Use Of Methylene Blue Dye Research Articles

Enhancing endometrial pathology detection: chromohysteroscopy vs. conventional hysteroscopy in infertility evaluation

BackgroundEndometrial pathology is a recognized contributor to infertility and recurrent implantation failure, but its detection during hysteroscopy, particularly in the absence of visible lesions, is challenging. Chromohysteroscopy, involving the use of methylene blue dye, has shown promise in improving diagnostic accuracy.MethodsThis interventional cross-sectional study compared the diagnostic accuracy of chromohysteroscopy and conventional hysteroscopy, using histopathology as the gold standard. A total of 100 consenting infertility patients were included, in a sequential step, hysteroscopy followed by chromohysteroscopy using methylene blue dye was performed to enhance the detection of subtle endometrial pathologies.ResultsAmong the 100 women who underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy, 76 exhibited normal findings, while 24 had abnormal findings. During chromohysteroscopy, 62 cases displayed a light staining pattern, and 38 cases exhibited dark staining. Histopathological analysis of biopsy tissue from the dark-stained areas revealed endometrial pathology in 84.2% (32/38) and normal endometrium in 15.8% (6/38) cases. In contrast, biopsies from the light-stained areas indicated abnormal endometrium in only 3.23% (2/62) cases, with the remaining 96.77% having a normal histology. Chromohysteroscopy demonstrated a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy (92%) for endometrial pathology compared to conventional hysteroscopy (58%). Notably, chromohysteroscopy’s sensitivity was 94.12%, and its specificity was 90.9%. The staining patterns observed during chromohysteroscopy correlated well with histological findings, highlighting its effectiveness in identifying structurally damaged endometrium.ConclusionChromohysteroscopy emerges as a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing endometrial pathology, especially in infertility cases. This technique offers superior accuracy compared to conventional hysteroscopy, providing clinicians with a more precise means of diagnosis and potential targeted treatments.

Use of methylene blue dye for lymphatic basin mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients in Enugu, Nigeria.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the current standard of care for axillary staging and further treatment planning in patients with clinical axillary node-negative breast cancer. Sentinel node (SN) biopsy was designed to accurately stage the axilla and minimize the side effects of conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection without sacrificing oncologic outcomes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is normally performed with nuclear scan and patent blue violet or isosulfan blue. These are expensive and not commonly available in resource-poor regions such as West Africa. Methylene blue dye is a commonly used agent in a wide range of clinical diagnostic procedures and has been used by other investigators to perform this procedure. This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of SN biopsy in the management of axillary node-negative breast cancer in resource-limited populations using methylene blue dye. To determine the efficacy of methylene blue dye as a single tracer in lymphatic basin mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with clinical axillary node-negative breast cancer. This was a prospective, case-controlled study involving 28 consecutively presenting female patients with clinical axillary node-negative breast cancer at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Each of the patients had lymphatic basin mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy with a sub-areola-subdermal injection of methylene blue dye. The SN (s) were then removed using the dye as the marker. Each patient then had a mastectomy or wide local excision as appropriately planned and conventional levels I and II axillary dissection was performed in the same sitting. The SNs and other axillary nodes were reviewed independently by our institution's pathologist. Each patient's axillary dissection specimen acted as her control for the study. The SNs were identified in 24 (85.7%) patients. There was a demonstrable learning curve with an improvement in identification rate in the later half of the cases (92.9%) compared to the earlier half of the cases (78.6%). A range of 1-3 nodes and a mean of 1.78 nodes were obtained. A sensitivity of 90.9%, specificity of 79.6%, false-positive rate of 28.6%, false-negative rate of 9.1%, and accuracy of 95.8% were obtained. There was no incidence of allergic/hypersensitivity reaction. Sentinel lymph node biopsy with methylene blue dye can be applied with high accuracy within resource-limited environments. However, there is a definite short learning curve that must be overcome and the procedure validated before clinical application in decision-making.

