Use Of Medium-chain Triglycerides Research Articles

Analysis of dietary fats intake and lipid profile in Chilean patients with glucose transport type 1 deficiency syndrome: similarities and differences with the reviewed literature.

Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS) is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene. The main treatment is ketogenic diet therapy (KDT), which changes the brain's energy substrate from glucose to ketone bodies. The diet controls seizures, but there may be side effects such as dyslipidemia. This study aimed to describe the type of fats ingested by the Chilean cohort of patients with GLUT1-DS and analyze for alterations in the lipid profile. A GLUT1-DS group and a control group were formed, each with 13 subjects who were matched by age, gender, and nutritional status. Anthropometry, dietary intake, including types of fat, and blood tests were evaluated (lipid and liver profile, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels). A high-fat diet, especially saturated fat, was identified in the GLUT1-DS group (38% of total calories), with the use of medium-chain triglycerides (17% of total calories). In addition, GLUT1-DS participants had a higher intake of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fats and adequate consumption of omega-3 (2% of total calories). Despite the GLUT1-DS group receiving on average 80% of its total energy as fats, it is important to highlight that 50% are MUFA+PUFA fats, there were no significant differences in the lipid and liver profile compared to the control group. KDT did not negatively impact lipid profile, despite a high intake of fats. It is important to monitor lipid profiles, in a personalized and constant manner, to prevent future nutritional risks.

Medium-chain triglycerides (8:0 and 10:0) increase muscle mass and function in frail older adults: a combined data analysis of clinical trials.

Three clinical trials have examined the chronic effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) on muscle mass and function in frail older adults (mean age 85 years old). However, significant increases in muscle mass and some muscle function relative to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) have yet to be shown, possibly due to the small number of participants in each trial. We re-analyzed these previous clinical trials to clarify whether MCT supplementation can increase muscle mass and function. After adding post hoc tests to the original report, we compared changes in measurement between the MCT and LCT groups in the first 2 trials and conducted a combined data analysis. In a combined data analysis, changes from baseline in measurements at the 3 months intervention in the MCTs- and LCTs-containing groups were assessed by analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values of each measurement, age, sex, BMI, allocation to trial, habitual intakes in energy, protein, leucine, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and vitamin D during the baseline period. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze data on right and left knee extension times. MCT supplementation for 3 months increased muscle function relative to LCT supplementation with and without an L-leucine (1.2 g) and vitamin D (cholecalciferol, 20 μg)-enriched supplement. In a combined data analysis (n = 29 in MCTs, n = 27 in LCTs), relative to supplementation with 6 g LCTs/day, supplementation with 6 g MCTs/day at dinner for 3 months significantly increased body weight (adjusted mean change from baseline: MCTs 1.2 vs. LCTs 0.2 kg, p = 0.023), right arm muscle area (MCTs 1.4 vs. LCTs-0.7 cm2, p = 0.002), left calf circumference (p = 0.015), right-hand grip strength (MCTs 1.6 vs. LCTs 0.3 kg, p = 0.017), right knee extension time (p = 0.021), left knee extension time (p = 0.034), walking speed (p = 0.002), and number of iterations in leg open and close test (p < 0.001) and decreased right triceps skinfold thickness (p = 0.016). In frail older adults, supplementation for 3 months with a low dose (6 g/day) of MCTs (C8:0 and C10:0) increased muscle mass and function. These findings indicate the potential for the practical use of MCTs in daily life in treating sarcopenia.

