Use Of Metakaolin Research Articles

Effect of GGBFS on the mechanical properties of metakaolin-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete

The focus of this study is the production and testing of a new self-compacting geopolymer concrete（SCGC）. The concrete has excellent self-compacting properties, mechanical properties and environmental advantages, showing great potential for engineering applications. Due to the high specific surface area of metakaolin (MK), it is challenging to produce a self-compacting geopolymer concrete using metakaolin as the main material. A self-compacting geopolymer concrete with excellent properties was produced by partially replacing metakaolin with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). This innovation enriches the diversity of powder material choices for self-compacting geopolymer concrete. The experimental results showed that the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag significantly enhanced the filling capacity and interstitial passage capacity and wet packing density of ground granulated self-compacting concrete. The best working performance of the concrete was achieved at 40 % GGBFS replacement. The test data were slump extension of 749 mm, T50 time of 3.23 s, V-funnel test time of 8.2 s, L-box test result of 0.96, and wet packing density of 1.946 g/cm3. With the increase in the replacement rate of the ground granulated blast furnace slag, the compressive strength of self-compacting ground polymer concrete and the split tensile strength showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. The maximum compressive strength of 55.2 MPa and splitting tensile strength of 4.11 MPa were obtained when the substitution rate of ground granulated blast furnace slag was 20 %. The drying shrinkage of self-compacted geopolymer concrete was significantly increased by the addition of excess ground granulated blast furnace slag. The drying shrinkage was increased by 147 % at 40 % substitution rate compared to 0 % substitution rate. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests and thermogravimetric analysis were performed on all samples. At ground granulated blast furnace slag substitution rate of 20 %, a uniform and dense gel structure was formed inside. At 40 % ground granulated blast furnace slag substitution rate, the weight loss of the specimens reached 13.4 %, which was 4.22 % more than the control group with 0 % substitution rate. The results showed that GGBFS effectively promoted the generation of internal cementitious structures in SCGC. This study provides the necessary information for the development of metakaolin-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete and contributes to the popularization of metakaolin-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete. It will also broaden the scope of use of metakaolin in self-compacting geopolymer concrete, which will contribute to the diversification of building materials and the development of the construction industry towards a low-carbon and sustainable future.

The preparation, property and hydration mechanism of ultra high performance concrete with metakaolin substitution for silica fume

In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on the use of metakaolin (MK) in Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to address the issue of unstable production yields and quality of industrial by-product Silica fume (SF). However, the current scientific literature tends to focus primarily on performance enhancements, often neglecting to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these improvements. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), nanoindentation technology, and Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter (MIP) were employed to establish the correlation between mechanical properties and hydration products, microstructure, and micromechanical properties. The results indicate that the judicious addition of MK can enhance the Al/Si ratio, prolong the C-A-S-H chain length, thereby increasing the percentage of high-density C-A-S-H, reducing the volume of C-A-S-H gel pores, optimizing UHPC pore structure, and ultimately leading to improved mechanical properties.

Use of metakaolin with a low surface area and rich in quartz and iron as a precursor in the production of structural alkali-activated concrete

Pumpable and machineable alkali-activated structural concretes are made using low-reactivity metakaolin with high quartz and iron contents. The effects and interaction of alkaline concentration (NaOH - 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 M) and ratio of alkaline reagents (Na2SiO3/NaOH - 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) on their properties were accessed using 2k complete factorial design. Higher concentrations of alkaline solutions resulted in faster hardening, decreased material deformation, and increased mechanical strength, with higher elastic modulus, lower damping, lower water absorption, and porosity. With time, the elastic modulus increased, and the dynamic damping decreased, suggesting the homogeneous formation of alkaline-activated products, confirming the proper configuration of the hardening process. The factorial design allowed for determining the ideal dosage for producing the material, indicating that the alkaline concentration (NaOH) should be 10 M and the Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio should be 2.5. They analyzed the possible combinations that allowed obtaining a material with adequate characteristics for the structural application.

