Medicinal Drug Use Research Articles

Cross-sectional assessment of perception and attitude of pharmacy students towards pharmaceutical promotion: a study from developing country, Pakistan

BackgroundThe pharmaceutical promotion is “all informational and persuasive activities by manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs. These promotional activities affect the dispensing behavior of physicians and pharmacists and influence begins from educational institutes.ObjectiveOur study’s main aim was to evaluate opinion and attitude of pharmacy students towards pharmaceutical promotion.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 3rd, 4th and final year pharmacy students of 3 public and 3 private sector universities in Punjab Pakistan. A modified version of pre available questionnaire was used to collect data from students between June 2020 and December 2020. The tool was made available through a Google Form, assessable to students via provided link. We utilized the snowball sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the demographics, while Chi-square and t-test were used to analyze associations between demographics and items. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.ResultsA total of 1,195 students participated in the survey with an average age of 22.2 ± 1.2 years. Nearly 2/3rd of the students were males (62.2%) and a significant proportion (87.3%) of pharmacy students had never taken part in any training provided by pharmaceutical company. Among all, 51.9% confirmed that pharmacists who frequently interact with medical representatives tend to dispense more antibiotics. Additionally, 42.1% indicated they may dispense antibiotics under the influence of promotion. Pharmacy students in senior college years and those with lower parental exhibited significantly more perception and attitude scores (p < 0.001).ConclusionA significant number of students concurred with the notion that promotional activities could impact dispensing practices and they also believed that such activities contribute to the growing issue of irrational antibiotic use. This study underscores the necessity for a heightened emphasis on the educational needs of pharmacy students.

Alternative treatment methods for bovine mastitis: prospects and limitations (review)

Mastitis remains the most common problem of dairy industry despite the preventive measures and treatment schemes being developed. Antibacterial drugs remain first line agents for therapy of the mammary gland inflammatory diseases in animals. Taking into account the risks associated with antibiotic therapy, such as decreased drug effectiveness due to occurrence of bacterial resistant strains, food safety issues, environmental impact and restrictions on the use of antibacterial drugs in veterinary medicine, an increasing number of scientific studies are addressing new therapeutic agents that can serve as an alternative to conventional therapy. The aim of this review is to give an idea of currently available literature data on alternative methods for the prevention and treatment of mastitis in cattle that are not associated with antibiotics. In general, a significant number of in vitro studies aimed at finding new effective and safe drugs are yielding promising results. This review describes the following alternative remedies: probiotics, bacteriocins, bacteriophages, phage enzymes (endolysins), nanoparticles, plant extracts, essential oils and immunobiological agents (vaccines). Understanding the mechanisms of their action will allow recommending the best treatment option for mastitis in each specific case. These treatment methods can potentially reduce use of antibiotics and increase animal productivity, however more in vivo studies are needed to prove the effectiveness of antibiotics used directly in the conditions of farm settings.

Risk factors for allogeneic red blood cell transfusion in adult spinal deformity surgery.

Retrospective study. To investigate the risk factors for allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. Studies have not thoroughly explored the roles of intraoperative hypothermia, autologous blood donation, and hemostatic agent administration, which would provide a better understanding of the risk for perioperative RBC transfusion in ASD surgery. The medical records of 151 patients with ASD who underwent correction surgery between 2012 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Estimated blood loss and perioperative allogeneic transfusion were examined. Patients were categorized into two groups based on whether they received perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Logistic regression analysis was employed to investigate the effect of age, sex, blood type, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status, preoperative hemoglobin level, autologous blood donation, global spine alignment parameters, preoperative use of anticoagulants or antiplatelet medicine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, number of instrumented fusion levels, total operative duration, three-column osteotomy, lateral interbody fusion, pelvic fixation, intraoperative hypothermia, use of gelatin-thrombin based hemostatic agents, and intraoperative tranexamic acid (TXA) with simultaneous exposure by two attending surgeons. The estimated blood loss was 994.2±754.5 mL, and 71 patients (47.0%) received allogeneic blood transfusion. In the logistic regression analysis, the absence of intraoperative TXA use and simultaneous exposure (odds ratio [OR], 26.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.6-90.9; p<0.001), lack of autologous blood donation (OR, 21.2; 95% CI, 4.4-100.0; p<0.001), and prolonged operative duration (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9; p<0.001) were significant independent factors for perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in ASD surgery. Autologous blood storage, intraoperative TXA administration, and simultaneous exposure should be considered to minimize perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in ASD surgery, particularly in patients with anticipated lengthy surgeries.

