Use Of Maggots Research Articles

Chemical analysis of the effect of the effect of the use of maggots as a source of protein on the quality of fish feed

Objective: The research aims to analyze the chemical content of making fish food by using maggot as a substitute for fish meal as a protein source to improve the quality of fish feed. Material and method: The research method used was an experimental method with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A is feed consisting of 45% fish meal, 35% maggot meal, 16% corn meal, and 4% tapioca flour; treatment B is feed consisting of 50% fish meal, 30% maggot meal, 16% corn flour, and 4% tapioca flour; treatment C is feed consisting of 55% fish meal, 25% maggot meal, 16% corn flour, and 4% tapioca flour; and control treatment (k) is feed consisting of 0% fish meal, 50% maggot flour, 16% corn flour, and 4% tapioca flour. Results: The results of the research show that the overall water content of the feed produced is low. Regarding protein content, the highest protein content was in the control treatment. The use of maggot flour in feed has the lowest ash content. Regarding fat content, the higher the dose of maggot flour, the lower the fat content of the fish feed. All treatments tested had a lower carbohydrate content than the control treatment. Conclusion: The use of maggot meal as a substitute for fish meal in this research for making fish feed can support chemical feed quality, which contains water, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates according to fish needs.

A REVIEW OF MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCER

the protocol for treating diabetic foot ulcers which occur in at least 15% of patients with diabetes and precede 84% of leg amputations. Debridement may be surgical or non-surgical. Surgical debridement is carried out using sharp instruments. It has some complications like perioperative bleeding and general complications of anaesthesia. It demands skilled surgeon. Non-surgical debridement includes autolytic, enzymatic, mechanical and biological debridement. All the methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Biological debridement is a technique based on the use of maggots to remove necrotic tissues from chronic wound. Maggots or larvae of flies are applied on the infected wound. Maggots excrete the enzyme which degrade and liquefy necrotic tissue and later on ingest this from the wound. It is relatively painless procedure as compared to the surgical debridement. This technique has been granted FDA approval in US since 2004. All classical and contemporary literature especially PubMed database regarding maggot debridement therapy and diabetic foot ulcer is scrutinised for the review. It was found that Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is the better technique as compared to other non-surgical debridement methods for management of diabetic foot ulcer. Sushruta the father of surgery was the first to introduce the maggot therapy in context to kaphaja arbuda (a type of tumour). It is the need of time to conserve this basic principle as a non-surgical method for debridement.

Molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with maggots obtained from chicken droppings

BackgroundThe use of maggots, developed from chicken droppings as alternative fish meal might serve as a reservoir and vehicle for the widespread of single and multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB). This study aimed at investigating antibiotic resistant bacteria from chicken droppings and maggots developed from them, and the associated resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in their genomes. Freshly collected poultry droppings obtained from three commercial poultry farms, in Akure, Nigeria and maggots developed from their composting were plated on Luria–Bertani (LB) agar plates that had been incorporated with antibiotics. The emerged MARB were presumptively identified by conventional cultural microbiological methods and then authenticated using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the genome of MARB were detected by standard molecular tools.ResultsPotential bacterial pathogens isolated include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enterica, Providencia stuartii, P. rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Paelnalcaligenes hominis and Micrococcus luteus. Seventeen ARGs were widely distributed among the 19 ARB/MARB. Tetracycline resistance gene was widely distributed among the ARB/MARB with prevalence of 62%, while macrolides and beta lactam resistance gene had 17% and 13%, respectively. At least six MARB isolates showed the presence of two or more class 1 integron, while five isolates was detected to carry two or more class 2 integron among the 19 MARB.ConclusionsThe results highlight a much higher risk of ARGs spreading through maggots derived from chicken droppings to humans and environmental microbiota.