Use of Metakaolin and Slag Geopolymer Adhesives for Fixing Tiles

Use of Metakaolin and Slag Geopolymer Adhesives for Fixing Tiles

Strength Properties and Sulphate Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume and Metakaolin

Abstract: Self-compacting concrete, or SCC, makes it possible to go over obstacles and get rid of vibration. Since 1988, SCC has been more and more well-liked in Japan, Europe, and the US due to the benefits it provides. SCC technology may reduce or perhaps completely eliminate concrete laying issues in difficult situations. Additionally, it reduces the number of times quality control tests need to be performed, saving time and effort. Quicker and less intricate in terms of placement and structure. When vibrating is not utilized, noise pollution is decreased. Concrete becomes more durable when SCC is used, particularly in parts with permeability defects or reinforcing congestion. The goal of this study is to look into how resistant self-compacting concrete made with metakaolin and silica fume is to sulfates and what its compressive and splitting tensile strengths are. Metakaolin and silica fume may also be used as cement substitutes at 5%, 10%, and 15% levels. The tests that are performed on the samples include sulfate, compressive resistance, and cracking tensile strength. On the seventh, 28th, and 56th days of life, a test is given. This experiment using self-compacting concrete from Metakolin and silica fume passed every plastic stage test with flying colors. Furthermore, the splitting tensile strength and hardened-stage compressive strength tests yielded good results. Comparing metakaolin with silica fume, the compressive strength increased by 15–45% and 18–38%, respectively. The use of metakaolin for cement and silica fume in the building process increased SCC's resistance to sulfate.

Effectiveness of the using powder coating for protection of metal construction

Сurrent state of the Ukrainian economy causes to resolve a range of questions related to the improvement of production and increase in the ecological safety of products, including paint-and-varnishes materials, in combination with ensuring high operational properties of coatings based on them. This questions can be solved by scaling up production using eco-friendly powder coating. The increase in popularity of powder coatings can be explained by their environmental adequacy and attractiveness from the perspective of the environmental protection as well as high effectiveness related to the possibility of obtaining high quality protective and decorative coatings with the high corrosion and chemical resistance as well as controllable physical and mechanical and dielectric characteristics during the one-layer application. The analysis of research results shows that the effectiveness of use of metakaolin and talc as fillers in the powder coating increases in proportion to their content in the system. The optimal area of the powder coating with metakaolin and talc is limited to the additive in the range of 20 to 30 % and polyester resin in the range of 55 to 65 %. Using the mentioned range of fillers in the powder coating contributes to the decrease in the peeling width and metal corrosion width and places the coating into atmospheric corrosivity categories С3 and С4 according to ІSO 12944-2:2017 having a high (Н) lifespan from 15 to 25 years in accordance with DSTU ISO 12944-1 In this case, one of the most common methods of influence on properties of paint-and-varnishes coatings is to create polymer composites by combining polyester raw materials with inorganic fillers.

An approach to improve the reactivity of basic oxygen furnace slag: Accelerated carbonation and the combined use of metakaolin

This study aims to promote the reactivity of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) through accelerated carbonation and the combined use of metakaolin (MK). Influences of the incorporation of the combination of carbonated BOFS and MK at various cement substitution levels on strength development, water absorption, phase composition, and microstructure are investigated. It is revealed that the coupled substitution with carbonated BOFS and MK improved the formation of carboaluminate phases and stabilized ettringite owing to the synergic reaction between metakaolin and CaCO3 derived from the carbonation of BOFS; and the consumption of CaCO3 facilitates the pozzolanic reaction of the amorphous SiO2 gel formed during carbonation, generating more hydration products. All these reactions contribute to improved impermeability and enhanced strength development; 45% of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) can be replaced while achieving a comparable strength to sample consisting of 100% OPC. In addition, compared to the sample incorporated with uncarbonated BOFS and MK, the compressive strength of the sample blended with 30% carbonated BOFS and 15% MK was improved by 32.5% at the age of 56d; meanwhile, the water absorption during 72 h was lowered by 67.7%. In terms of the environmental impact, the CO2 emission and intensity for sample incorporated with 30% carbonated BOFS and 15% MK only account for 59% and 62% of those in sample comprised of 100% OPC. The study proposes an approach to improve the reactivity of BOFS efficiently and sequestrate a significant amount of CO2 simultaneously.