Factors associated with under- fives unintentional injuries in Kgalagadi South, Botswana

The study determined the prevalence and factors associated with unintentional injuries among under- fives in Kgalagadi South. A descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted between November 2020 and February 2021 using a multi- stage sampling technique to recruit 389 guardians with children aged five years and below. Self-administered questionnaires were used for the literate population, while interviewer-administered questionnaires were used for the population with limited literacy to elicit information from the guardians. Chi- square, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used for inferential analysis. The prevalence of unintentional injuries was 48.8%. There was a significant association between injury occurrence and guardians’ employment status, alcohol consumption and non- medicinal drug use by the guardian, cigarette use by the guardian, household income level, gender and age of the child who got injured. The guardians age and cigarette use by the guardian were identified as independent risk factors for injury occurrence among under- five children. The findings highlight the need for policymakers and practitioners to develop policies that support comprehensive health education for caregivers on childhood injury prevention and creating a safe environment for children.

The Development of Reference Book from Medicinal Plant Exploration Results in Rote Tengah Sub-district, Rote Ndao District

The utilization of medicinal plants has become one alternative for communities to treat illnesses. This is because the use of medicinal plants, besides being relatively affordable, also does not cause side effects compared to the use of modern medicine or chemical-based drugs. This study aims to develop a reference book of medicinal plants in Rote Tengah Sub-district, Rote Ndao District. The development model used in this research is the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The research results obtained from material expert testing showed a validity of 94.6%, design expert testing showed 95.5%, and media expert testing showed 100%. Overall, the percentage of assessments from all three experts indicates a value of 96.7% with a qualification of very valid (highly appropriate). This indicates a positive response to the developed medicinal plant reference book, which is deemed suitable for use as a learning resource. This is because the developed medicinal plant reference book has its own advantages, where the illustrations in the reference book are made with attractive designs, thus attracting students' attention and making it easier to understand

Phytotherapy for stress in children from the age of three

Mental and behavioral disorders begin in early childhood, affect the quality of life of children and their parents, can lead to changes in brain development and function, and somatic diseases. Stress in young children can be associated with frightening changes in their lives – going to kindergarten, school. Treatment of mental disorders in childhood requires a comprehensive approach, including elimination of the causes of disorders, lifestyle modification, psychological and medical support. Phytotherapy is an effective treatment method accepted in most countries and characterized by a low risk of adverse events, which makes it indispensable in pediatric practice. The article describes the characteristics of medicinal plants used for the treatment of mental disorders. A review of clinical studies confirming the efficacy and safety of phytotherapy is presented. A tactical approach to the use of medicinal plant-based drugs in the practice of a pediatrician is considered.

A guide to antimicrobial options for common small ruminant diseases

There are few antibiotics approved for use in small ruminant species in the United States. According to the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA), extralabel drug use may only be employed under the direction of a licensed veterinar­ian in the context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relation­ship. However, with the implementation of FDA Guidance for Industry #263, producers will no longer have access to antibiot­ics which were previously available over the counter and could have been utilized in an extralabel manner without veterinary oversight. The aim of this discussion is to provide veterinarians with a logical approach to selecting appropriate antibiotics for use in small ruminants.

Scientific substantiation of the use of iron-containing drugs in veterinary medicine

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the need to summarise current knowledge about the use of iron-containing drugs in veterinary medicine and their scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study was to analyse the results of the latest experimental data presented in the literature on the pharmacological and toxicological properties of iron-containing drugs and the specific features of their use in veterinary medicine. The study employed the method of literature analysis with the formulation of relevant substantiated conclusions and their generalisation or comparison. Iron-containing medicines are particularly relevant in modern veterinary medicine for the prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in piglets. The use of iron dextran preparations is a scientifically sound and necessary preventive measure in modern pig production. Furthermore, the study covered new approaches to the development of effective antianaemic drugs for animals of other species, including calves. The study also covered the controversial issues of the use of iron-containing drugs in pregnant females for the prevention of iron deficiency in animals born from them. The analysis of the literature data presented in this study shows a prominent degree of scientific interest in the study of pharmacological and toxicological properties of iron in high valences (specifically, ferrous iron in clathrochelate form) with a view to their use in medicine. The conducted literature review suggests the multidirectional use of iron-containing drugs in various dosage forms in veterinary medicine. The study identified the key trends in the pharmaceutical market of iron-containing drugs registered in Ukraine. In recent years, there has been a growing body of scientifically based evidence indicating the effectiveness of iron-dextran complex in combination with micro- and macronutrients and vitamins. Currently, the use of iron-containing drugs in the world’s veterinary practice, considering their scientifically and experimentally proven pharmacological properties, is extremely promising. The materials of this study are of practical value for expanding the possibilities of using new forms of iron in veterinary medicine

Identifying excessive chronic alcohol use with phosphatidylethanol in patients with suspected severe injury-results from the IDART study.

