurs continuously during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Potential factors in this syndrome comprise the central nervous system, hormones, genetic background, and nutritional indicators. Little is known about foods or eating patterns that may be associated with this syndrome, yet nutritional factors can be considered in strategies for the management of PMS. The current study purposed to investigate the relationship between PMS and dietary inflammation index as well as PMS and food patterns. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 125 women and girls aged 20-46 years who experienced symptoms of PMS. The inclusion criteria included cooperation and consent to enter the study, a body mass index of 18.5-25 kg/m2, no underlying disease, no use of contraceptives or antidepressants, and no use of multivitamin or mineral supplements. In the first stage of this study, participants' height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured. In the second stage, eating habits were examined using a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. This study found a significant correlation between glycemic load quintiles as well as between energy and macronutrient intake and the dietary inflammatory index; however, it revealed a direct correlation between PMS and both Western-mixed dietary and high-salt-high-sugar dietary patterns. Moreover, the Western food pattern was found to have a direct correlation with dietary inflammatory index, and the healthy food pattern had an inverse correlation with this index. This study showed that PMS symptoms are more severe with the consumption of high-salt-high-sugar or a Western-mixed food dietary pattern. It seems that an imbalance in hormones and neurotransmitters can affect the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Also, some foods, such as vegetables, and low-fat and high-fiber diets reduce plasma estrogen levels and the duration of PMS symptoms.

Dietary supplement use among adult survivors of childhoodcancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime CohortStudy.

Adult survivors of childhood cancer have poor adherence to nutrition guidelines and inadequate intake of dietary vitamins D and E, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and calcium. The contribution of vitamin and mineral supplement use to total nutrient intake in this population is unclear. We examined the prevalence and dose of nutrient intake among 2570 adult survivors of childhood cancer participating in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study, and the association of dietary supplement use with treatment exposures, symptom burden, and quality of life. Nearly 40% of the adult survivors of cancer survivors reported regular use of dietary supplements. Although cancer survivors who used dietary supplements were less likely to have inadequate intake of several nutrients, they were also more likely to have excessive intake (total nutrient intake≥tolerable upper intake levels) of folate (15.4% vs. 1.3%), vitamin A (12.2% vs. 0.2%), iron (27.8% vs. 1.2%), zinc (18.6% vs. 1%), and calcium (5.1% vs. 0.9%) compared with survivors who did not use dietary supplements (all p <0.05). Treatment exposures, symptom burden, and physical functioning were not associated with supplement use, whereas emotional well-being and vitality were positively associated with supplement use among childhood cancer survivors. Supplement use is associated with both inadequate and excessive intake of specific nutrients, but positively impacts aspects of quality of life among childhood cancer survivors.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МИНЕРАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ ДОБАВКИ НА ИНФУЗОРНУЮ ФАУНУ РУБЦА И МОЛОЧНУЮ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КОРОВ

The article presents the results of research on the use of mineral and vitamin supplements in the diets of dairy cows and its effect on the microfauna of the rumen and dairy productivity of animals. The object of research was highly productive cows during the period of milking. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the use of a feed additive contributed to the optimization of digestive processes by increasing the density of rumen infusoria in 1 ml of rumen fluid in lactating cows of the experimental groups compared with peers from the control group by 22.6–23.1 %, which is reliable (p ≥ 0,95). The feed additive had a positive effect on increasing the biodiversity of infusoria in the rumen of ruminants, creating more favorable conditions for the formation and growth of microfauna, and, consequently, for improving the digestibility of nutrients consumed feed, as evidenced by data on the dairy productivity of animals. During the period of the experiment, the average daily milk yield according to the results of control milkings of cows receiving «Minvit 6.1-Mama» in the amount of 150 g was 31.0 ± 0.6 kg, which is 8.0 % (p ≥ 0.99) more than animals from the control group. Cows of the experimental group 2 had an average daily milk yield of 31.8 ± 0.71 kg, which is 10.8 % (p ≥ 0.99) higher than the same indicator compared to peers from the control group. Thus, the use of mineral and vitamin supplement «Minvit 6.1-Mama» in the feeding of dairy cows contributes to the optimization of scar digestion while increasing the milk productivity of animals. The maximum biological and zootechnical effect is manifested by the introduction of a feed additive in the amount of 200 g per head per day