Influence of Metakaolin on the Properties of Cement Systems

Finely dispersed mineral additives containing amorphous SiO2 are successfully used in cement concretes for various purposes. Their use is due to increased durability, strength, water resistance. One of the most famous and widely used pozzolanic modifiers is microsilica. Microsilica is obtained from a waste from the production of siliconcontaining alloys containing up to 95% pure amorphous silica. Microsilica has such a disadvantage as highwater demand. To compensate, the introduction of a large amount of superplasticizer is required. In recent years, highly active metakaolin (MTK) has become increasingly popular in the world as a highly effective pozzolanic additive. This is an artificial environmentally friendly material produced from pure kaolinites. The growing popularity of MTK is due not to the fashion for new products, but to the objective advantages of this material. The purpose of this work is to study the use of metakaolin as an additive in the production of cement concrete coatings, to determine the main mechanical properties of cement beams based on activated metakaolin. Scientific research methods at work – analysis, observation, experiment, modeling

Synergic effect of some waste pozzolans on the mechanical and shielding properties of geopolymer concretes

This work aimed to investigate the effect of raw materials to geopolymer concrete; such as silica fume, metakaolin, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and quartz powder on mechanical (compressive strength, flexural strength), physical, transport, and nuclear radiation shielding properties. The silica fume, metakaolin, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and quartz powder used singly and/ or in combination for geopolymer mixture along with sodium-based solutions. Four different geopolymer mixtures were prepared and cured at three different temperatures (30°C, 60°C and 90°C) for three curing periods (5, 7 and 9 h). Then, the mineralogical and morphological properties were considered with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. Based on the findings, the use of metakaolin in the geopolymer mixture increased both the compressive and flexural strengths. In addition, the compressive strength of 137.5 MPa was reached in the mixture using metakaolin at 90°C and in a short period of curing, like 9 h. The metakaolin (MK) is decreased the sorptivity coefficient of the geopolymer concrete samples. Withal, extensive experimental measurements were performed to investigate the gamma-ray and fast neutron shielding properties of fabricated concretes. The mass attenuation coefficient enjoyed values such as 0.2078, 0.2078, 0.2079 and 0.2081 cm2/g for M1, M2, M3 and M4 geopolymer concretes, respectively. It was reported that the geopolymer concretes attenuated the fast neutron flux with the energy of about 4.5 MeV by 35%. All inspected geopolymer concretes exhibited excellent neutron attenuation properties, as their values ΣR greater than those of commonly used ones as the neutron absorbers.

The use of metakaolin as a source of alumina in supersulfated in cements order to increase the formation of ettringite

The use of metakaolin as a source of alumina in supersulfated in cements order to increase the formation of ettringite

Influence of pore structure on corrosion resistance of high performance concrete containing metakaolin

Even though concrete is considered to be durable, the environment to which the concrete is exposed plays an important role in its durability. The durability of concrete is challenged due to its porous nature, which is especially important in harsh exposure conditions such as marine environment. The reinforced concrete elements of marine structures such as bridges, wharves, docks, etc. are subjected to various types of exposures such as wetting and drying action [WDA], fully submerged condition, and in contact with chlorides. To refine the pore structure of concrete and to improve the durability characteristics of such structures, it is essential to use high performance concrete [HPC]. In this study, metakaolin [MK] is used as partial replacement of cement to produce HPC. The use of metakaolin is found to be very effective in reducing the porosity of concrete. As the porosity of concrete decreases, the corrosion rate can be reduced considerably. The durability characteristics of metakaolin-incorporated HPC is studied for 365 days to investigate the changes in its pore structure in long term. The iCOR® NDT method is used to find the corrosion performance and concrete resistivity of high performance metakaolin concrete under a simulated wetting and drying action [WDA] of seawater over several periods. The deterioration effect caused by the simulated WDA of seawater is also studied by considering the bond strength of specimens subjected to normal and corrosive exposure conditions.