MAGGOT THERAPY OR KRIMI UTPATTIKARA CHIKITSA: A REVIEW OF HISTORY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Maggot therapy is a technique that involves the use of live maggots to treat chronic wounds. Krimi utpatti kara chikitsa means the creation of a swarm of flies over a wound to debride the unhealthy granulation tissue for healthy wound healing. This has to mention in the Indian surgical treatise Susruta Samhita in the management of kaphaja arbuda chikitsa. We summarize the history and technique of maggot therapy, as well as its uses for different indications and contraindications. The use of maggots for wound debridement, antibacterial activity, and promotion of wound healing are discussed, along with the mechanism of action and potential side effects. Finally, the potential of Maggot therapy to become a mainstream treatment option for chronic wounds is being discussed. Overall, this review highlights the promising benefits and the growing interest in maggot therapy as a viable alternative or adjunct to traditional wound care management.

Making and Unmaking a "Bactericidal" Organism: Sterile Surgical Maggots and Organic Antiseptics in Inter-War America.

This article charts the popularization of and eventual disengagement with an approach to wound infection control centered on the medical efficacy of living beings (maggots) in 1920s and 1930s America. Baltimore surgeon William Stevenson Baer successfully drew on his wartime experience to promote the use of sterile or "surgical" maggots in the treatment for deep-seated bone infection at this time. This article situates the practices he promoted in the context of President Herbert Hoover's contemporary establishment of the "associative state," thereby drawing out the relevance of the latter to medical governance. In so doing, it conveys an image of the development of early twentieth-century infection control that contrasts with narratives centered on medically productive aspects of biomedical industrialization and specialization. The incorporation of surgical maggot research and evaluation within the United States Department of Agriculture played a critical role in the subsequent abandonment of the use of maggots as medical aides. Hoover's orientation of this institution towards the support of large-scale private enterprise helped motivate efforts to synthetically replicate (and thereby displace) maggots' medical efficacy. Ultimately, maggot-based therapeutics proved incompatible with conditions created by the orientation of American governmental institutions towards corporate subsidy rather than the support of individuals.

Application of <em>Lucilia sericata</em> Larvae in Debridement of Pressure Wounds in Outpatient Settings

Biological therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has numerous advocates worldwide, yet it is still fairly unknown and not commonly applied in daily practice because of the limited awareness and insufficient experience of medical and nursing personnel. There are case reports suggesting that maggot therapy can be applied and supported by lay caregivers, provided they are supervised and informed by physicians/nurses. The foregoing observation suggests that the method should be considered for implementation by a wider group of caregivers if accepted and meticulously supervised by trained and experienced medical staff. The concerns related to the therapeutic use of maggots in certain regions seem understandable, but are not supported by scientific facts. It should be noted that many therapeutic agents (including brood) used in medicine are of natural origin, and are associated with low production costs and high possibilities of implementation in the course of therapy. By analyzing the literature and using our own clinical and research experience, we have come to conclusions related to using larvae therapy, as a quick and safe method providing cleaning and revitalization in the process of treating wounds of various etiologies, especially pressure ulcers. In the current study, medical-grade Lucilia sericata maggots were applied to remove necrotic tissue from deep pressure sores. The treatment is mostly accepted by both caregivers and patients. In most cases, it is conducted by trained and experienced medical personnel in home and outpatient settings. Over the course of the conducted analyzes involving the collected specimens, there were no statistically significant relationships (p> 0.05) confirmed between the wound surface successfully cleared by brood and variables, such as time from wound formation, location, surface size, and the depth of damage to the tissue structure. The lack of statistical dependence may result from the small size of the studied group. Based on the current findings, we have formulated the following conclusions: Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) is a fast and effective method enabling the preparation of the wound bed. The use of MDT in outpatient settings is safe and acceptable for patients and their caregivers.

Application of <em>Lucilia sericata</em> Larvae in Debridement of Pressure Wounds in Outpatient Settings