Feeding Practices of Infants and Toddlers by Their Mothers in Selected Northern Emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

Research on the feeding practices of infants and young children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is limited, especially in the northern regions of the country. A retrospective web-based survey was conducted to assess child feeding practices among the mothers of young children aged 6 months to 2.5 years in the northern emirates of the UAE. Information from a total of 475 mothers was collected on maternal socio-demographic factors, child feeding practices, and the use of vitamin and mineral supplements. For the first 6 months, 46.7% of the infants were exclusively breastfed, 43.8% were fed on both breastmilk and formula, and 9.5% were given formula only. Significant differences in the types of feeding were found correlating with maternal age (p = 0.02) and employment status (p < 0.001) but not with educational level, with a higher proportion of younger and unemployed women exclusively breastfeeding. However, although a significantly higher proportion of mothers with lower educational levels breastfed their children for ≥6 months (p = 0.026), they introduced “other milk” (non-breastmilk or formula) before the child reached the age of 12 months (p = 0.022). In this study, 22.1% of the infants and 8.1% of the toddlers did not receive an animal source of iron, while 52.6% of the children received vitamin/mineral supplements. The median daily frequency intake of sweets and savory snacks was substantially higher than the respective intake of fruits and vegetables. Intervention programs that focus on healthy infant and toddler feeding, including food sources of iron and nutrient-dense food groups, are needed in the UAE.

USPSTF: Taking vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements doesn't prevent CVD and cancer

USPSTF: Taking vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements doesn't prevent CVD and cancer

Vitamin, Mineral and Dietary Supplement Use of Adults Before and After Covıd-19 Period

Vitamin, Mineral and Dietary Supplement Use of Adults Before and After Covıd-19 Period

Growth assessment of various formulae of essential minerals and trace elements on whiteleg shrimp at different salinities

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is now the main species cultivated in various geographic locations. Whiteleg shrimp have a wide range of salinity tolerance, but a matter of deficiency of minerals and trace elements need to be taken care of when shrimp are grown in low saline area. It may induce higher mortality and slower growth performances of shrimp. Two stages of shrimp juveniles were subsequently tested with different formulae of a liquid nutraceutical of essential minerals and trace elements. Each stage was performed in a 28-day trial with follow-up parameters of shrimp growth indices and environmental changes throughout the tests. The use of mineral supplementation in whiteleg shrimp diet in low salinity area significantly increased growth performance, survival rate and color intensity. This study has demonstrated the efficacy of a liquid form of mineral supplement product administered by top-coating onto the feed to shrimp during 4 weeks of grow-out at 5‰ salinity, but the application was dependent on formula and dose. Further research on application regime using this liquid mineral product should be performed to optimize a protocol for a whole culture crop as different stages of shrimp may require different supplementation doses.

Nutrition Practices among Adult Cancer Survivors Living on the Island of Ireland: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The purpose of this research was to explore the nutrition practices among post-treatment cancer survivors across Ireland. Cancer survivors aged 18+ years living across Ireland, who were not palliative and had completed active cancer treatment at least six months previous, were recruited to complete an online survey assessing dietary quality, food choice and satisfaction with food-related life as well as clinical and nutrition status. It was circulated by cancer support networks and on social media. Descriptive statistics are presented. The cohort (n = 170) was predominantly female (85.9%) and had breast cancer (64.7%). Mean age was 51.5 ± 10.9 years and 42.7% of the cohort were >five years post-treatment. Only 20% and 12% of the cohort had been assessed by a dietitian during and post-treatment, respectively. The mean dietary quality score was 10.3 ± 1.7, which was measured by the Leeds short-form food frequency questionnaire (SFFFQ). Using a 5-point Likert scale, the median satisfaction with food-related life score was 19 (3.3), which evaluates cognitive judgements on the person’s food-related life. The food choice questionnaire (FCQ) assesses the relative importance of a range of factors related to dietary choice to individuals. The primary determinant of food choice in this cohort was the natural content (31.7%) followed by health (24.7%). Vitamin and mineral supplement use was reported by 69.8% of the cohort; the most consumed was Vitamin D. Four themes emerged from an optional open-ended question: awareness of nutritional importance; desire for specific nutritional advice and dietetic referral; cancer and treatment nutrition impacts were highlighted; as well as struggles with weight gain. This research provides useful insight into the nutrition practices of Irish cancer survivors. A desire and need for individualised and specific advice are evident.