Use of methylene blue dye for sentinel lymph node mapping in early-stage gynecological cancers - An option for low resource settings.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is a standard of care in gynecological cancers but with limited resources and equipment, intraoperative use of methylene blue for SLN mapping may be more useful. To authenticate the use of methylene blue dye for intraoperative SLN mapping in cases of early-stage gynecological cancers. This pilot study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The cases included 14 cervical, 4 endometrial, 1 vulvar, and 1 synchronous cervical-vulvar cancer wherein 21 SLN mappings were done. Four ml of methylene blue was injected submucosally in the cervix in cervical and endometrial cancer. It was injected around the tumor in vulvar cancer. The pelvic lymphatic drainage area was examined in cervical and endometrial cancer while inguinofemoral area was examined in vulvar cancer for any blue LNs. Histopathological examination results were compared for the presence of metastasis in stained and unstained LNs. The observations were presented as numbers and percentages. The SLN mappings showed a detection rate of 76%. The mean number of LNs removed in each case was 10.3 with an average of 2.4 stained and 7.6 unstained LNs. SLN was most commonly found among right external iliac nodes. All stained and unstained nodes among the 16 SLN detections did not show any histological evidence of metastasis suggesting a negative predictive value of 100%. Methylene blue is an efficient, feasible, and safe dye for SLN mapping in early-stage gynecological cancer.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy with Methylene Blue for Detection of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis Taking Histopathology as Gold Standard

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy using methylene blue for diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastasis taking histopathology as a reference standard. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Surgery Department, DHQ Hospital, Gujranwala. 126 patients accomplishing the inclusion criteria were included in this research. The procedure was carried out under general anesthesia. After draping, 5ml injection of 1% methylene blue was administered in the subareolar area, divided in 3 injections. Massage was done for 10–15 min. A valuable anatomical landmark was made to perform the incision 1cm beneath the axillary hairline. Dissection of skin and subcutaneous tissue was made followed by the dissection of the clavipectoral fascia to invade the axilla, and lymphatics having blue staining were recognized. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy of SLNB was calculated using 2×2 table, considering histopathology as a reference frame. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 54.02 ± 12.07 years with minimum age as 25 years and maximum age as 75 years. There were 59(46.8%) females who were diagnosed of sentinel lymph node with methylene blue and 58(46%) females were positive with Sentinel lymph with histopathology. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall diagnostic accuracy of methylene blue was 89.66%, 89.71%, 88.14%, 91.04% and 89.68% respectively. Stratification of data was done for age groups, duration of disease, marital status, parity, and type of treatment and high sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy was found in each strata with significant p-value <0.001. Conclusion: It is concluded that on the basis of results of current study the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall diagnostic accuracy of methylene blue was highly significant in assessing sentinel lymph nodes. Hence, we can implement the results of this study for our population and implement the utilization of SLNB method making use of methylene blue dye instead of going for the excision biopsy. It poses fewer complications as compared to other comparable procedures. Also, it is an accurate, easily accessible and cheap method to evaluate the status of metastasis of lymph nodes in the axilla. Keywords: Axillary lymph node, methylene blue, Sentinel lymph node biopsy, Breast cancer.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using methylene blue dye and intraoperative palpation method in node-negative early breast cancer

Background: Early breast cancer with clinical or radiological node-negative axilla is treated with breast conservation surgery where lumpectomy with axillary dissection is done. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an acceptable alternative to axillary clearance and has relatively lesser morbidity. SLNB methods include radioisotope (RI)-guided, blue dye-guided, or a combination of both. However, access to RI can be limited in certain geographic locations. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectivity of methylene blue (MB) dye-guided SLNB as an alternative to RI. Methods: In this investigation, 43 clinically nodenegative early breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled. SLNB was performed using MB dye (1%) administered to the peritumoral or periareolar region. The histopathology reports of the harvested nodes were studied, and the results were computed using SPSS and 2×2 contingency table. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, false-negative rate (FNR), and accuracy of MB-guided SLNB in our study were 92.8%, 100%, 7.14%, and 97.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of MB dye along with intraoperative palpation after meticulous lymph node dissection in each level is more effective and has lower FNR than RI.

