Use Of Marble Research Articles

Estimating the Mechanical Properties of Marble via the Non-Destructive Method

One of the factors that affect the marketing, price, and field use of marble is its mechanical properties. Therefore, determining the mechanical properties of marble is very important. Usually, these properties are determined via destructive and non- destructive methods. In this study, the mechanical properties of ten types of marble collected from different parts of Turkey have been determined by destructive and non-destructive methods. Then, simple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the mechanical properties and the velocity of p and s waves in saturated and dry states. As a result, to estimate the mechanical properties via p and s wave velocity the between of them equations with high correlation coefficients have been obtained.

Paint company’s entry decision into putty market

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to understand the putty industry, consumer behaviour for putty, comparative advantage of putty to different industries and within industry and market entry strategy for newly introduced product. Case overview/synopsis Putty market in India grew at a compound annual growth rate of 15% over the period FY07–FY20. Many organized and unorganized players entered the putty market since its introduction. Putty was invented by cement companies to increase offtake of cement which otherwise declined owing to reduced use of marble. Painters are purchasing putty to be used before the paint to improve the texture of the walls and to fill cracks. Therefore, to take advantage of distribution channels and dealers’ network, paint companies introduced putty. Consumers, who use putty to improve aesthetics of their home, have very less knowledge about putty. They depend on painter or contractor for it. XYZ colourant company wanted to enter the white putty market to use the market opportunity along with coloured putty for economic project where cost is the constraint. This case study culminates with the probing question about the peculiarity of industry where two different industries are involved for the same product. This case study is designed to understand the target consumers’ behaviour and the entry decisions of the company to the growing market. Complexity academic level This case study is designed for use in second-year management programmes, especially for the students of strategic management and marketing strategy courses. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

The geological and historical milieu of an ornamental cephalopod limestone (‘orthoceratite limestone’, Ordovician, Sweden) used in the Clerk Mausoleum (1684), St Mungo's Kirkyard, Penicuik, Scotland

A slab of cephalopod limestone bears a dedicatory Latin inscription on the mausoleum built around 1684 by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik (1649–1722) for his wife Elizabeth Henderson (1658–83) at St Mungo's Church, Penicuik, near Edinburgh, Scotland. The stone is identified on sedimentological and palaeontological evidence and historical context as Ordovician ‘orthoceratite limestone’ from Sweden, probably the island of Öland, rather than Carboniferous cephalopod limestone from the much nearer Closeburn area of Dumfriesshire. ‘Orthoceratite limestone’ was little used in Great Britain, and mainly as paving, so its use in a funerary monument is unusual. It is, however, paralleled by contemporary examples at Winchester Cathedral. The Penicuik slab was probably imported either directly from Sweden, or through Rotterdam or another Netherlands entrepôt. It is the only surviving historical example of this stone known in Edinburgh and the Lothians, probably because of changing fashions, building demolition and renewal of worn paving. The inscription shows errors of composition, carving and installation, ascribed to inexperience or haste. The employment of ‘orthoceratite limestone’ is interpreted as seeking to emulate Roman use of marbles and similar ornamental stones. It contributes to the Penicuik mausoleum's significance as a pioneering example of classical or Antique architecture.

Looking over the builders’ work: foreign architects, artisans, and marble at Meninx (Djerba)

AbstractThroughout the second century AD, the civic centres of the wealthy coastal cities of Africa Proconsularis underwent deep-rooted changes. Up to this point local stone had been largely employed for their buildings, but from the Hadrianic period onwards there was an increasing use of marbles, which were imported with considerable efforts and at great expense. These marbles came primarily from Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, and brought with them new architectural concepts, as well as architects and artisans who have been generally identified as ‘Italian’ and ‘Eastern’ in past scholarship. This article will examine a temple, a structure presumed to be a portico, and a basilica from the harbour city of Meninx, located in southern Djerba (Tunisia). The exceptionally good preservation of these buildings’ architectural components and the documentation produced during their on-site recording in 2017–18 allow for a detailed understanding of their original building processes. This will show how mobile the building industry of the Roman Empire was during the second century AD, which in turn challenges any attempts of an overly schematic territorial placement of architectural concepts, building traditions, and the provenance of the artisans themselves.