Acute and chronic alcohol use are well-known risk factors for accidents and injuries, and concurrent psychoactive drug use can increase injury risk further. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) 16:0/18:1 is a biomarker used to determine alcohol consumption the previous 3-4 weeks. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of chronic alcohol use in trauma patients, as determined by PEth 16:0/18:1 concentrations, and how excessive chronic alcohol use relate to demographic variables, injury mechanisms and drug use. Patients received at Norwegian trauma hospitals from March 2019 to February 2020. The study is part of the Impairing Drugs and Alcohol as Risk factors for Traumatic Injuries study. All patients aged ≥ 16 years received with trauma team were included in the study. Data on injury date and mechanism, gender and age was registered. Blood samples were analyzed for 22 psychoactive medicinal and illicit drugs, ethanol and phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1. Regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between alcohol use and gender, age, injury mechanism and drug use. Of the 4845 patients included in the study, 10% had PEth 16:0/18:1 concentration ≥ 600 nM (~430 ng/mL), indicative of excessive chronic alcohol use. Being male, between 44-61 years old, involved in violence, and testing positive for medicinal drugs was associated with excessive chronic alcohol use.Excessive chronic alcohol use was common among males, middle-aged, patients with violence as injury mechanism and those with medicinal drug use. These findings emphasize the need to detect and treat excessive chronic alcohol use among trauma patients.

Modern Approaches to Treatment of Alopecia X in Dogs: Review of Research

Introduction. Noninflammatory alopecia is a disorder of canine appearance, which brings aesthetic discomfort to dog owners. Among foreign studies there are only few publications on implementing the drugs of the humane medicine for treatment of this disorder. The publications in the national literature present the descriptions of the individual clinical cases. The reviews of research containing the analysis and summary of the canine noninflammatory alopecia treatment methods are unavailable in the scientific literature. Therefore, this work aims at providing a comparative analysis of the canine noninflammatory alopecia treatment methods (based on the literature sources analysis).Materials and Methods. Searching by subject area was conducted in the eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, Crossref and Google Scholar databases for materials published from 2000 to 2023 by the following keywords: dog AND alopecia, dog*AND alopecia X, dog*AND “name of the drug”. The selected materials were structured, 111 publications were analysed, 69 of which were included in the present review.Results. The studies on the use of humane medicine methods and drugs for treatment of alopecia X in dogs were analysed. The information was systemized into thematic blocks depending on the physiological causes of alopecia X and the drugs used. The main methods and approaches to be investigated were the use of melatonin, mitotane, trilostane, minoxidil, hormonal drugs, microneedling and microtrauma techniques.Discussion and Conclusion. Currently, the unified protocol for treatment of alopecia X in dogs is not developed in the veterinary medicine. Upon analysis of the treatment methods described in the literature, microneedling, oral administration of melatonin and trilostane, along with the use of subcutaneous implants of deslorelin acetate have been identified as the optimal ones, combining high efficiency with minor side effects. The use of mitotane, minoxidil and osaterone acetate causes the serious side effects, that prevents them from being the future-oriented methods.

Perception, knowledge and attitudinal assessment of drug promotional literature among second year, medical undergraduate students: a questionnaire-based study

Background: WHO defines drug promotion literature (DPL) as “all informational and persuasive activities by manufacturers, the effect of which is to induce the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs”. Benefit driven marketing of new drugs by drug companies may lead to erroneous prescription due to insufficient understanding, knowledge of safety and therapeutic benefits of the drugs in the community. All these promotional activities influence the prescribing pattern of doctors. 2nd year of undergraduate medical course is the appropriate time to educate the medical undergraduate students about fundamentals of DPL and to train them accordingly for improving their prescribing behaviour eventually. Methods: A prospective questionnaire-based study was conducted in Goa Medical College. The study participants consisted of 150 II-year undergraduate medical students. Approval from Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. The feedback forms were collected from the students after they were completed and data was analysed and represented as counts and percentages. Results: Among respondents 36% of students opined that the quality of details provided by medical representatives is biased and too commercial followed by others. 40.7% of students were of the view that the most important intervention needed to reduce the impact of drug promotion on prescribing was to formulate policies and guidelines for the health care authorities. Conclusions: Promotional activities by manufacturers influence the attitude and prescribing pattern of doctors. So, it is of utmost importance to train medical graduates in order to enable them to develop the skill of critical analysis of DPL and consequently rational prescribing.