Synergistic effects of the use of metakaolin, sand and water on the properties of cementitious composites for 3D printing

3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a construction technique based on the deposition of successive layers of a cementitious composite without the need for conventional formwork. For the technique to be applied it is necessary that the cementitious composite used allows the passage in continuous flow in a 3D printing nozzle (extrusion capacity) and presents low deformation of the printed layers (buildability). In this perspective, the aim of this study was to understand the influence of Metakaolin (MK), sand and water incorporation on the extrusion capabilities and buildability of cementitious composites for 3D printing. The analysis was designed in a simplex lattice mixture statistical experimental planning. Extrusion ability was evaluated using an experimental flow rate by extruder mill and slump flow. Buildability was analyzed by the maximum number of printed layers, shape retention index, layer thickness variation, and squareness deviation in printed blocks. The squeeze flow test was carried out as a parameter for both printing properties. The water/binder ratio was the most determinant variable in extrusion capacity for its responsibility to fluidize the mixture. Increasing the sand content improves buildability but reduces the application time. On the other hand, MK presented the advantage of controlling viscosity and maintaining good fluidity over time, due to a slower setting. There was a significant interaction between sand and MK in the packing of grains, increasing the properties related to extrusion. It was possible to print with a 30% MK content by adjusting the water. The yield stress was directly related to the flow rate, validating the experimental methodology created. Thus, it was possible to understand the effect of each component, as well as their interactions.

Development of a complementary precursor based on flue gas desulfurization (FGD) for geopolymeric pastes produced with metakaolin

Portland cement production is related to environmental problems and corresponds to about 6–8% of CO2 emission. Thus, it is necessary to search for sustainable material. Among these materials are geopolymers. The objective of this research was to analyze the potential of producing a geopolymeric paste based on metakaolin (MK) and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) residue. First, the specimens were prepared with a curing time of 7 days in two types, one ambient and the other thermal at 65 °C. After that time, tests were carried out in the hardened state of compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption and void ratio. Tests were also carried out with the mixture in the fresh state, through tests of consistency index, mass density and incorporated air, water retention and calorimetry. Finally, the characterization of the samples was carried out through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compressive strength results showed that the best compositions were 100% MK (0%FGD) and 95% MK (5% FGD) residue with thermal cure at 65 °C. The values found were 47.65 MPa and 28.44 MPa, higher than the values of the main structural standards. These results were attributed to the formation of sodalite and faujasite phases in the compositions of 100% MK and 5% of FGD residue and the non-formation of ettringite, as happened with the other two compositions. Thus, the geopolymeric pastes showed compressive strength values for reinforcement of structures with the use of MK as a precursor and its replacement of 5% by the FGD.

A comprehensive study on physico-mechanical properties of non-metallic fibre reinforced SCC blended with metakaolin and alcofine

This study presents a detailed experimental investigation on the effects incorporating non-metallic fibers in hybrid form in self-compacting concrete (SCC). In this regard SCC was prepared with Alccofine and Metakaolin as partial replacement for cement in 15% and 20% respectively along with the hybrid fibre combinations namely abaca fibres (0.25%, 0.5% & 0.75%), polypropylene fibres (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% & 2%) and glass fibres (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, & 2%). The fresh properties of SCC with and without hybrid fibre combinations were assessed through the standard tests such as slump flow, J ring and V-funnel tests. The conventional mechanical tests such as compressive strength test, split tensile strength test and flexural strength test were performed at 7 and 28 days. The experimental results reveal that the fresh properties of SCC were highly influenced by alccofine and Metakaolin adopted in this research. Furthermore, that the hybrid combination of abaca with polypropylene and glass fibres improved the mechanical properties of SCC and in particular the mix with 1% glass fibre and 0.25% Abaca fibre had shown better flexural and tensile strength behaviour. Microstructure analyses were also done to confirm the improvement in mechanical properties. The Scanning Electron Microscope images of the mix with 1% glass fibre and 0.25% abaca fibre showed less voids presence and presence of more hydrated components conveying that the usage of hybrid fibres had restricted the propagation of cracks there by reducing the percentage of voids and the use of metakaolin and alcofine helping in forming hydrated components at earlier stage leading to better strength.