The Effects of Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil Supplementation on Endurance Performance and Substrate Utilization in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundThe use of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil has increased due to its potential for therapeutic and ergogenic properties. Although recent evidence has suggested that MCT oil supplementation may lead to an improvement in endurance and substrate utilization, contradicting studies have reported the ergogenic benefits of MCT oil toward exercise performance.MethodsAn extensive systematic review was conducted to assess the role of MCT oil as an ergogenic aid in exercise performance. Moreover, this study examined any alterations in substrate utilization and various physiological components while using MCT oil. The databases searched in this review were PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library.ResultsMost studies reported that MCT oil did not improve exercise performance and had no effect on respiratory exchange ratio, glucose concentration, fat and carbohydrate oxidation, and lactate concentration. Although ketones were increased when supplementing with MCTs, most studies demonstrated that the body could not utilize the MCT oil-induced ketones as its primary energy source during an acute bout of endurance exercise. Thirty grams of MCTs seems to be the safe maximal dosage to minimize adverse reactions during or after exercise.ConclusionMCT oil showed very little to no ergogenic effects on exercise performance and substrate utilization in healthy populations. Future research is needed to examine the effects of long-term intake of MCT oil alongside various diets, perhaps a ketogenic diet, on exercise performance within different sports/exercises in a variety of populations.

β-Hydroxybutyrate and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids are Metabolized by Different Cell Types in Mouse Cerebral Cortex Slices.

Ketogenic diets and medium-chain triglycerides are gaining attention as treatment of neurological disorders. Their major metabolites, β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) octanoic acid (C8) and decanoic acid (C10), are auxiliary brain fuels. To which extent these fuels compete for metabolism in different brain cell types is unknown. Here, we used acutely isolated mouse cerebral cortical slices to (1) compare metabolism of 200µM [U-13C]C8, [U-13C]C10 and [U-13C]βHB and (2) assess potential competition between metabolism of βHB and MCFAs by quantifying metabolite 13C enrichment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The 13C enrichment in most metabolites was similar with [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 as substrates, but several fold lower with [U-13C]βHB. The 13C enrichment in glutamate was in a similar range for all three substrates, whereas the 13C enrichments in citrate and glutamine were markedly higher with both [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 compared with [U-13C]βHB. As citrate and glutamine are indicators of astrocytic metabolism, the results indicate active MCFA metabolism in astrocytes, while βHB is metabolized in a different cellular compartment. In competition experiments, 12C-βHB altered 13C incorporation from [U-13C]C8 and [U-13C]C10 in only a few instances, while 12C-C8and 12C-C10 only further decreased the low [U-13C]βHB-derived 13C incorporation into citrate and glutamine, signifying little competition for oxidative metabolism between βHB and the MCFAs. Overall, the data demonstrate that βHB and MCFAs are supplementary fuels in different cellular compartments in the brain without notable competition. Thus, the use of medium-chain triglycerides in ketogenic diets is likely to be beneficial in conditions with carbon and energy shortages in both astrocytes and neurons, such as GLUT1 deficiency.

A Mixed-Lipid Diet (Medium-Chain and Long-Chain Triglycerides) for Better Tolerability and Efficiency in Pediatric Epilepsy Patients

Purpose: In the past, the use of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for a ketogenic diet (KD) was expected to improve both patients’ and caregivers’ adherence to treatment, but many gastrointestinal problems have been reported. Through a calculated partial administration of MCTs in a KD, we aimed to reduce these complications, while maintaining acceptable seizure reduction. Methods: At a tertiary referral center for pediatric patients with epilepsy, MCT oil was given in a 1:1 ratio with long-chain triglycerides to patients on KDs. Patients who began the diet from February 2019 to February 2020 were reviewed retrospectively, and 47 patients with at least 3 months of follow-up records were enrolled in the studyResults: Overall, 29.8% of patients on a KD with an adjusted MCT ratio experienced complications, such as gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral food refusal, compared to 63.0% of prior KD patients. The mean seizure reduction rate was 68.45%±40.61%, which was not significantly different from the comparison group’s rate of 64.84%±34.24%. Conclusion: Adjusted MCT incorporation into a KD showed comparable seizure control results, with better tolerability of the diet.

Understanding the beneficial effect of using medium chain triglycerides in preparation of traditional puran poli.

