Use Of Middleware Research Articles

Informal experimentation, centralization, or distribution? Assessing technological, organizational and contextual factors for social media institutionalization processes in Dutch municipalities

Given the various benefits of social media for governments, municipalities are increasingly attempting to institutionalize their use of social media. This article looks at the use of middleware that is observed on municipal Twitter accounts in Dutch municipalities in 2018 and 2021 (N= 724), which provide a set of APIs that specify input and output modalities. It is observed that the use of subscription-based customer relationship management (CRM) tools, developed mostly in a corporate context, has grown considerably, with an uptake of 89.0% of Dutch municipalities in 2021, whereas the use of free CRM tools appears to be declining. Middleware were studied and linked to three models of social media institutionalization (informal experimentation, centralization, and distribution). Municipalities in the informal experimentation model were observed to have smaller population sizes and generally had fewer IT professionals in their constituencies. Larger municipalities with more IT professionals were mostly observed to have a centralized model of institutionalization. Although municipalities with a distributed institutionalization model were larger, they were generally less urbanized. Finally, more technologically advanced municipalities were only observed to make more use of the distributed model.

Trade‐offs to using standardized tools: Innovation enablers or creativity constraints?

AbstractResearch SummaryIn platform ecosystems, the creation of new products is often based on standardized development tools. Complementors often have a choice between either using these tools or creating the functionality themselves. In this paper, we study how the use of standardized development tools is related to the type of products created. By using data on the use of middleware (e.g., game engines) in the console video game market, we show that the use of development tools is associated with products that are less novel but with higher sales on average. We exploit a policy change that affected the ability of U.S.‐based developers to hire foreign workers as an instrument for the use of development tools and find further support for these patterns.Managerial AbstractWhen developing new products, firms often have to decide whether they base their technology on preexisting components and standardized tools or develop that technology themselves. In general, it has not been clear how using standardized third‐party tools that may be available to all firms in an industry affects the nature of the products that are created. Using data on middleware components, such as game engines, in the console video game industry, this paper shows the use of such standardized tools is associated with the creation of products that are less novel but generate higher sales on average. This is an important strategic consideration for firms, but also for platforms that make decisions regarding whether such tools should be allowed on their platform.

Reflections on Cyber Security Automation via SOA IoT Middleware

The Covid-19 pandemic forced companies to both alter their operation and adapt their activities and services provided. Indicatively, remote working, hybrid work models and teleconferences became the new reality, leading to the exponential increase of businesses’ dependency on IT infrastructures, including internet usage and cloud computing. Moreover, the geopolitical environment affects cybersecurity and the likelihood of cyber-attacks on critical infrastructures. To address these issues, companies must update their digital infrastructure and reduce cyber vulnerabilities; this can be achieved through the use of middleware. In this article, we define the terms “middleware” and “Service Orientated Architecture” (SOA). Then, we explain how SOA can be fused with current middleware systems, using Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) as a case study. Finally, we review how a Cyber IoT Middleware uses SOA.

Standardized Tools, Generalizability of Human Capital, and Employee Mobility

The mobility of highly skilled knowledge and creative workers is an important determinant of innovation. Existing studies have not considered how the use and diffusion of standardized technologies and tools influence the mobility of individual knowledge workers. We theorize that the diffusion of standardized tools increases the generalizability of human capital and, in turn, increases the ability of individuals to move between companies. Using data on the use of middleware in the console games industry, we find that this diffusion of standardized middleware tools lead to an increase in labor mobility on average, but was associated with higher mobility for individuals with skills that complemented those tools, in comparison to those that were substituted by these tools. Worker experience with standardized tools amplified these effects, as individuals who were experienced in using these tools saw the largest shift in the likelihood of mobility. We do not find that this diffusion led to individuals leaving the industry, but we do find evidence that the diffusion of a common set of tools within an industry was associated with workers being less likely to leave that industry. These results highlight the potential unintended effects of technological standardization and the broad diffusion of standardized tools, which may enable workers to more easily shift between competitors.

ScaleUp: middleware for intelligent environments.