Summation Laws in Control of Biochemical Systems

Dynamic variables in the non-equilibrium systems of life are determined by catalytic activities. These relate to the expression of the genome. The extent to which such a variable depends on the catalytic activity defined by a gene has become more and more important in view of the possibilities to modulate gene expression or intervene with enzyme function through the use of medicinal drugs. With all the complexity of cellular systems biology, there are still some very simple principles that guide the control of variables such as fluxes, concentrations, and half-times. Using time-unit invariance we here derive a multitude of laws governing the sums of the control coefficients that quantify the control of multiple variables by all the catalytic activities. We show that the sum of the control coefficients of any dynamic variable over all catalytic activities is determined by the control of the same property by time. When the variable is at a maximum, minimum or steady, this limits the sums to simple integers, such as 0, −1, 1, and −2, depending on the variable under consideration. Some of the implications for biological control are discussed as is the dependence of these results on the precise definition of control.

A pharmacological perspective on the use of Benzylpenicillin-G in the production of veterinary medicine in Latin America

Benzylpenicillin-G (BP-G) is one of human and veterinary medicine’s most widely used antibacterial drugs. It represents a large market for the Phar­maceutical Industry, and various combinations with frail pharmacological support have been made available to veterinarians. The crystalline sodium and potassium salts of BP-G and the benzathine salt of BP-G have been incorporated into many existing preparations, arguing that higher and more prolonged concentrations are obtained. However, there are not evidence published. Notwithstanding the above, these preparations are presented as sustained-release ones and capable of achieving therapeutic concentrations. There are no pharmacokinetic bases for such combinations of BP-G deriva­tives. It is unlikely that such combinations provide better serum profiles than those offered by an adequate dose of only procaine BP-G. The incorporation of the BP-G benzathine is prohibited in many countries. In Latin America, such combinations limit the amount of procaine BP-G that should be in­jected, ideally ≥ 20 000 IU/kg of body weight every 12-24 h. Within the framework of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine advanced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and based on pharma­cological considerations, it is proposed that combinations of BP-G derivatives be restricted, allowing only BP-G procaine preparations. Also, formulations of BP-G incorporating other active principles should offer solid pharmacological support. To date, combined preparations of BP-G have shown no formal pharmacological support. Based on the information presented in this review, it is feasible to conclude that the only BP-G derivative that should be available for veterinary medicine is procaine BP-G.

Comparative Analysis of Combination Therapy Regimens in Patients with Paranoid Schizophrenia with Non-Suicidal Auto aggression and Identified Signs of Resistance to Ongoing Neuroleptic Monotherapy

A comparative analysis of combination therapy regimens was carried out in patients with paranoid schizophrenia with NSAA and identified signs of resistance to ongoing neuroleptic monotherapy. In total, in the period from 2015 to 2022, 155 patients with paranoid schizophrenia with NSAA were studied as part of a multicenter randomized longitudinal study. It has been established that the first-line therapy regimen in this group of patients is a combined regimen of clozapine with haloperidol. Introduction. The increase in the number of therapeutically resistant patients with paranoid schizophrenia with auto aggression remains one of the most pressing problems in psychiatry remains as the most common nosological unit [1,2,3]. At the same time, a large amount of research material has been accumulated on the factors and conditions that affect the formation of the state of resistance in such patients [4,5,6,7]. First of all, these include: a debut at an early age, an "erased" beginning, a continuous course, the dominance of negative symptoms in the structure of the pathological process, and the fading of the affective component. A special place among the clinical predictors of therapeutic resistance is occupied by psychopathic disorders with auto aggressive tendencies, traditionally considered within the framework of heboid states. At the same time, until recently, the main drug from the group of neuroleptics used to overcome resistance was clozapine [8,9,10,11,12,13]. In practice, up to 30% of patients remain intact to its action, which dictates the need for combination therapy [14,15,16]. This predetermines the search for new schemes for the use of medicinal drugs to solve this problem.