In the present research work, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) is used in the preparation of puran poli. Effect of MCT on various attributes likes textural, microbiological, sensory and oxidative stability of puran poli was studied. Use of MCT showed a positive effect on the texture of puran poli without use of hydrocolloids. Texture of puran poli became soft after storage of 15 and 25days at 25 ± 2°C and 4 ± 2°C respectively. Puran poli showed no bacterial growth at both the storage conditions, however, there was yeast and mould growth on Puran poli stored at 25 ± 2°C after 25days i.e., 3 × 101CFU/gm sample, which was safe for consumption as per WHO guidelines. pH showed a marginal change from 6.56 to 6.11 for puran poli stored at 25 ± 2°C and from 6.62 to 6.33 for puran poli stored at 4 ± 2°C. Sensory attributes like colour, taste, texture was not affected by the use of medium-chain triglyceride. Overall acceptability of puran Poli was satisfactory for the storage period of 30days at 4 ± 2°C.

Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods.

In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of “ketone diets” in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.

Use of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil in subjects with Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, with an open-label extension.

IntroductionCerebral glucose and insulin metabolism is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ketones provide alternative energy. Will medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, a nutritional source of ketones, impact cognition in AD?MethodsThis was a 6‐month randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study, with 6‐month open‐label extension in probable AD subjects, on stable medications. MCT dose was 42 g/day, or maximum tolerated. Cognition was assessed with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Cognigram®.ResultsTwenty subjects, average age 72.6 years, 45% women, 70% university educated had baseline MMSE 22.6/30 (10–29); MoCA 15.6/30 (4–27); baseline Cognigram® Part 1: 65–106, Part 2: 48–107. Average MCT oil consumption was 1.8 tablespoons/day (25.2 g, 234 kcal). Eighty percent remained stable or improved. Longer MCT exposure and age > 73, resulted in higher final MMSE (P < .001) and Cognigram® 1 scores.DiscussionThis is the longest duration MCT AD study to date. Eighty percent had stabilization or improvement in cognition, and better response with 9‐month continual MCT oil.

Exploring the metabolic fate of medium-chain triglycerides in healthy individuals using a stable isotope tracer

Medium chain triglyceride (MCT) supplementation is often recommended as treatment for patients with long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation (lcFAO) disorders, since they can be utilized as an energy source without the use of the defective enzyme. However, studies in mice and preterm infants suggest that not all medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are oxidized and may undergo elongation to long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). In this single blinded study, we explored the metabolic fates of MCT in healthy individuals using a 13C-labeled MCT tracer. Three healthy males in rest received on two test days a primed continuous infusion of glyceryl tri[1,2,3,4-13C4]-octanoate with either an isocaloric supplementation of 1) exclusively MCT (MCT-only) or 2) a mixture of MCT, proteins and carbohydrates (MCT-mix). Gas chromatography - combustion - isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) was used to determine 13C-enrichment of long-chain fatty acids in plasma and of 13CO2 in exhaled air. When provided as single energy source, an estimated 42% of administered MCT was converted to CO2. In combination with carbohydrates and proteins in the diet, oxidation of MCT was higher (62%). In both diets <1% of 13C-label was incorporated in LCFA in plasma, indicating that administered MCT underwent chain-elongation to LCT. Although the relative MCT oxidation rate was higher when combined with carbohydrates and protein, quantitatively more MCT was oxidized when given an isocaloric meal with solely MCT. As these results were obtained in the resting state opposed to during exercise, it is too early to give a recommendation concerning the use of MCT in lcFAO disorders. The data show that in resting healthy individuals only a very small part of the MCT is traced back as LCFA in plasma, suggesting that MCT treatment does not result in a large LCFA burden, however further research on storage of MCT in tissues is warranted. The study was registered in the Nederlands Trialregister. Protocol ID: Trial NL7417 (NTR7650).

The use of medium-chain triglyceride in children with intestinal malabsorption.

The comments which followare a brief summary of the thera-peutic place of MCT in children withmalabsorption. This will be followedby some remarks about the potentialvalue of MCT in countries like Indo-nesia where the commonest cause ofchronic diarrhoea and malabsorptionin children is malnutrition and chro-nic and repeated gastrointestinal in-fections and infestations and whereMCT has not been used widely.