Early Institutional Experience of Dual Tracer and Single-Photon Emission Computed-Tomography/Computed-Tomography Mapping for Sentinel Node Biopsy: A Report of Two Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) with methylene blue dye (MBD) tracer has been the recommended method to detect SLN in early-stage breast cancer patients in low-resource settings. However, the use of MBD alone is hampered by the high false-negative rate; thus, it requires coupling with other mapping methods if the appropriate infrastructure and services are available. In this article, we present two prospective cases detailing our initial experience using the gold-standard dual tracer technique (DTT: MBD and 99mTc-nanocolloid radioisotope) in combination with hybrid single-photon emission computed-tomography/computed-tomography (SPECT/CT) preoperative mapping for image-guided SLN biopsy (SLNB). Overall, both studies were successful in identifying the SLNs, which aided in mapping the possible anatomical spread of the disease.

Methylene Blue as Inexpensive and Reliable Sole Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping Agent for Patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma.

Background:Invasive ductal cancer (IDC) represents about 75% of all breast malignancies. There are many breast cancer prognostic factors, but the ones that have the most impact on the survival rates in advanced breast cancer are tumor size and regional lymph node involvement. Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has particularly important and undoubtful role in current surgical options for breast cancer treatment. With the introduction of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for breast cancer patients it was possible to identify those to whom regional spread of the disease did not occur at the time of surgery, and thus spare them an unnecessary ALND procedure.Objective:To determine the rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection using only methylene blue dye as a mapping agent, as well as to correlate the number of positive SLNs with the number of positive non-sentinel lymph nodes (non-SLNs).Methods:The study represents a prospective study that included 50 female patients with histologically confirmed invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) who underwent SLNB using only methylene blue dye as the mapping agent, while the detection and harvest of SNL was done by visual control only. All patients also underwent an obligatory complete ALND, which was as that time the institutional oncological protocol for surgical treatment of histologically confirmed IDC. The final data such as tumor size, SLN and non-SLN status were obtained by further analysis of pathohistological reports from tumor biopsy and other surgical specimens.Results:The accuracy rate of SLN detection was 98%. The number of detected SLN was in the range of 1 to 6, with an average of 2 for each patient. The number of positive SLN was in significant correlation with the number of tumor-affected non-SNL (p<0,001). Further analysis showed that for each increase in the number of positive SLN by 1, the risk of positive non-SLN increased 6-fold, OR=6,22 (p<0,001).Conclusion:Use of methylene blue dye as a sole mapping agent when performing SLNB in patients with IDC is a reliable and effective method that can be safely implemented in medical institutions that lack availability of nuclear medicine services or significant monetary funds.

Sentinel lymph node mapping in early breast cancer using methylene blue dye

Background: With the introduction of the concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), the surgical management of the axilla has undergone a paradigm change in clinically node-negative early breast cancer, and complete axillary dissection is avoided if the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is negative for metastasis. Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify the reliability, accuracy, and safety of using methylene blue dye (MBD) in SLNB for early-stage carcinoma of the breast. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 151 early breast carcinoma patients (T1/2N0M0) from December 2012 to February 2016. Intraoperative identification of the SLN was done by injecting 5 ml of 1% MBD into the subareolar region of the breast. All the blue-stained lymph nodes were then surgically excised and sent for frozen section examination. Results: The mean age of presentation was 54.10 years. Thirty out of 151 cases had SLN metastasis and 115 cases were negative for malignancy on the frozen section. On the final histopathological examination, 36 cases had metastasis and 115 cases were negative for malignancy. The false-negative rate was 5%. No patients developed anaphylactic/allergic or any type of skin reaction following MBD injection. The accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of sentinel node identification using MBD were 96.02%, 100%, and 95.04%, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 10 months, no patient was found to be with ipsilateral axillary or supraclavicular recurrence. Conclusion: The use of MBD in SLNB for the diagnosis of axillary metastasis is reliable, accurate, and safe.