Biological therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has numerous advocates worldwide, yet it is still fairly unknown and not commonly applied in daily practice because of the limited awareness and insufficient experience of medical and nursing personnel. There are case reports suggesting that maggot therapy can be applied and supported by lay caregivers, provided they are supervised and informed by physicians/nurses. The foregoing observation suggests that the method should be considered for implementation by a wider group of caregivers if accepted and meticulously supervised by trained and experienced medical staff. The concerns related to the therapeutic use of maggots in certain regions seem understandable, but are not supported by scientific facts. It should be noted that many therapeutic agents (including brood) used in medicine are of natural origin, and are associated with low production costs and high possibilities of implementation in the course of therapy. By analyzing the literature and using our own clinical and research experience, we have come to conclusions related to using larvae therapy, as a quick and safe method providing cleaning and revitalization in the process of treating wounds of various etiologies, especially pressure ulcers. In the current study, medical-grade Lucilia sericata maggots were applied to remove necrotic tissue from deep pressure sores. The treatment is mostly accepted by both caregivers and patients. In most cases, it is conducted by trained and experienced medical personnel in home and outpatient settings. Over the course of the conducted analyzes involving the collected specimens, there were no statistically significant relationships (p> 0.05) confirmed between the wound surface successfully cleared by brood and variables, such as time from wound formation, location, surface size, and the depth of damage to the tissue structure. The lack of statistical dependence may result from the small size of the studied group. Based on the current findings, we have formulated the following conclusions: Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT) is a fast and effective method enabling the preparation of the wound bed. The use of MDT in outpatient settings is safe and acceptable for patients and their caregivers.

Health professionals' perceptions of maggot debridement therapy.

Maggot debridement therapy (MDT), or the use of maggots in dead tissue removal, has been shown to be beneficial in wound healing. Yet MDT in the US is often only used once conventional debridement methods have failed. In this study, nine health professionals, experienced in MDT, were interviewed in order to identify and analyse the perceived societal barriers to MDT acceptance and usage in the US. Through qualitative analysis, using the grounded theory framework, this study found that among those interviewed, insurance reimbursement restrictions and stigmatisation of medicinal maggots were the factors driving resistance to MDT use. Specifically, the 'yuck' factor and the perception of MDT as an 'ancient' modality contributed towards MDT stigma; in addition, lack of outpatient insurance coverage deterred MDT use. These findings provide useful information regarding the perceptual and systemic barriers that prevent greater acceptance of MDT. Ultimately, these barriers must be understood if we are to facilitate MDT implementation and improve MDT usage in the future.

Metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to multiple antibiotics via heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy

The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy (D2O-Raman) was applied to detect the metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to different concentrations of combined colistin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. By incubating the samples with D2O and antibiotics, metabolically active bacterial cells to antibiotics were distinguished from those inactive by the exhibition of C-D Raman band. Using the C-D band as a universal metabolic biomarker, 96% and 100% of cells in chicken faeces and maggots were revealed to be metabolically active to 1 × minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the afore-mentioned antibiotics. A noticeable decrease in the percentage of active cells from 96% to 76% in faeces and 100% to 93% in maggots was observed at 5 × MIC of antibiotics. However, these ratios were still far above that obtained from the same faeces (1.84%) and maggots (0.51%) samples using a cultivation method, indicating the wide presence of nongrowing but metabolically active bacterial cells under antibiotic treatment. Conclusively, the culture-independent D2O-Raman approach detected and quantified a large portion of metabolically active indigenous bacteria to multiple antibiotics in their native environments, illustrating the great potential risks of these active cells to spread antibiotic resistance via food chain.

Updated Use of Maggots for Debridement

Abstract Historical and modern-day use of maggots for debridement is described. Included are benefits of maggot therapy based on the evidence. This article also includes method for procurement.

Farmers' Perception of the Use of Fly Larvae in Poultry Feed in Burkina Faso

Saprophagous fly larvae are sustainable protein sources that can improve animal feed and contribute to human food security worldwide. The objective of this study was to understand poultry farmers' perception of the production and use of fly larvae as poultry feed in Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted among 360 households in 12 villages located in nine provinces of two regions of Western Burkina Faso. The survey showed that the majority of the poultry farmers have a good knowledge of the potential utility of maggots in poultry nutrition. Over 15.6 % of the farmers have already produced fly larvae to feed their poultry and 7 % are presently doing it at least occasionally. Other farmers occasionally collect fly larvae in decomposing wastes. However, various constraints limit the production and the use of maggots in the villages, the main ones being lack of knowledge of production techniques, difficulty of access to suitable substrates, socio-cultural constraints and ignorance of the potential of using maggots as poultry feed. The study highlights the need for raising awareness and for the development of sustainable and efficient production systems.