Pleural Effusions and Pneumothoraces.

1. Katherine Cashen, DO* 2. Tara L. Petersen, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan/Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 2. †Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin/The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI * Abbreviations: BTS: : British Thoracic Society CHF: : congestive heart failure CT: : computed tomography VATS: : video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery 1. Clinicians should be aware of the causes and clinical presentation of pleural effusions and pneumothoraces. 2. Clinicians should understand the current role of diagnostic tests, imaging modalities, and timing of minimally invasive treatments. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the pathogenesis of pleural fluid accumulation. 2. Identify the most likely causes of pleural effusion and pneumothorax. 3. Understand the basic clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and management of pleural effusions and pneumothoraces. 4. Differentiate between transudative and exudative pleural effusions. 5. Understand the natural history of spontaneous pneumothorax. The pleural space is created by the parietal and visceral pleura that line the chest wall and the lung surface, respectively. Normally, only a small amount (0.3 mL/kg) of hypotonic fluid is present within the pleural space due to homeostatic balances in physiologic fluid production and absorption. Various infectious and noninfectious processes can lead to pathologic filling of the pleural space with fluid (effusion) or air (pneumothorax). Such pathologic changes create a true space that can interfere with normal lung mechanics and, in severe cases, cardiac function. Although much less common in pediatric than adult populations, pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in both groups can lead to substantial complications, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality if unrecognized or untreated. Overall, the cause of pleural effusions and pneumothoraces differs in children compared to adults. In adults, congestive heart failure (CHF) and malignancy account for a substantial number of pleural effusions, but these are uncommon causes in children. Infectious pleural effusions in the setting of pneumonia (parapneumonic effusions) remain the most common cause of effusions in both children and adults. Unlike the adult population, children experience spontaneous …

Abstract P285: Small Dose of Medium Chain Fatty Acids From Coconut Oil Does Not Enhance Thermogenesis in Overweight Adolescents

Background: Previous research has shown that consumption of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in overweight adults can increase energy expenditure and improve weight management, but no research has been done in children. Our study tests the effects of a test oil enriched in MCT from coconut oil, on energy expenditure, satiety, and metabolic markers in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double blind, crossover study in which 15 children, age 13-18 y, with a body mass index &gt;85 th percentile for age and sex, were enrolled. Two test meals were administered which contained 20 g of fat from either corn oil or an MCT-enriched baking fat (providing approximately 4.7 g of fatty acids with chain lengths ≤12C). A fasting blood sample was taken before breakfast and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed using indirect calorimetry for 6 h. During the test, satiety was measured using visual analog scales (VAS) and additional blood samples were obtained from an intravenous catheter at times 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min post-meal for measurement of hormones and metabolites. Results: There was no significant effect of fat type, time, or fat type x time interaction on TEF, appetite and satiety, glucose, and insulin area under the curve (AUC). However, there was a significant effect of fat type on leptin (P = 0.027), triglycerides (P = 0.020), and peptide YY (P = 0.0085) whereby leptin and triglyceride concentrations were lower with corn oil consumption and peptide YY concentrations were higher. Conclusions: Our results do not suggest that this MCT-rich test oil enhances thermogenesis and satiety in children. Given that this is the only current study of its kind, more research is needed into the use of MCT as a tool in weight management in overweight and obese children.

Optimization of Copaiba oil-based nanoemulsions obtained by different preparation methods

Copaiba oil has been widely used in popular medicine because of its anti-inflammatory properties. The oil is extracted from trees of the genus Copaifera, found mainly in the Brazilian Amazon. A study was conducted using a 2IV4-1 fractional factorial design to evaluate the effects of oil core and surfactants composition on physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions produced by high-pressure homogenization and spontaneous emulsification. Also, the stability of the formulations stored at 4°C and 25°C was monitored for 90 days. The high-pressure homogenization method proved to be the most efficient technique to obtain stable Copaiba oil nanoemulsions with reduced loss of volatile fraction within 90 days of storage at the recommended temperature (4°C). The most suitable nanoemulsion composition was achieved adding 20% Copaiba oil, 10% medium chain triglycerides, 3% Span 80® and 1% Tween 20®. The use of medium chain triglycerides was shown to be a good strategy to fix volatile fractions of Copaiba oil incorporated into nanoemulsions during preparation and storage.