Comparison of the structural and photo-catalytic properties of nanostructured Fe3O4/TiO2 core-shell composites synthesized by ultrasonic and Stöber methods

In the present research, Fe3O4/TiO2 magnetic photo-catalytic nanocomposites with a core/shell structure were successfully synthesized using two techniques of ultrasonic and St?ber. In this way, iron oxide (II, III) nanoparticles as soft magnetic cores of this composite were prepared by utilizing a chemical method assisted by ultrasound with a Fe+3/Fe+2 molar ratio of 1.5 under the nitrogen atmosphere. Thereafter, titanium oxide coating was performed on Fe3O4 nanoparticles by using tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT) and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) precursors. The resultant nanostructures were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through findings obtained from TEM examinations, the formation of core/shell nanostructure was confirmed in the prepared Fe3O4/TiO2 composites. Analysis of magnetic properties revealed that titanium oxide coating on iron oxide nanoparticles reduces saturation magnetization (Ms). The values of saturation magnetization for Fe3O4 powder and Fe3O4/TiO2 nanocomposite powders achieved via ultrasonic and St?ber methods were 60, 23 and 9 emu/g, respectively. Photo-catalytic properties of Fe3O4/TiO2 nanostructures were evaluated by the use of methylene blue dye under UV light. Results indicated that Fe3O4/TiO2 composite obtained by the St?ber method has a better photo-catalytic property as well as a decreased but acceptable magnetic separation. Degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of photo-catalytic powder prepared by ultrasonic and St?ber procedures was 61 and 69 %, respectively, within 90 minutes of UV light exposure.

A Randomized Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Methylene Blue Dye Alone Versus Combination of Methylene Blue Dye and Radioactive Sulfur Colloid in Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients.

Although sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become a standard of care for management of axilla in breast cancer patients, the technique of SLNB is still not well defined. Unlike radioactive sulfur colloid which requires nuclear medicine facilities, methylene blue dye is readily available. The purpose of this study is to validate the use of methylene blue dye alone for SLNB in early breast cancer patients. 60 patients of early breast cancer were randomized to receive either methylene blue alone (Group A-30 patients) or a combination of both methylene blue and radioactive colloid (Group B-30 patients) for detection of sentinel lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was done followed by complete axillary dissection in all patients. In both Groups A and B, sentinel node was identified in all 30 patients, giving identification rate of 100%. In group A, sentinel node was the only positive node in 1 patient, with a false-positive rate of 14.2%. The negative predictive value was 91.3%. The sensitivity of the procedure in predicting further axillary disease was 75% with a specificity of 95.45%. The overall accuracy was 90%. In group B, sentinel node was the only positive node in 2 cases, giving a false-positive rate of 28.7%. The negative predictive value was 95.65%. The sensitivity of the procedure in predicting further axillary disease was 83.33% with a specificity of 91.67%. The overall accuracy was 90%. Although the false-negative rate was slightly higher with methylene blue alone than that using combination (8.6%-4.3%), it was statistically insignificant. Similarly the sensitivity (75%-83.33%), specificity (95.45-91.67%), and negative predictive value (91.3%-95.67%) were also comparable between groups A and B, respectively. Negative predictive value and false-negative rates are comparable, whether blue dye is used alone or a combination of blue dye and radioactive colloid is used. Sentinel lymph node biopsy with blue dye alone is reliable and can be put to clinical practice more widely, even if nuclear medicine facilities are not available in resource constrained centers, so as to reduce long-term morbidity of axillary dissection, with similar oncological outcomes.

Endoscopic identification and clipping of an anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery by use of methylene blue dye and over-the-scope clipping system.

Endoscopic identification and clipping of an anastomotic leak after colorectal surgery by use of methylene blue dye and over-the-scope clipping system.

Methylene Blue Dye for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer: Our Experience

Context: Evaluation of sentinel lymph node is essential in deciding on need for axillary clearance in patients with breast cancer. We evaluate the role of methylene blue dye in identifying sentinel lymph node in our institution. Aims: To evaluate the use of methylene blue dye to detect axillary lymph node involvement in breast carcinoma. Settings and Design:Prospective interventional study. Methods and Material: Women with node negative, biopsy proven breast carcinoma scheduled for modified radical mastectomy or breast conservative surgery were selected. Consent was taken. Five ml of 2% methylene blue dye was injected to the lateral aspect of tumor and massaged for five minutes. Axillary dissection was done. Lymph nodes stained blue and unstained were collected and examined separately for tumor involvement. Patient was examined postoperatively to evaluate for any adverse reactions. Statistical analysis used: Using Chi-square test- Fisher’s Exact Test. Results: Our study showed that the probability of sentinel node representing axillary status was significant (p value - 0.022). Sentinel and nonsentinel histology were in agreement in 80% cases.Conclusions: Methylene blue dye is an effective and safe blue dye for sentinel lymph node biopsy.