From humans to horses

Georgie Hollis of the Veterinary Wound Library, discusses the use of maggots in the debridement and management of necroctic wounds

Maggot Therapy for Wound Care in Austere Environments.

The past 25 years have seen an increase in use of maggot therapy for wound care. Maggot therapy is very effective in wound debridement; it is simple to apply and requires very little in the way of resources, costs, or skilled personnel. These characteristics make it well suited for use in austere environments. The use of medical-grade maggots makes maggot therapy nearly risk free, but medical grade maggots may not always be available, especially in the wilderness or in resource-limited communities. By understanding myiasis and fly biology, it should be possible even for the nonentomologist to obtain maggots from the wild and apply them therapeutically, with minimal risks.

Myiasis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Medical Use of Maggots

Two myiasis cases are presented which illustrate aspects of this infestation, and the role of the medical laboratory scientist with regard to the importance of critical thinking, problem-solving, and interprofessional communication skills. The purpose is to heighten awareness of myiasis, and emphasize the role of the medical laboratory scientist as a member of the healthcare team in confirming diagnosis.

The use of maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in hospitalised and ambulatory patients

To summarise our experience of the use of medicinal maggots for the debridement of necrotic chronic wounds and to try and identify prognostic factors for debridement success and associated pain. During the years 1996–2009, 723 wounds of 435 patients (180 females and 255 males) were treated with maggot debridement therapy (MDT) in 16 departments and units of the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem, Israel. Overall, 261 patients were treated during hospitalisation, while 174 were treated as ambulatory patients. In 90.5% of the patients the wounds were located on the leg, but only 48.0% had diabetic foot ulcers. The wound duration range from one to 240 months (mean=8.9; median=4 months). Sterile maggots of the green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata, were used for MDT. In 90.6% of the cases, maggots were placed directly on the wound using a cage-like dressing and left for 24 hours, while in 9.4% of the patients maggots concealed in a tea-bag like polyvinyl netting were used. The concealed maggots were left on the wound for 2–3 days. The number of treatments was 1–48 (mean=2.98; median=2) and the duration of the treatment varied between one and 81 days (mean=4.65; median=3). In 357 patients (82.1%) complete debridement of the wound was achieved, while in 73 patients (16.8%) the debridement was partial and in five (1.1%) it was ineffective. Increased pain or discomfort during MDT were reported in 38% of the patients. MDT is a very safe, simple and effective treatment modality for chronic wounds in ambulatory and hospitalised patients. There were no external sources of funding for this study. The authors have no additional conflicts of interest to declare.

Increasing the Options for Management of Large and Complex Chronic Wounds With a Scalable, Closed-System Dressing for Maggot Therapy

As reconstructive specialists, burn surgeons are often involved in managing large wounds of various etiologies. Such wounds can pose a management challenge, especially if they are chronic or occur in the setting of critical illness or multiple medical comorbidities. Medical maggots are an effective, selective, and low-risk method for wound debridement. However, their use in large and geometrically complex wounds is limited by the lack of scalability in currently available dressings, which are appropriate for smaller wounds but become cumbersome and ineffective in larger ones. This report describes a novel dressing designed for application of maggot debridement therapy in large and complex wounds. The authors then discuss how use of this dressing may create new management strategies for such wounds by allowing maggots to mechanically debride big, infected wounds. They describe the construction of a maggot containment dressing based on modified components from a negative pressure wound therapy system and provide a case report highlighting its successful clinical use in a large contaminated chronic wound resulting from Fournier's gangrene. In the case described, the novel dressing provided scalability, containment of maggots, control of secretions, and ease of use. The dressing created an environment suitable for maggot survival and allowed effective debridement of a heavily contaminated groin wound. The novel dressing described is shown to function appropriately, allowing controlled use of maggots for effective debridement of large, irregular wounds. Facilitating the use of maggots in such wounds may broaden the algorithm for their management.