A Review on the Effect of Metakaolin on the Chloride Binding of Concrete, Mortar, and Paste Specimens

Chloride binding is a complex phenomenon in which the chloride ions bind with hydrated Portland cement (PC) phases via physical and chemical mechanisms. However, the current utilization of clays as (Al)-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as metakaolin (MK), can affect the chloride-binding capacity of these concrete materials. This state-of-the-art review discusses the effect of clay-based SCMs on physical and chemical chloride binding with an emphasis on MK as a high-reactivity clay-based SCM. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms playing a role in physical and chemical binding and the MK effect on the hydrated cement products before and after exposure to chloride ions are discussed. Recent findings have portrayed competing properties of how MK limits the physical chloride-binding capacity of MK-supplemented concrete. The use of MK has been found to increase the calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) content and its aluminum to silicon (Al/Si) ratio, but to reduce the calcium to silicon (Ca/Si) ratio, which reduces the physical chloride-binding capacity of PC-clay blended cements, such as limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). By contrast, the influence of MK on the chemical chloride capacity is significant since it increases the formation of Friedel’s salt due to an increased concentration of Al during the hydration of Portland cement grains. Recent research has found an optimum aluminum to calcium (Al/Ca) ratio range, of approximately 3 to 7, for maximizing the chemical binding of chlorides. This literature review highlights the optimal Al content for maximizing chloride binding, which reveals a theoretical limit for calcined clay addition to supplementary cementitious materials and LC3 formulations. Results show that 5–25% of replacements increase bound chloride; however, with a higher percentage of replacements, fresh and hardened state properties play a more pivotal role. Lastly, the practical application of four binding isotherms is discussed with the Freundlich isotherm found to be the most accurate in predicting the correlation between free and bound chlorides. This review discusses the effects of important cement chemistry parameters, such as cation type, sulfate presence, carbonation, chloride concentration, temperature, and applied electrical fields on the chloride binding of MK-containing concretes—important for the durable formulation of LC3.

The Use of Metakaolin in the Production of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

The article provides an analytical literature review on the production of cements and cement materials with active mineral additives. The tendency exists to reduce a clinker component in cement and cement materials via use of blast-furnace granulated slag or other additives; it reduces expenses for cement production and improves performance of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Inexpensive and affordable local effective pozzolanic additives can improve the economic and environmental attractiveness of autoclaved aerated concrete production. The performed studies have shown improved physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete with metakaolin, which is a product of low-temperature firing of kaolin.

Mechanical, Durability and Microstructure Analysis Overview of Concrete Made with Metakaolin (MTK)

Metakaolin (MTK) has received a lot of interest in the past two decades as a supplemental cementitious ingredient. MTK is actively being utilized in concrete and there is a large body of literature on the characteristics of concrete containing MTK. A rigorous evaluation of the use of MTK in concrete, however, is lacking, which is required to better know its (MTK) benefits, mechanisms, past and current progress. As a result, the objective of this study is to deliver an overview of MTK utilized in concrete. The physical and chemical characteristics of MTK, as well as the hydration, workability, mechanical qualities, hydration durability, and microstructure analysis of MTK-based concrete, are discussed. A comparison of the findings of diverse literature is presented, as well as some key recommendations. The findings suggest that adding MTK to concrete enhances certain characteristics, particularly mechanical capabilities, but decreases concrete flowability. Improvement in the durability of concrete with MTK was also observed but, for this, less information is available. For optimal performance, the right dosage is crucial. The typical ideal range is between 10 to 20% by weight of the binder. Further research gaps into the characteristics of concrete containing MTK are also recommended.