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) expands to an ultra-large-scale, which provides numerous services across different domains and environments. The use of middleware eases application development by providing the necessary functional capability. This paper presents a new form of middleware for controlling smart devices installed in an intelligent environment. This new form of middleware functioned seamlessly with any manufacturer API or bespoke controller program. It acts as an all-encompassing top layer of middleware in an intelligent environment control system capable of handling numerous different types of devices simultaneously. This protected de-synchronization of data stored in clone devices. It showed that in this middleware, the clone devices were regularly synchronized with their original master such as locally stored representations were continuously updated with the known true state values.

Standardized Tools and the Generalizability of Human Capital: The Impact of Standardized Technologies on Employee Mobility

The mobility of highly skilled knowledge and creative workers is an important determinant of innovation. Existing studies have not considered how the growth and diffusion of standardized technologies and tools influence the mobility of individual knowledge workers. We theorize that the diffusion of standardized tools increases the generalizability of human capital and, in turn, increases the ability of individuals to move between companies. Using data on the use of middleware in the console games industry, we find that this diffusion of standardized middleware tools led to an increase in labor mobility on average, but was associated with higher mobility for individuals with skills that complemented those tools. Worker experience with standardized tools amplified these effects, as individuals who were experienced in using these tools saw the largest shift in the likelihood of mobility. We do not find that this diffusion led to individuals leaving the industry, but we do find evidence that the diffusion of a common set of tools within an industry was associated with workers being less likely to leave that industry. These results highlight the potential unintended effects of technological standardization and the broad diffusion of standardized tools, which may enable workers to more easily shift between competitors.

Security Enhancement for Devices using REST-API, Middleware & IoT Gateway

Internet of things plays the major innovative role in the enhancement and optimization of habitual behavior by the collaborative usage of smart objects and smart sensors. One of the major challenges that is being faced is secure interconnection of iot devices, sensors, actuators to the cloud. As most of the IoT devices and cloud usage is done using the third party, it is required to provide IoT security such that the attackers cant disturb the communication path through the devies and also to provide secure data transmission from devices to cloud. This paper mainly displays the use of middleware along with Gateway and REST API Technologies for the secure interface between the devices, sensors and storage applications.

Security Enhancement for Devices using REST-API, Middleware & IoT Gateway

Internet of things plays the major innovative role in the enhancement and optimization of habitual behavior by the collaborative usage of smart objects and smart sensors. One of the major challenges that is being faced is secure interconnection of iot devices, sensors, actuators to the cloud. As most of the IoT devices and cloud usage is done using the third party, it is required to provide IoT security such that the attackers cant disturb the communication path through the devies and also to provide secure data transmission from devices to cloud. This paper mainly displays the use of middleware along with Gateway and REST API Technologies for the secure interface between the devices, sensors and storage applications.

Development of Applications for Humanoid Robots Using Multiple Platforms, Tools, and Cloud Data Sharing

This paper describes the procedure followed for using third-party tools and applications, avoiding the development of complex communication software modules for data sharing. A common practice in robotics is the use of middlewares to interconnect different software applications, hardware components, or even complete systems. It allows code and tool reuse minimizing the development effort. In this way, applications developed for one middleware can be shared with others by means of establishing communication bridges among them. The most extended procedure is the development of software modules that use the low-level communication resources that middlewares provide. This procedure has many advantages but a clear disadvantage: the complexity of development. The procedure proposed is based on the use of cloud technologies for data sharing without the development of middleware bridges. The way of inter-relate different middlewares is by means of the development of a compatible robot model. This procedure has enabled the use of the ArmarX middleware tools and the application of the results obtained to the humanoid robot TEO, that uses the YARP middleware, in an easy and fast way.

Enhancing large-scale docking simulation on heterogeneous systems: An MPI vs rCUDA study

Virtual Screening (VS) methods can considerably aid clinical research by predicting how ligands interact with pharmacological targets, thus accelerating the slow and critical process of finding new drugs. VS methods screen large databases of chemical compounds to find a candidate that interacts with a given target. The computational requirements of VS models, along with the size of the databases, containing up to millions of biological macromolecular structures, means computer clusters are a must. However, programming current clusters of computers is no easy task, as they have become heterogeneous and distributed systems where various programming models need to be used together to fully leverage their resources. This paper evaluates several strategies to provide peak performance to a GPU-based molecular docking application called METADOCK in heterogeneous clusters of computers based on CPU and NVIDIA Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Our developments start with an OpenMP, MPI and CUDA METADOCK version as a baseline case of cluster utilization. Next, we explore the virtualized GPUs provided by the rCUDA framework in order to facilitate the programming process. rCUDA allows us to use remote GPUs, i.e. installed in other nodes of the cluster, as if they were installed in the local node, so enabling access to them using only OpenMP and CUDA. Finally, several load balancing strategies are analyzed in a search to enhance performance. Our results reveal that the use of middleware like rCUDA is a convincing alternative to leveraging heterogeneous clusters, as it offers even better performance than traditional approaches and also makes it easier to program these emerging clusters.