Review: Painting in Stone: Architecture and the Poetics of Marble from Antiquity to the Enlightenment

Review: <i>Painting in Stone: Architecture and the Poetics of Marble from Antiquity to the Enlightenment</i>

Marble Pieces in the Romanesque Portal of Glory of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral. New Data through a Multi-Analytical Approach

ABSTRACT Probably the most important Romanesque artwork in Spain, the Portal of Glory of Santiago de Compostela is essentially made in granite, the most abundant stone in the NW of Iberia, with the only exception of five marble pieces. Different hypothesis on the origin of these marbles have previously been proposed based on visual assessment or by directly assuming a local source. To shed light on their quarry provenance, a multi-analytical study was performed combining polarized-light optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence microscopy, XRPD, SEM-EDS and stable C and O isotopes. The comparison of the results with the available databases reveals the use of marbles from the Estremoz Anticline (Portugal) in the three exquisitely carved columns strategically placed in the central arcade, whereas the other two pieces are local marbles, illustrating a more complex consumption of this noble material than that initially expected.

Long term studies on the utilisation of quartz sandstone wastes in cement concrete

Disposal of stone wastes has become one of the major environmental problems in the world. The use of marbles, granites and sandstones as a building material has increased and the disposal of unused stones possess a severe threat to the society. Every year tonnes of stone wastes have been generated, and it was estimated that almost 25% of stone goes as wastes while processing and cutting them. Over the years, the quarrying area has expanded, and the use of modern machinery had led to the cutting of hardest of stones and exposing the soft underbelly of sandstones. One of the possible solutions for the utilisation of these sandstone wastes is to incorporate them into cement concrete as the replacement for natural coarse aggregates. This paper presents the results of experimental research to examine the suitability of quartz sandstone as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates in cement concrete. The quartz sandstone wastes were used in definite percentages and replaced for coarse aggregates from 0% to 100% at every 20% interval. The article presents with tests such as pull off strength, carbonation, sulphate attack, porosity and extended results of compressive strength, flexural strength. It was observed that the compressive strength, flexural strength and the sulphate attack resistance were lower than that of control concrete; but upto a certain level of replacement, they showed better resistance to pull off and carbonation. Also, the decrease in strength was found to be comparable to that of control specimens. It was concluded that there is a propitious future for the use of quartz sandstone wastes as a partial substitute for natural coarse aggregates in concrete, which can lead to a greater environmental and sustainable benefits.

Use of waste marble and recycled aggregates in self-compacting concrete for environmental sustainability

Abstract Nowadays, due to an increase in marble and concrete production, emerged wastes are disposed into empty fields. This waste causes environmental pollution. In this study, the use of marble waste (MW) and recycled aggregate (RA) from crushed concrete in the production of SCC was investigated. Control series were produced with crushed limestone aggregate (LS) in different water to binder ratios. Then, LS was replaced with MW or RA in ratio of 100%. Fresh concrete experiments such as slump-flow, the J-ring test, unit weight and air content were carried out. Furthermore, compressive strength, splitting-tensile strength, stress–strain relationship, modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity experiments on the hardened specimens were carried out, and mechanical properties of all the concrete types were compared. According to the results obtained, workability of SCC such as flow-ability, blocking resistance and segregation resistance is increased by use of pieces of MW instead of LS. Moreover, important differences were not observed in the mechanical properties of SCC by using MW and RA. For this reason, crushed marble stone and recycled coarse aggregates that were obtained using lower energy than that required for obtaining the LS, can be used in the SCC.

Material properties of the Menderes Massif Marbles from SW Turkey

Marbles are extensively quarried at four different stratigraphical levels from Permo-Carbonifereous to Paleogene in the southern flank of the Menderes Massif in SW Turkey. These marbles differ in color, texture and pattern depending on their stratigraphical levels and are well known in the international trade as the Mugla Black (Permo-Carbonifereous), Mugla White (Cretaceous), Milas Lemon, Lilac, Aubergine, Pearl, Veined and White (Triassic) and Aegean Bordeaux (Paleogene) marbles. The mineralogical, chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the representative marbles samples obtained from the quarries working in four major metamorphic carbonate horizons in the cover successions of the Menderes Massif's southern flank in SW Turkey are determined and the results of over 1700 tests carried out on the selected marble samples are presented. The mean test values of the physical and mechanical tests are in general, found to be above the threshold acceptance values suggested by the American and Turkish Standards for the use of marbles as a building stone and in the same order as the properties of Italian (Carrara) and Greek marbles reported in the literature. Additionally, the mean test values of the marbles have given high correlations with one another and the relations obtained between the index test results determined by simple techniques requiring minimal sample preparation effort and the mean values of the more elaborate engineering tests results are presented as tables and graphs for wider use.