Effects of Cooling Methods on the Properties of Concrete with Metakaolin after Thermal Exposure

Metakaolin (MK) have been used in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) due to their economic and environmental benefits. Consequently, the use of MK in concrete production contributes to the overall reduction of CO2 release in the environment. However, for a sustainable built environment, material resistance to thermal exposure is of concern. Previous research have studied the performance of MK at elevated temperature, but there is little or no literature on the effect of cooling methods on concrete structures with MK subjected to varying temperature. Hence, this research investigates the effects of cooling methods on the properties of concrete incorporating MK after thermal treatment (fire). Raw MK was calcined, ground and analyzed using XRD and XRF. 15%MK were used to replace cement. Concrete properties (crushing resistance, density, compressive strength) for water and air cooling methods were determined and compared to a control pure concrete. The heating temperatures were 200°C, 350 °C, 550 °C and 750 °C respectively. The incorporation of MK improved properties of the hardened concrete. Charts and tables showing the effects of MK on the concrete properties investigated were presented. The minimum strength obtained was 28.09 N/mm2 during water cooling and maximum strength 35.20N/mm2 during air cooling. The most enhancing effect of Mk as a replacement material was observed in all the cooling methods considered. Water cooling method was found to have caused severe strength reduction in the concrete structure. MK concrete performs better than pure concrete under aircooling method after thermal exposure, hence, can be adopted for fire aggressive environment.

Utilization of crushed recycled glass and metakaolin for development of self-compacting concrete

• Crushed recycled glass and metakaolin were used for developing self-compacting concrete. • Crushed recycled glass has capability to improve the flow-ability of SCC. • The use of metakaolin offers improved strength properties at all glass replacement levels. • A relation between compressive strength, glass replacement and metakaolin content was developed. • Microstructural investigation of SCC was done through SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. Hypothetically, all the glass is recyclable, despite of which, only a small fraction of it is recovered globally. Furthermore, decomposition rate of waste glass is lowest when compared to conventional waste such as paper, rubber and plastic. So a gainful utilisation of waste glass in production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) would be fascinating. To this goal, a greener SCC incorporating crushed recycled glass (CRG) has been developed in this study. Alongside, the influence of metakaolin (MK) on fresh, strength and microstructural properties of CRG incorporated SCC was studied. To achieve this purpose, a total of 24 different SCC mixtures were prepared in which MK was used as a cement substitute; cement was partially replaced with 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% MK and CRG was used to replace fine aggregate at the level of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % by volume. Slump flow, V-funnel, l -box and U-box test relates to passing and flowing ability of SCC, were improved as the CRG content increased in the mix. However, mechanical properties were decreased with increase in CRG content. Incorporating MK in CRG incorporated SCC mixtures improved the strength properties corresponding to all the glass replacement levels. The results showed that a greener SCC can be made using crushed recycled glass as sand replacement material and metakaolin as cement substitute.

The effects of metakaolin on mortar compressive strenght a case study of mortar estrich plester

Mortar as a binding material in couple and stucco work has long been known ranging from very simple technologies to more advanced ones. Nowadays mortar technology has developed so rapidly along with the advancement of construction technology. The development of technology in the construction industry has resulted in better product and system innovations so that they are more competitive and applicable. The demands of increasingly complex needs also need to be responded to wisely and made as hopes and opportunities in business development. Ready-mix mortar is perfect for all kinds of work such as normal masonry, light brick, stucco, ceramics, and floor coating. While from the mechanical properties, the compressive strength of the mortar can meet requirements of standard specifications according to the purpose of its use. Ready-made Dry Plaster Mortar is a mixture of fine aggregate with binding material and various additives. The purpose of using additives is to improve the properties of ready-mix plaster dry mortar. One of the additives used is metakaolin. This study aims to determine the effect of metakaolin on compressive strength and cost efficiency of plastering (mortar). The compressive pressure test object measures 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. Compressive strength testing is carried out at the time when the mortar is 7, 14 and 28 days old. The study was conducted with variations in the use of Metakaolin in ostrich mortar plaster products, namely 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, The results showed that a mixture of ready-made plaster dry mortar with the use of methionine 10% of the weight of cement was able to provide a ready-made dry plaster mortar that meet the requirements in ASTM C 91, Standard specification for masonry cement.