Bacteriuria in Cystocentesis Samples from Cats in the United Kingdom: Prevalence, Bacterial Isolates, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities

Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) have historically been reported to be uncommon in cats; however, recent studies showed a higher prevalence. Bacterial UTIs are one of the most common reasons for the use of antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of positive cultures in urine samples submitted to a UK laboratory for testing, as well as prevalence of bacterial species and their antimicrobial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. This was a retrospective analysis of positive cultures from feline urine samples collected by cystocentesis submitted over 14 months (January 2018-February 2019). A total of 2712 samples were reviewed, of which 425 documented a positive culture (15.7%) with a total of 444 bacterial isolates. E. coli (43.7%), other Enterobacterales (26.4%), Enterococcus species (14.9%) and Staphylococcus species (9.2%) were the most commonly isolated bacteria. E. coli most commonly showed resistance to cephalexin (20.7%) and amoxicillin (16.7%). Resistance was most commonly seen against amoxicillin (64.1%) and cephalexin (52.2%) in Enterobacterales. Enterococcus species most commonly showed resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (94.3%). Staphylococcus species most commonly showed resistance to amoxicillin (20%). This study showed significant resistance of bacteria found in feline urine samples in the UK to frequently used antibiotics.

Interdisciplinary approach to determining the use of drugs of abuse in wastewater using a survey and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

(a) To use a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater in Botswana. (b) To explore the knowledge of the BIUST community on the use, disposal, and fate of medicinal and illegal drugs in wastewater using a survey. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is increasingly becoming an alternative method for estimating drug usage and consumption in a population. The data obtained through WBE on drug usage and consumption is near real-time and it allows analysts to monitor current patterns and trends in novel psychoactive substances, illicit drugs, and therapeutic compounds. WBE can be complemented with other conventional methods to obtain data on drug use and abuse such as survey questionnaires. The survey is administered in communities where wastewater samples are collected. The data obtained through the two means are compared and a correlation is established if any. Through survey responses, researchers can obtain the demographic information of participants, frequency of use, and mode of administration of drugs. Twenty-two influent wastewater samples were collected at five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Botswana between July 2019 and October 2019 using the grab sampling method. Solid-Phase extraction with Strata-X Drug B SPE cartridges was used for sample extraction before analysis by GC-MS. Toxicology checkout mixture (TCM) with 28 analytes, caffeine and ibuprofen standards were used. The online survey questionnaire was administered to the BIUST community between March 2021 and May 2021 using convenient sampling. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The GC-MS method was used as a screening method targeting pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs (opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and hallucinogens). Ibuprofen and caffeine were reliably identified in wastewater samples. The online survey respondents indicated the use of different pharmaceutical drugs such as ibuprofen and panado (acetaminophen). Survey respondents also indicated the use of different illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine. For the survey, 80.8% of the respondents used medicinal drugs compared to 15.8% who used illegal drugs. Of the respondents who indicated to have used medicinal drugs, 88.7% used painkillers, while 4.1% used antidepressants. Of the respondents who had used illicit drugs, 94.7% used hallucinogens while only 10.5% used stimulants such as cocaine. All the pharmaceutical and illicit drugs that participants indicated to have used were targeted in wastewater samples. A GC-MS method was successfully used for qualitative analysis of wastewater samples in which ibuprofen and caffeine were detected. The two compounds were also targeted. Illicit drugs which were targeted in wastewater when TCM was analyzed were not detected. The survey respondents indicated the use of medicinal and illicit drugs with the former being used more. The respondents also indicated that leftover/expired medicinal/illicit drugs are thrown in the litter bins or flushed down the drain. Most respondents are aware of the fate of the drugs in wastewater. The survey results do not correlate with the analytical results as the drugs in the survey answers were not detected in wastewater from BIUST, although ibuprofen was detected in other wastewater samples used for this research. Ibuprofen, a common pharmaceutical and caffeine, were detected in wastewater collected for this research using a screening method. With further refinement, this method can be used to monitor weekly, monthly, or seasonal variations in drug use in Botswana. The survey respondents indicated the use of different medicinal and illicit drugs, with medicinal drugs being used more. Results obtained from the research will assist stakeholders in Botswana in the fight against drug abuse as they provide information on commonly used drugs, frequency of use, and demographic information of participants.

Antimicrobial mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine and reversal of drug resistance: a narrative review.