IoT Interoperability—On-Demand and Low Latency Transparent Multiprotocol Translator

In the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) there is a clear need for a high level of interoperability between independently developed systems, often from different vendors. Traditional methods of interoperability including protocol gateways and adapters are often used at the network layer. Recent work on application interoperability has emphasized the use of middleware or protocol proxy/gateway. However, middleware tends to move the interoperability problem rather than solving it, and there are scalability issues with increasing the number of proxies, reconfiguration effort, and required bandwidth and processing overheads. This paper proposes a secure, on-demand, and transparent protocol translator for the IIoT. Targeting the challenge of interoperability between Internet protocol-based communication protocols, this paper analyzes current solutions and develops a set of requirements to be met by IoT protocol interoperability. The proposed protocol translator is not a middleware, it is a service-oriented architecture-based participant, it is used on-demand when needed, it does not introduce design time dependencies, it operates transparently, it supports low-latency, and it is secured through the use of Arrowhead authorization and authentication.

Energy Efficient Data Broadcasting in a Body Area Network Middleware for Medical Applications

Wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of communication technology, sensors technology, a middleware and end user applications has emerged as a technology targeted at monitoring physiological and ambient conditions surrounding human beings and animals. Use of middleware enhances the power of BAN which handles the dynamic changes very smoothly. It also provides scalability to the system. This paper outlines the implementation of an energy efficient routing of data at middleware for the WBAN using the methodology of dynamic binding of data at the time of broadcasting it. A middleware is presented which handles the communication protocol according to the needs of various applications connected to it. A simulated environment is constructed for communications, sensors, middleware and applications to demonstrate feasibility of the system.

Towards a Middleware for Resource Sharing in Collaboration of Pervasive Computing

Abstract The way in which the computing devices and applications are developed and used does not satisfy the needs of the users calling for and shots of the potential for pervasive computing. It is crucial that the provides have full visibility of their context i.e., the set of available and relevant resources depending on access control rules, client locations user preferences, privacy requirements, terminal characteristics and current state of hosting environments. The applications developed for pervasive computing are very hard, but they are necessary to build ubiquitous computing environment. Few researchers have indeed focused on some of these requirements but there is a practical difference between theory and its achievement. A new model is proposed for pervasive computing. A solution to the existing problems is proposed through this paper. Some of the ways to improve the performance environments through the use of middleware is also proposed in this research work.

Framework Design of Emergency Management Information System for Cloud Computing in Chemical Park

Collaborative emergency management mode provides a new idea for further reducing system safety risk in the chemical park. In this paper, the cloud computing and the expert system were used for the framework design of the emergency management information system to enhance emergency response capability of collaborative emergency managementmechanisms. The use of middleware integrated with multi-source data achieved the unified data manipulation interface. Intelligent delivery of information system was provided. Using agent-middleware technology to build decision layer could make massive data analysis, data mining and decision from the “cloud computing” platform access for every user. It can provide the necessary theoretical and technical support for enterprises in the chemical park, to give full play to the collaborative emergency management capability.

Framework Design of Emergency Management Information System for Cloud Computing in Chemical Park

Collaborative emergency management mode provides a new idea for further reducing system safety risk in the chemical park. In this paper, the cloud computing and the expert system were used for the framework design of the emergency management information system to enhance emergency response capability of collaborative emergency managementmechanisms. The use of middleware integrated with multi-source data achieved the unified data manipulation interface. Intelligent delivery of information system was provided. Using agent-middleware technology to build decision layer could make massive data analysis, data mining and decision from the “cloud computing” platform access for every user. It can provide the necessary theoretical and technical support for enterprises in the chemical park, to give full play to the collaborative emergency management capability.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF E-GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE BY PRIMARY ATTRIBUTES OF 3 ASIAN COUNTRIES