Scoping Review on Risk Factors and Methods for the Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease Applicable to Cow-Calf Operations.

Simple SummaryBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in cattle populations and has been named as one of three diseases where antibiotics are most frequently used in cow–calf operations in California. Antibiotics are typically used to treat or prevent the disease, but recent concerns about antibiotic resistance of pathogens in animals or spreading from animals to people have led to the call for more judicious use of these drugs. The present review summarizes the English scientific literature on articles about risk factors for the disease as well as ways to prevent BRD that are applicable to cow–calf operations. Numerous management and animal factors have been identified as increasing the risk for BRD. Vaccinations, metaphylactic use of antibiotics, and feed supplements are areas of research into the prevention of BRD. Genetics have also been explored to determine the heritability of BRD resistance. While vaccinations and metaphylactic use of antibiotics have been evaluated in multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses, these types of summaries are missing for commonly studied feed supplements, such as yeast and trace minerals, and the use of nitric oxide releasing substance to prevent BRD. Further, it would be beneficial to summarize the knowledge on management related risk factors in literature reviews.The presented scoping review summarizes the available research evidence and identifies gaps in knowledge for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevention. Published literature on BRD from 1990 to April 2021 was searched in online databases, including Medline, CAB s, Scopus, Biosis, and Searchable Proceedings of Animal Conferences. Citations were systematically evaluated in a three-stage approach using commercial software and summarized in a scoping review format. A total of 265 publications were included in this review with herd/farm management (27.9%) as the most prevalent factors studied, followed by metaphylaxis (24.5%), vaccinations (24.1%), diet formulations, and nutritional supplementations (17.7%), animal characteristics (10.2%), and less common interventions and risk factors (6.4%). A high proportion of studies under herd/farm management (73%), metaphylaxis (86%), vaccinations (70%), animal characteristics (78%), and less common interventions and risk factors (59%) showed either significant effects on reducing BRD morbidity or significant differences of BRD between treatments. However, diet and nutritional supplementations reduced BRD only in 30% of research publications. Most studies on BRD were performed in feedlot populations, and more studies in cow–calf populations are needed. We further suggest meta-analyses on the use of yeast and trace mineral supplementation, and nitric oxide-releasing solution for BRD prevention.

The Effect of A Weight-Loss Diet in Women Doing Reformer Pilates: A 12-Week Evaluation

Aim: This study aims to define the effect of a weight-loss diet on body composition in women doing reformer pilates for 12 weeks. It compares dietary habits in subject groups with and without a weight-loss diet and macro and micronutrient intakes at the beginning and end of the study. Method: A total of 49 women (≥18 age) were randomly allocated to either a control (CG: reformer pilates; n=23) or a study (SG: reformer pilates+weight-loss diet; n=26) group. In both groups, subjects did pilates for 45 minutes a day three times a week for a total of 12 weeks. Their body weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference (cm), neck circumference (cm), mid-upper arm circumference (cm), body composition, waist/height ratio, and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) were evaluated at the beginning and the third month of the study. Dietary habits of all subjects were questioned, their 24-hour retrospective food consumption was taken, and their physical activity levels were evaluated through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Short Form). Results: The use of vitamin and mineral supplements in SG was lower than CG (p=0.003). The twelve-week evaluation showed a significantly higher increase in dietary protein and calcium levels in SG than CG (p&amp;lt;0.05). In SG, a significantly higher decrease was determined in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist/height ratio, and a higher increase in Basal Metabolic Rate, body muscle, and body water, compared to CG (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Pilates combined with a weight-loss diet has more positive effects on body composition than pilates alone. Providing dietary training and counseling for women who practice reformer pilates will increase the health benefits of exercise.