L’architecte, le sculpteur, le marbrier et quelques cheminées bellifontaines des années 1730-1740

The architect, the sculptor, the marble mason and a few mantel pieces at Fontainebleau in the 1730’s-1740’s. Under the reign of Louis XV (1725-1774), 136 marble chimney pieces were delivered for Fontainebleau. Creating a marble decor meant many contributors, among them the King, architects, marble masons, ornemanists and sculptors. The marble masons working at Fontainebleau were Claude-Félix Tarlé and Louis Trouard. The chimney pieces were overseen by architects, in particular Ange-Jacques Gabriel and were sometimes improved by a sculptor like Jacques Verbeckt. The chimney pieces created in the 1730-1740, those of Marie Leszczinska’s bedroom or for Mesdames’ cabinet, for instance, epitomize the flourishing of rocaille style. The marbles chosen, difficult to carve, responded to the rocaille aesthetics thanks to their multicoloured aspects (brèche violette, Sarrancolin, brocatelle). This period was the golden age for marble masons, whose technical know-how was necessary to the use of marbles that sculptors were not familiar with.

Rome's marble yards

By the death of Augustus, imperial building projects in Rome were being supplied by marble from Africa (Chemtou), Asia (Docimium), Egypt (various alabaster sources), Aegean Greece (Chios, Euboea, and Paros), Attica (Pentelikon), and from Luna (Carrara) in N Italy. A vast network of quarries in Egypt's Eastern Desert was already under development, and their granites and porphyry began to be seen at Rome in the middle of the Julio-Claudian era. By the Antonines, marble from Scyros, Thasos, Proconnesos, and Iasos was also arriving in Rome.Quantities in this period reached several thousand blocks per year. Relative to demand, was this a lot or a little? The Roman marble trade has always attracted attention because of the facilities and the organizational feats that brought so much exotic stone to the capital and thence outward, but the real importance of the answer lies in the use of marble. Whether marble was easy or hard to come by and what distinguished the grades and colors — even whether all grades and colors were available to customers up and down the social ladder — are prerequisite questions for understanding the choices open to imperial and private architects, to sculptors with great or humble commissions, and even to wall-painters with faux architecture to apply to a wall.

A Group of Inscriptions from Stabiae

The group of inscriptions described below was found on the former estate of the Marchesi Pellicano, near the road from Stabiae to Nocera. These stones have hitherto remained in their garden along with others published by F. di Capua, but passed in 1969 into the keeping of the Antiquarium Statale di Castellamare di Stabia. Our main concern has been with the unpublished items, nos. 1–3 and 6–8, but we have added notes on four related texts, nos. 4, 5 and 9, 10 which have not been adequately described and discussed in earlier accounts.Nos. 1–3 are examples of a type of funerary stele characteristic of Pompeii and neighbouring towns for a short period after Luna marble became easily available. The fullest discussion of them is by M. W. Frederiksen who argues that they derived from a kind of small herm made of local stone and characteristic of the same area at an earlier period; with the introduction of marble the earlier type was transformed into the ‘silhouette-herm’—a thin slab of marble terminating in a disc-shaped projection above a narrow neck which preserves in outline only the form of its predecessors, although occasionally features such as hair are briefly indicated (as here on no. 3); the new type, too, vanishes during the Julio-Claudian period when local traditions of the sort were being swamped by more cosmopolitan influences, of which the use of marble is itself one facet. Examples of the type have already been found at Nuceria and indeed at Stabiae itself so that the new items fit satisfactorily into a context. Frederiksen's material showed that its users were usually of the humbler classes and with this conclusion too the new examples accord.