Maggots and their role in wound care

Leg ulcers caused by chronic venous insufficiency affect a great many of the population, costing the NHS an estimated £200 million per year. The clinical use of sterile maggots under the brand name LarveE has increased steadily in the UK since they were introduced in the UK in late 1995. Maggot therapy breaks down necrotic tissue within a chronic wound, transforming it into an acute wound; subsequently beginning the healing process a lot quicker, thus reducing overall costs to the National Health Service. A literature review was conducted on studies that explored the use of maggot therapy in the management of chronic wounds. Four key themes were identified and analysed from this search, including infection control, promotion of healing, cost-effectiveness and the ‘yuk’ factor.

Biochirurgisches Débridement mittels Lucilia sericata-Maden – ein Update

During the last years an increasing number of patients suffering from therapy refractory chronic wounds which are frequently infected by multi-resistant bacteria - e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - have led to an increasing interest in the treatment using larvae or maggots of the blow fly species Lucilia sericata. Maggots are responsible for necrectomy and they have antimicrobial activity in particular against grampositive bacteria like a disinfectant of the wound. It is concluded that maggots debridement therapy (MDT) using larvae of the species Lucilia sericata in non-healing chronic ulcers of the lower legs successfully leads to cleaning, debridement, reduced bacterial load, and improved wound granulation. A review is given on the clinical use of maggots, their mechanism of action and clinical efficacy for wound healing.

Making skin crawl

After giving a talk at the Slovenian Science Festival in Ljubljana a few years ago, I was buttonholed by enthusiasts telling me about two extraordinary bits of science. Psychologists in one of the country's universities were experimenting on precognition. And the Slovenian Research Agency was supporting work on the use of maggots to treat chronically infected wounds.

The Classic: Maggots in Treatment of Osteomyelitis: A Simple Inexpensive Method

Figure: Dr. Duncan C. McKeever is shown. Figure is ©1960 by the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. and is reprinted with permission from Duncan Clark McKeever 1905-1959. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960;42:189-190.Duncan Clark McKeever was born in rural Kansas in 1905 [5, 8, 9]. He attended local schools and having financed his own education (partly through the Naval Reserve) graduated from the University of Kansas Medical School in 1929. He interned at the Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, then was assigned to the Great Lakes Training Station in Chicago for three years. He returned to Kansas City to begin a residency in pathology, where he was inspired by the work of Drs. Frank Dickson and Rex Diveley (both of whom were early Presidents of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons [3, 4]) and subsequently studied orthopaedic surgery with them. He moved to Houston in 1939 to enter into private practice, but his practice was interrupted by the war, where he served at the Long Beach Naval Hospital and Area Hospital in Honolulu. He returned to private practice in 1945 and continued to be very active until the time of his death. His premature death occurred by a traffic accident: on a rainy day in October 1959, he had borrowed a car which ran out of gas and, as he was filling it, he was struck by another car and killed. He was a man of great energy by all reports. In addition to his many publications and innovations, he served in leadership positions in a variety of professional organizations. He was a founding member of the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons in 1947. His innovations include a patellar prosthesis first reported in 1955 [8] and a tibial plateau prosthesis reported in 1960 [9]. These sorts of innovations were forerunners of our contemporary joint implants. The paper we reproduce here, however, describes the use of maggots to treat infection. McKeever [7] credits Baer [2] with the development of the approach in osteomyelitis based on observations Baer made in France during WWI. (Editor's note: The error in the referencing in this Classic between References 4 and 5 is in the original manuscript.) However, Baer noted previous writers (including the great French war surgeon and surgeon-in-chief to Napoleon's armies, Dominique Jean Larrey) had mentioned the beneficial effects of maggots in soft tissue wounds throughout the 1800s. Thus, the concept was well-known, if not widely used, and not specifically applied to chronic osteomyelitis. McKeever [7] describes in great detail the production of nonsterile maggots and how to apply them in chronic osteomyelitis. While the beneficial effects of maggots in wounds and in osteomyelitis in particular have been documented over the years, they have never gained widespread use. Nonetheless, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of sterile maggots in 2004 [1]. As noted by McKeever, the method remains simple and inexpensive, and appears effective [6, 7, 10]. The approach is one which could readily be used worldwide, particularly when antibiotics are not available or effective and when surgery is impractical.