A novel method in decision making for the diagnosis of anterior urethral stricture: using methylene blue dye.

The use of methylene blue dye (MB) to highlight anatomical structures in urology has been well-established. Urethral stricture may extend about a centimeter beyond the abnormal area seen on urethrogram. Although the current literature suggests a tension-free and end- to- end anastomosis after excision of the strictured urethral segment with spongiofibrosis and surrounding corpus spongiosum in short bulbar strictures, some centers dealing with urethroplasty prefer anastomosis for short bulbar strictures while others prefer augmentation. With this study, use of MB for delineating stricture line and assessing spongiofibrosis in the diagnosis of urethral stricture was evaluated. Five cc MB including 10 mg/mL is diluted with 10 cc saline. In the first scenario, MB is gently injected into urethra via the meatus before the urethroplasty procedure. Meanwhile, the extent of urethral segment stained by MB is noted. In the second scenario (MB spongiosography) in short bulbar stricture, insulin needles are inserted in spongiosa of the stricture site distally and proximally. MB is gently injected with distal needle. The two remaining needles are then observed. Presence of MB efflux in proximal needle implies deficiency of significant spongiofibrosis, so buccal augmentation is performed. Absence of efflux of MB implies significant spongiofibrosis and anastomotik site excised. Four hundred and ninety-two consecutive cases prospectively evaluated between 2010 and 2014. Precise staining of stricture was successfully observed in 464 (94%) patients. Grossly normal appearing urothelium remained pink. Histopathology confirmed that the stained urethra had a stricture. Of the 22 short bulbar idiopathic strictures, in 18 (82%) MB was seen across the stricture and urethral transection was avoided. Anastomosis was performed in 4 (18%) cases where no MB went across the primary excision. There were no known allergic complications. MB aids in delineating the urethral lumen and exact site of stricture that needs augmentation. MB Spongiography in short bulbar strictures could be used as a beneficial guide in relation to the type of urethral repair to be performed in terms of augmentation versus excision and anastomosis.

Does the saline load test still have a role in the orthopaedic world? A systematic review of the literature

IntroductionThe aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of Saline load tests (SLTs) to evaluate extension of periarticular wounds into capsule in emergent settings. MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the accuracy of the SLT in diagnosing penetrating joint injuries in the elbow, wrist, shoulder, knee, or ankle. ResultsThe SLT values to determine knee arthrotomies vary from 73.8 mL to 194 mL with sensitivities ranging between 91% and 99% depending on the size of the laceration. A SLT of 30 mL in the ankle yields sensitivities ranging from 95% to 99% in assessing joint penetration. A SLT of 45 mL in the elbow yields a sensitivity of 95% in assessing joint penetration. The addition of methylene blue does not change the sensitivity of the SLT. ConclusionSeveral studies have demonstrated the utility of the SLT as a diagnostic modality for penetrating joint injuries. However, the literature analyzed in this study was inconclusive and more studies are required to make definitive recommendations. In addition, more studies will be needed on joints other than the knee, pediatric patients, and the use of methylene blue dye in conjunction with SLT. Level of evidenceLevel II, Diagnostic study.