In recent years, the extensive use of antibiotics worldwide has led to an increase in the number of drug-resistant bacterial strains, thus resulting in an increasingly severe degree of bacterial resistance. For thousands of years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has provided natural and unique advantages in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to develop further and use TCM to treat clinical infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The articles were analyzed to extract information on the antimicrobial effects of Chinese herbal medicines, compounded Chinese medicines, monomeric compounds of herbal origin, and the combined use of Chinese medicine and antimicrobial drugs and to determine the synergistic effect of the combination of Chinese medicine and antibiotics, as well as investigate the possibility of restoring the antibiotic sensitivity of drug-resistant strains. The mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of TCM involve altering membrane permeability, inhibiting protein and nucleic acid synthesis, inhibiting enzyme activity in vivo, and controlling the ability of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the mechanism underlying TCM-induced reversal of bacterial drug resistance is discussed, particularly in terms of the elimination of resistant (R) plasmids and the inhibition of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, bacterial biofilm formation, and bacterial efflux pump activity. This paper reviewed the recent relevant literature on antimicrobial action and its mechanisms, as well as the mechanisms of drug resistance reversal by TCM to provide a reference for clinical drug use, prevention and control of bacterial infection, and research and development of new drugs.

Off-label: horizons of freedom

This article gives a review of the regulation by the Russian law of the so-called ‘off-label’ use of medicinal drugs, that is the use of drugs outside their approved indication, information in data sheets and other known properties. The definition of the term ‘off-label’ is presented in details for which the understanding of the term in different countries is summarized. The discussion covers both off-label prescription and marketing practices. The article emphasizes the connection between the legal aspects of the off-label use and the model of national law regulation for providing legal services in general. The text culminates at an introduction of the new Russian legislative amendments granting more opportunities for off-label drug prescription.

Review on “pharmacological, phytochemical, and medicinal properties of rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)”

International use of natural medicinal drugs has been increasing in the last few centuries. In developing international locations, many people were using other natural remedies to meet their fitness care desires. On the opposite facet, developing countries had to make a bigger interest in medicinal herbs. The most vital difficulty in natural medicine is that their market is inadequate regulated, and very restricted statistics have been presented regarding the safety and efficacy of medicinal herbs. there's almost no side impact within the use of herbal merchandise. natural medicines provide harmless and efficient use.Rosemary consists huge form of phytochemicals along with the impact of dietary antioxidative and chemopreventive rosemary phytochemical on the feature of human drug efflux transporter Pglycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 .The effect of natural phytochemical found in rosemary inclusive of carnosic acid , carnosol , rosemarinic acid , and ursolic acid and different many additives. Rosemary appears to boom blood circulation while applied to the scalp, which would possibly assist hair follicles develop. Rosemary extract may additionally help guard the pores and skin from solar harm.

The current state of the veterinary drugs market in the Tyumen Region

Objective: to assess the current state of the veterinary medical product market in the Tyumen Region.Material and methods. The objects of the study included data from the State Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use for 2019–2022; veterinary pharmacy organizations and veterinary clinics in the Tyumen Region (33); price lists of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations; questionnaires of veterinary specialists (69) and consumers of medicinal products for veterinary use (93).Results. An analysis of the Register of Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use registered in the Russian Federation revealed a positive trend in the registration of new positions: with 2190 registered drugs about 300 more positions are registered annually. It was determined that the ratio of veterinary drugs of various pharmacotherapeutic groups is critically uneven (31.05% – antibacterial agents; 28% – immunobiological drugs; 0.46% – cardiovascular drugs; 0.14% – antitumor drugs). The study of the wholesale segment of the veterinary drugs market on the territory of the Tyumen Region showed that the range of wholesale trade organizations in veterinary drugs mainly consists of products for animals (at the largest one veterinary drugs account for only 16%). As a result, low indicators of the assortment are observed (breadth and completeness coefficients for pharmacotherapeutic groups), and there are problems with the availability of veterinary drugs. The analysis of the assortment of veterinary pharmaceutical organizations and clinics (retail segment of the market) revealed low breadth coefficients for medicinal products for veterinary use (median 0.09). A sociological survey showed a low level of awareness of all veterinary drugs consumer groups about the scope of their circulation.Conclusion. The study of the current state of the veterinary medicinal product market in the Tyumen Region identified the problems of their availability both in the wholesale and retail segments, which need to be addressed with the help of state regulation (including the introduction of a minimum range of drugs for veterinary use) and normalization of the assortment policy at the level of veterinary pharmacies and clinics. Because of the lack of registration for some drugs necessary for the treatment of animals, veterinarians are forced to put into practice drugs for medical use, deliberately violating the law. Given the experience of many foreign countries, we consider it expedient to allow the use (in special cases) of medical drugs in veterinary medicine. This will solve the problem of pharmacotherapy availability and allow veterinarians to provide better care to animals.