By Waseda University International e-Government Ranking, announced in 2012 the state of Singapore and Korea ranks first and third in the implementation of e-government. Whereas Indonesia ranks 33[6]. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the implementation of e-government Enterprise Architecture in Korea, Singapore and Indonesia. Stages of the research conducted is reviewing literature on TOGAF framework, define the attribute comparison, analysis of EA implementation in each country and do a comparison of the EA of both countries. Attributes used for comparison EA are business architecture, information systems architecture and technology architecture. Korea and Singapore divide business area into two business areas, namely public services and support services. Indonesia has tthree business area. Korea split by sector information system development while Singapore users group split based information system. Indonesia has 4 main application. Korea emphasizing mobile technology and the common component. While Singapore visible effort to increase the use of middleware. Indonesian technology solutions that enable information used accessed through various devices.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in Media Systems

The precepts associated with service-oriented architecture (SOA), web services (WS), and business process management (BPM) provide an excellent approach to systems integration in the media and entertainment (M&E) industry. Current problems of integration complexity and rapid business changes can be addressed through the agility, visibility, and productivity benefits provided by these approaches and technologies. Although SOA, BPM, and WS are only beginning to be used in the M&E industry, they are well-established information technology (IT) methods and backed by accepted standards. SOA, with its use of middleware and wrappers, is an excellent architectural choice for systems in the M&E industry. When implemented using web services, it can enhance and simplify software integration. When combined with BPM to streamline business processes, SOA provides additional benefits to any media enterprise that adopts its fundamental principles. These service-oriented media enterprises will be able to react to changes in requirements more efficiently in the future.

SensorBus ‑ A Policy-Based Middleware for Wireless Sensor Networks

The use of middleware to develop distributed applications liberates the programmer of the concerns (communication and coordination among software components) imposed by the distributed network environment. Besides these concerns, in wireless sensor networks are considered, also, their specific characteristics (address, mobility, amount and limited resources of the sensor nodes). This paper describes the implementation and performance evaluation of SensorBus, a message-oriented adaptive middleware for wireless sensor networks that uses policies to assist to the several characteristics of the wireless sensor networks. Policies are implemented in an application profile, through metadata, encoded in XML documents. Performance evaluation of SensorBus is made through their two main services: application and context. We used measurement techniques and simulation to carry out the experiments. Experiments show that using metadata to incorporate policies in the middleware does not imply undue overheads.

Securities standards migration: ISO 15022 vs ISO 20022

The financial services industry has a long journey ahead of it as it migrates to the use of the ISO 20022 standard. Cross-border securities settlement processes have only recently moved to the use of ISO 15022 and most domestic securities settlement is still carried out with relatively little use of the standard. Meanwhile, more and more of the industry's pre-trade and trade activities have moved to adopt the Financial Information eXchange (FIX) protocol standard, as have exchanges and other core infrastructures. The process of migration is further complicated by the broad range of changes that are continually taking place across the industry, making it impossible to find a 'quiet time' during which changes could be made with minimal disruption to a firm's usual business. Adding to this difficulty is the fact that industry standards are being further developed even while market participants are implementing current versions.Having the right tools in place to plan for and complete such a journey is vital to success. The use of a metadata repository for information management and understanding can increase the efficiency of migration projects, as can the use of middleware to allow firms to make changes to different parts of their processes and applications while they are still being used to support the business. One should not confuse the difficulty and complexity of migrating a whole industry with the much more limited changes involved in migrating one application service provider's relatively limited user base.

Cross-Platform Development: Software that Lasts

The design of software that is easy to port or deliberately targeted for multiple platforms is a neglected area of software engineering. A promising solution is to link components and toolkits through XML and reflection. One of the more compelling definitions of software engineering is, the multiperson construction of multiversion software. The popular view of software engineering focuses on the first part of this definition - managing teams to produce a large product. But just as important is the view inherent in the second part of the definition - identifying specific parts of a product so that experts can design them and organizations can mass-produce them free of language and environment dependencies. Component-based software engineering has made tremendous strides toward satisfying both parts of the definition. Through the use of middleware constructed using reflection and controlled through XML specifications, it is possible to give the components in a large software system a high degree of platform and even language independence. The result is long lived software that can migrate gracefully as platforms improve and change