Use Of Mechanical Power Research Articles

Bedside calculation of mechanical power during volume- and pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation

BackgroundMechanical power (MP) is the energy delivered to the respiratory system over time during mechanical ventilation. Our aim was to compare the currently available methods to calculate MP during volume- and pressure-controlled ventilation, comparing different equations with the geometric reference method, to understand whether the easier to use surrogate formulas were suitable for the everyday clinical practice. This would warrant a more widespread use of mechanical power to promote lung protection.MethodsForty respiratory failure patients, sedated and paralyzed for clinical reasons, were ventilated in volume-controlled ventilation, at two inspiratory flows (30 and 60 L/min), and pressure-controlled ventilation with a similar tidal volume. Mechanical power was computed both with the geometric method, as the area between the inspiratory limb of the airway pressure and the volume, and with two algebraic methods, a comprehensive and a surrogate formula.ResultsThe bias between the MP computed by the geometric method and by the comprehensive algebraic method during volume-controlled ventilation was respectively 0.053 (0.77, − 0.81) J/min and − 0.4 (0.70, − 1.50) J/min at low and high flows (r2 = 0.96 and 0.97, p < 0.01). The MP measured and computed by the two methods were highly correlated (r2 = 0.95 and 0.94, p < 0.01) with a bias of − 0.0074 (0.91, − 0.93) and − 1.0 (0.45, − 2.52) J/min at high-low flows. During pressure-controlled ventilation, the bias between the MP measured and the one calculated with the comprehensive and simplified methods was correlated (r2 = 0.81, 0.94, p < 0.01) with mean differences of − 0.001 (2.05, − 2.05) and − 0.81 (2.11, − 0.48) J/min.ConclusionsBoth for volume-controlled and pressure-controlled ventilation, the surrogate formulas approximate the reference method well enough to warrant their use in the everyday clinical practice. Given that these formulas require nothing more than the variables already displayed by the intensive care ventilator, a more widespread use of mechanical power should be encouraged to promote lung protection against ventilator-induced lung injury.

Socio-economic status of farmers rearing Kherigarh, an indigenous breed of cattle

Modernization of agriculture enhances the use of mechanical power in agriculture but draught animal power (DAP) still continues to be used on Indian farms due to small holdings and less availability of recourses to the farmers. In that view the present investigation was carried out to study the socio-economic statutes of farmer's rearing Kherigarh, an indigenous draught breed of cattle. A total of 120 respondents from the native tract of this breed were interviewed using a well-structured interview schedule. Obtained data revealed that suitability of this breed in flooded area push the livestock farmers towards rearing of this breed despite of low milk productivity of animals. Findings indicated that majority of the farmers engaged in rearing of this breed were male (93.30%), middle aged (39.17%) and belonged to marginal and small categories. About 78 per cent farmers had annual income below 1,30,000. Study also revealed that farmers had medium sized joint family and primarily engaged in agricultural activity. Though, poor socio-economic status of livestock farmers cannot be ignored for the improvement of Kherigarh rearer, in study area. Involvement of government in promoting both Kherigarh breed as well as livestock farmers rearing this breed is needed to encourage the conservation of this valuable breed of cattle.

Analysis of Spatial and Crop Specific Mechanization Diversities in India

A mechanization index (MI) based on the share of cost of use of mechanical power operated farm equipment over total cost of use of animate and mechanical power operated farm equipment was estimated based on secondary data for the year 2008-09. The analysis revealed a large diversity in MI for different crops at state and National levels. Wheat crop recorded highest MI index of 40.77% at the national level and a highest of 56.17% in Punjab. Paddy crop recorded 35.58% MI in Punjab, but at the national level it was only 17.40 per cent. The MI of other crops varied as rapeseeds and mustard (32.52%), gram (31.91%) and sugarcanes (9.09%). The analysis also revealed that states having higher MI or tractor intensity recorded better crop yield.

A Report on Agricultural Production and Processing Technologies for Women in India

Even though there has been a considerable increase in the use of mechanical power, Indian agriculture continues to be largely dependent on animate power. The population of agricul tural workers in India is estimated to be about 207 million, of which about 92 million are women. Fifty percent of these women workers are laborers, 37percent cultivators, 2 percent engaged in animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry, and 11 percent in other activities. Both women and men perform field operations in agriculture, but the processing activities are mainly performed by women. Among the many activities performed by women are clod breaking, seed sorting and treatment, transplanting, weeding and harvesting. Women work ers also do most of the activities related to animal husbandry, fisheries and sericulture. However, due to the socio-cultural system in India and the consequent lower levels of liter acy and skill, women workers have lagged behind their male counterparts in the use of improved technologies. On the other h...

A Report on Agricultural Production and Processing Technologies for Women in India

Even though there has been a considerable increase in the use of mechanical power, Indian agriculture continues to be largely dependent on animate power. The population of agricultural workers in India is estimated to be about 207 million, of which about 92 million are women. Fifty percent of these women workers are laborers, 37percent cultivators, 2 percent engaged in animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry, and 11 percent in other activities. Both women and men perform field operations in agriculture, but the processing activities are mainly performed by women. Among the many activities performed by women are clod breaking, seed sorting and treatment, transplanting, weeding and harvesting. Women workers also do most of the activities related to animal husbandry, fisheries and sericulture. However, due to the socio-cultural system in India and the consequent lower levels of literacy and skill, women workers have lagged behind their male counterparts in the use of improved technologies. On the other hand, the improved package of technologies developed by research and development institutions to facilitate agricultural production and processing have focused mainly on male workers. This paper highlights some of the mechanized agro-processing technologies suitable for women in Indian agriculture.

Mechanical Power in the Industrialization of Japan

The rapid industrialization of pre-war Japan depended upon extensive use of mechanical power. This dependence is studied quantitatively based on historical statistics of power for the years from 1890 to 1940. The introduction of engines (the change from human to mechanical power) and shifts in the kinds of engines (from water wheels to steam engines to electric motors) are clarified by industry group. The impact of these changes on technological progress in manufacturing is revealed.

Use of Mechanical Power for Rotary Weeding

Use of Mechanical Power for Rotary Weeding

Use of Mechanical Power in Agriculture

Use of Mechanical Power in Agriculture

Conservation of power resources

Without disparaging other aspects of our progress, it is not too much to say that our time is preeminently the age of power. This applies to the world at large, but especially to the United States. Our population is increasing with unprecedented rapidity, but our mineral production is increasing so much more rapidly that some have called this the age of metal. Steel, copper, and wood are combined in mechanical devices at a rate increasing more rapidly than ore production, so that others have characterized this as the age of the machine; yet that aspect of modern life which most impresses the student of progress is the increasing use of mechanical power through the development of prime movers and the utilization of new power sources. Rapidly as our population advances, it is outrun by metal production, and that in turn by machine building; yet our most rapid progress — the feature in which our advancement exceeds all others — is in the development and use of power.