Abdominal Swelling in a Newborn With Trisomy 21

A newborn with trisomy 21 presents with abdominal swelling (Figure 1). Figure 1. Abdominal Swelling 19 days after birth ### Prenatal and Birth Histories The spontaneous vaginal delivery in the hospital had no complications. ### Physical Examination at Birth ### Later Findings

Influence of medium‐chain triglycerides on consumption and weight gain in rats: a systematic review

The use of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) has been studied for years in an attempt to elucidate their effects in food intake and body weight in animals. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is evidence that the use of MCT reduces consumption and body weight gain in rats, a species chosen as it has been widely used as an animal model in different surveys. A search of scientific work was performed in November 2011 on two bases: 'Web of Science' and 'PubMed'. The terms sample size and homogeneity, randomisation, food consumption and weight gain, body composition, enzyme activity and hormonal activity in rats were used as selection criteria. Thirteen papers were selected after the refinement of the research. Twelve studies measured weight gain and among these, seven detected a decrease in weight gain and five found no differences. Twelve papers also measured food intake and among these, four detected a decrease in consumption, one detected an increase and seven found no differences. Based on established criteria for the ranking of scientific papers, it is concluded that there is strong evidence that MCTs can effectively reduce the consumption and subsequent weight gain of animals. However, in the long term, there may not be differences in results depending on the phenotypic adaptation of animals to a new metabolic condition.

Effects of Medium- VS Long-Chain Triglycerides on Body Weight, Body Fat and Serum Lipids in Healthy Overweight / Obese Adults: A Systematic Review

To apply the current evidence on the use of Medium Chain Triglycerides in weight management.

Nutritional cares in chronic pancreatitis: an update

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by anatomical injuries of an irreversible character and many times in a progressive way. Itsincidence is esteem enters the 5 10/100,000 individuals per year, being its therapeutic care a high cost one. Alcohol is its main etiology. Nutritionalcare in CP is considered a challenge due to the presence of hypercatabolism, endocrine and exocrine dysfunctions and malnutrition. Theobjective of this study was to describe the current recommendations on nutritional cares of these individuals made by literature. It was elaboratedfrom a systematic survey of works published since 1997, using a Boolean technique and searches in electronic sites of scientific trustworthiness.Results emphasize that nutritional evaluation of these individuals must consider a condition of weight loss throughout time, and anthropometricand laboratorial values. Dietary instructions and medication used are efficient in the treatment of 80% of cases. Recommended diet goes fromnormoproteic to hyperproteic (1.0-1.5g/kg/day), normoglucidic (with restrictions in cases of hyperglycemia or diabetes) and normolipidic (30%of lipids). The main source of lipids has vegetal origin, being indicated the use of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) in cases of steatorhea. Onemust be alert as to the needs of vitamins supplementation of (especially liposoluble ones) and minerals, especially Calcium, Magnesium and Zinc.One concluded that there is no consensus in the literature regarding the established amounts of fibers; the recommended amount when MCTs areused and dietary behavior in azotorrhea cases. More studies for understanding the pathogenesis of this illness are necessary in order to contributeto its prevention and the development of new more specific and efficient therapies, especially dietary, in the care of this population.