Comparative study between dye assisted microsurgical Subinguinal Varicocelectomy versus Subinguinal Conventional Technique for treatment of primary varicocele

Background Division of lymphatic vessels during varicocelectomy could lead to secondary hydrocele formation and decrease of testicular function due to testicular edema. It was suggested that the use of methylene blue dye combined with optical magnification could reduce the incidence of postvaricocelectomy complications. Aim of the work To evaluate efficacy and safety of the dye assisted subingunial varicocelectomy with optical magnification in the treatment of primary varicocele. Patients and methods Sixty five patients having 80 primary varicoceles were randomly divided into two groups according to treatment procedure. The indications of surgery included patients with primary varicocele with infertility or varicocele with life style limiting pain. Thirty three patients (having 40 varicoceles) underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy with the aid of optical magnification after injection of dye (group I), and 32 patients (having 40 varicoceles) treated by subinguinal varicocelectomy with neither injection of dye nor magnification (group II). After surgery, the patients were assessed at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months for hydrocele formation, size of the testes using ultrasound, varicocele recurrence, pain or other complications. Results There were no reported complications with arterial injury in group I, while four procedures (10%) in group II were complicated by minor injury of the internal spermatic artery with P value = 0.045*. One procedure was complicated by hydrocele in group I (2.5%) in contrast to 7 procedures in group II (17.5%) with P value = 0.006*. Also, one procedure in group I and 7 procedures in group II were complicated by varicocele recurrence. This difference was statistically significant, P value = 0.006*. Conclusion Dye assisted lymphatic sparing subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy is simple, feasible, and could minimize varicocelectomy related complications.

Safety of methylene blue dye for lymphatic mapping in patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Methylene blue dye has an important role in lymphatic mapping for sentinel lymph node surgery. A recent safety announcement from the US Food and Drug Administration warned physicians about possible serious central nervous system reactions in patients on serotonergic medications who received intravenous methylene blue for the identification of parathyroid glands. This report summarizes evidence from the Food and Drug Administration's announcement and methylene blue pharmacokinetics. The authors conclude that the use of methylene blue dye at low doses for lymphatic mapping likely carries very little risk for serotonin neurotoxicity, although breast surgeons should be aware of this potential complication in the event of mental status or neuromuscular changes in patients after lymphatic mapping.

DNA‐binding Studies of Daunorubicin in the Presence of Methylene Blue by Spectroscopy and Voltammetry Techniques

AbstractThe interaction of daunorubicin with calf thymus DNA has been investigated with the use of methylene blue dye as a spectral probe by the application of UV‐Vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry and voltammetry. The voltammetric behavior of daunorubicin has been investigated at a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Both UV‐vis spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry studies confirmed the intercalation reaction. The results showed that both daunorubicin and methylene blue molecules could intercalate into the double helix of DNA. The apparent binding constant of daunorubicin with DNA has been found to be 7.8 ×104 L·mol−1. The fluorescence signal of daunorubicin and methylene blue was quenched with DNA addition. The Stern‐Volmer equation was plotted based on the quenching fluorescence signal of daunorubicin.

Study on the interaction between morin-bi(III) complex and DNA with the use of methylene blue dye as a fluorophor probe

Based on our investigation, although both morin-Bi(III) complex and morin can bind to DNA, the nature of the binding was found to be different for each of them. In the presence and absence of the DNA, the morin-Bi(III) complex shows different spectral characteristics which agree with those observed for other intercalators. In this work, the interaction of morin-Bi(III) complex with calf thymus DNA was investigated with the use of methylene blue (MB) dye as a spectral probe and application of UV-Vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The 2:1 morin-Bi(III) complex ratio was calculated by UV-Vis spectroscopy (mole ratio method). The fluorescence signal of Bi(III)-morin complex is increased with DNA addition whereas the fluorescence signal of Morin is decreased with DNA addition. The fluorescence signal of the DNA-complex is quenched by addition of MB which confirms the displacement of the complex with MB. Cyclic voltammetry studies confirm the intercalation reaction. The results showed that only morin-Bi(III) complex can intercalate into the double helix of the DNA. The apparent binding constant of morin-Bi(III) complex with DNA is found to be 2.8 × 10(4) L mol-1, while morin binds in a non-intercalation mode.

The Experiences of Performing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies with the Use of Methylene Blue Dye in Patients with Invasive Breast Carcinoma

The Experiences of Performing Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies with the Use of Methylene Blue Dye in Patients with Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Green urine after surgical treatment of pressure ulcer

We describe a 58-year-old man who developed green urine after operation on a pressure ulcer. The discolouration disappeared gradually after two days. We think that the use of methylene blue dye during the revision of the wounds and the use of the sedative propofol could have caused it.