Dietary Counseling Versus Dietary Supplements for Malnutrition in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Up to 50% of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are malnourished. There are limited data on the role of dietary intervention in improving the nutritional status of such patients. The aim was to compare the efficacy of medium chain triglyceride (MCT)-enriched commercial dietary supplements with dietary counseling for homemade food in the management of malnutrition in patients with CP. In a randomized controlled trial, consecutive undernourished patients with CP (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m(2)) at a tertiary care hospital were randomized to receive either dietary counseling for regular homemade food or commercial MCT-enriched dietary supplements for a period of 3 months to compensate for the dietary calorie deficit. All patients received standard management for CP including pancreatic enzyme supplements. Primary outcome measure was improvement in BMI. Sixty malnourished patients with CP were randomized to counseling group (n = 29; mean age, 32 +/- 10 years; male, 83%) and supplementation group (n = 31; mean age, 28 +/- 10 years; male, 84%). BMI increased in both the counseling group and supplementation group (17.2 +/- 1.7 vs 18.1 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2), P = .001; 16.7 +/- 1.6 vs 18.2 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2), P = .001). There were similar improvements in triceps skinfold thickness, dietary intake, fecal fat, and pain score during a period of 3 months in both groups. There was, however, no significant difference between the counseling and supplementation groups with regard to any of the outcome measures. Dietary counseling for a balanced homemade diet is as good as commercial food supplements in improving malnutrition in patients with CP.

Establishing a stability window for medium- and long-chain-triglyceride lipid-based total nutrient admixtures using USP standards

The stability window of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and long-chain-triglyceride (LCT) lipid-based total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) was studied. Sixteen different admixtures were selected for study. Of these, eight base macronutrient concentrations representing low and high concentrations were selected, along with low and high concentrations of electrolytes. All TNAs studied contained 2 mg of elemental iron as part of the trace-element formulation, an amount previously shown to produce unstable TNAs with pure LCT-based lipid injectable emulsions. All admixtures were prepared in triplicate and analyzed over five time intervals: time 1 (immediately after preparation), time 2 (after four days of storage at 6 +/- 2 degrees C), and times 3, 4, and 5, corresponding to 6, 24, and 30 hours of storage at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, respectively, after time 2. Stability was measured by comparing results with USP standards for fat globule size in lipid injectable emulsions. A total of 48 admixtures were studied. Samples at each time interval showed an inconsistent but general increase in the number of globules with a diameter of >1.8 microm over time. All admixtures met both the proposed pharmacopoeial criteria for stability with respect to mean droplet size and volume-weighted proportion of fat globules with a diameter of >5 microm. A wide range of macronutrients and micronutrients were tested in a series of MCT-LCT-based TNAs and found to be stable. The use of MCTs and LCTs in lipid injectable emulsions confers greater stability to TNAs than has been achieved with pure LCT-based formulations.

Modulation of adipocyte lipogenesis by octanoate: involvement of reactive oxygen species

BackgroundOctanoate is a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) that is rich in milk and tropical dietary lipids. It also accounts for 70% of the fatty acids in commercial medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Use of MCT for weight control tracks back to early 1950s and is highlighted by recent clinical trials. The molecular mechanisms of the weight reduction effect remain not completely understood. The findings of significant amounts of MCFA in adipose tissue in MCT-fed animals and humans suggest a direct influence of MCFA on fat cell functions.Methods3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with octanoate in a high glucose culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 170 nM insulin. The effects on lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression and activity of peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPARγ) and its associated lipogenic genes were assessed. In selected experiments, long-chain fatty acid oleate, PPARγ agonist troglitazone, and antioxidant N-acetylcysteine were used in parallel. Effects of insulin, L-carnitine, and etomoxir on β-oxidation were also measured.Resultsβ-oxidation of octanoate was primarily independent of CPT-I. Treatment with octanoate was linked to an increase in ROS in adipocytes, a decrease in triglyceride synthesis, and reduction of lipogenic gene expression. Co-treatment with troglitazone, N-acetylcysteine, or over-expression of glutathione peroxidase largely reversed the effects of octanoate.ConclusionThese findings suggest that octanoate-mediated inactivation of PPARγ might contribute to the down regulation of lipogenic genes in adipocytes, and ROS appears to be involved as a mediator in this process.