Use Of Lighter Materials Research Articles

Implementation of Small-Scale Industries and Medium-Scale Industries using Agile Manufacturing in Different Methods

The overall market for current power gadgets and get-together structures with related organizations has a gigantic number of individuals with numerous things in different applications like social occasion parts, exhausting and material clearing. Clients are found in adventures like the auto business, off-turnpike vehicles, the equipment business, aeronautics, devices, the energy region, and general present-day get-togethers. In particular, the business area has been powerful in making advanced electric present-day contraptions and systems that assist clients with achieving getting according to their subtleties and cutoff missteps and breaks in progress. With a rising interest in electric vehicles, battery creation, and creating use of lighter materials, the auto business centres around imaginative party plans. The market demands new assembling developments, for example, controlling paste and sealants and self-infiltrating riveting. The market for machine vision ends up being continuously huge, driven by creating revenue in computerization, quality and proficiency in current creation. Machine vision courses of action are used in discrete creation, similar to the vehicle business, and conflicting cycle creation, similar to metal and paper creation, significant level material collecting, and sun-fueled chargers. Nimble Assembling and Nimble Gathering is a technique for making and Creating things in a manner that is more versatile and Flexible than Standard Systems. This implies Changing or Adjusting the Creation Communication Quickly and Actually to satisfy the Client's endless needs better. The Gathering System is working and has changed to a 21st-century technique. Expected to be Very Responsive. They license makers to rapidly answer changes, whether those changes are in client interest, advancement, or even the business place itself. Keywords—Agile Manufacturing. Organizations' names are PSR, ABC, and SRR veiled are be the Tainted level, and can't be revived since organizations are Coercion Objects are Situated in Mysore City (India).

Investigations to improve the tool life during thermomechanical and incremental forming of steel auxiliary joining elements

Modern vehicles as well as structures consist more and more often of a multi material mix. In addition to the use of light materials (e. g. aluminium) to optimise lightweight construction potential, higher strength alloys are being used more and more frequently. With the different material combinations, the requirements for the joining technology also increase. Thus (due to restrictions in the area of thermal joining processes) the joining of different material combinations is often realised by mechanical joining technology. Even though different joining tasks (dissimilar material or sheet thicknesses) can be solved by mechanical joining technology in general, it is often required to switch between appropriate auxiliary joining elements and even joining technique. To adapt the auxiliary elements to the individual requirements of each joint an innovative manufacturing process of customisable auxiliary joining elements has been developed. The use of the incremental, thermomechanical manufacturing process called friction-spinning for the manufacturing of adaptive auxiliary joining elements enables to individualise each element for the subsequent joining process. However, this advantage comes at the cost of a high mechanical and thermal loads on the forming tools. These loads also depend on the process design (trajectory, feed, rotational speed) and have to be controlled in order to improve the tool life. For a more profound process knowledge and to better understand the corellation of the individual process variables, a series of tests with varying process parameters were carried out in a partial factorial design of experiments. The results show not only an possible improvement in the tool life, but also the required process design for a higher reproducibility of the auxiliary joining element geometry and the possibility of positively influencing the geometry to achieve a force-closure of the joint.

Study on Effect of Process Variable on Fastening Quality Using Process Monitoring Data of Flow Drill Screwed 590DP Steel/AA5052 combination

The reduction of the weight of a vehicle body to improve fuel efficiency has been garnering widespread interest in the automobile industry. As the use of lighter materials increases, the joint of the dissimilar materials becomes crucial to guarantee the rigidity of the vehicle body. Amongst the joining methods for various multi-materials, the flow drill screw (FDS) is a fastening method that can mechanically join two or more plates using fasteners at high speed with a one-sided approach. Several studies have been conducted on the FDS joint quality with process parameters. However, a majority of them are focused on similar aluminum combinations and joint quality with various rotation speeds and downforce. The monitoring data analysis for the FDS joint of 590DP Steel/AA5052 combination and its fastening quality with the various process variables has been investigated in this study. The downforce and feed rate affect the process time required for the penetration stage. The maximum temperature reached during the process decreases as the downforce and feed rate increase. In addition, the critical torque value must be satisfied to ensure a defect-free joint. The combination of the downforce, feed rate, and torque affect the size of the gap at the joint interface. A high torque value can reduce the gap in the final tightening step. However, the joint strength of the FDS did not show differences with the gap. All the joints failed the pull-out mode when the fastener was released from the lower aluminum sheet.

Towards Mg Based Light Materials of Future: Properties, Applications, Problems, and Their Mitigation

Abstract The use of lighter materials is one of the efficient means to mitigate the increasing demands on fuel resources, reduce CO2 emissions. Mg is one of the lightest material available and possesses exciting range of properties such as low density and high strength to weight ratio. Despite such exciting properties, the applications of Mg and its alloys were very limited in aerospace, automotive, and biomedical industries but recently the application is picking-up. The restricted application is attributed to anisotropy, poor corrosive resistance, and inflammability of Mg. The current review addresses the barriers limiting the widespread application of Mg based materials. Furthermore, the mitigation of the problems of anisotropy, poor corrosion resistance, ductility, and inflammability of Mg are critically reviewed. The findings of this research provide insights of the processing techniques, properties and how to address the potential barriers of limited applications. The review paper will assist and motivate the researchers to ponder and overcome numerous problems related to Mg and its alloys by understanding the importance of each problem discussed in this review. An attempt has also been made to arrange research status on issues and the mitigation thereof with respect to Mg and its alloys as single reference point.

Tribological Properties of DLC Coating for Parts of Weapons

The article deals with the surface material, which is suitable to produce parts of weapons. These parts of weapons are exposed to external influences during their service life, which reduce their service life. There are both external and internal surfaces of the functional parts of weapons. These surfaces are particularly exposed to increased pressure and temperature. The environments, in which they work, are very often aggressive and extreme. There is an increased risk of wear and corrosion on the external and internal surfaces of such components. Suitable surface treatment can increase the surface hardness, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. of surface weapon parts. This article comprehensively evaluates the tribological properties of the DLC coating on a steel substrate and on an aluminum alloy substrate. It is important to know the properties of the coating on these substrates when designing weapon components. The use of lighter materials reduces the overall complexity of each soldier's combat mission.

Hierarchically Structured Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for High-Performance Magnetorheological Fluids with Long-Term Stability

The magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were produced by chemical precipitation from ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferrous chloride (FeCl2) in an alkaline medium (ammonia hydroxide). The magnetic particle suspension was stabilized with citric acid. Hierarchically structured Fe3O4 (HS-Fe3O4) particles of submicrometer size were successfully produced from citric acid-capped Fe3O4 solution by using a simple electrospray (ES) process and applied for magnetorheolgical (MR) fluids. Submicrometer-sized spherical HS-Fe3O4 particles were formed by evaporation of the solvent and agglomeration of capped Fe3O4 particles during the ES process. With formation of hierarchically structured particles, the density of HS-Fe3O4 particles (ρ = 3.32 g/cm3) was noticeably decreased from that of the capped Fe3O4 (ρ = 4.29 g/cm3) without use of light materials, while the saturation magnetization was comparable to primary capped Fe3O4 (Ms = 73 emu/g). The MR fluid based on the submicrometer HS-Fe3O4 particles showed better MR performance with a large static yield stress (337 Pa), which was 300% greater than that of the hollow polymer/Fe3O4 suspension. Reduced density mismatch between the particles and the silicon oil medium significantly improved the stability of the HS-Fe3O4 suspension compared to the pure Fe3O4 suspension. The high MR performance and the improved sedimentation stability showed a possibility of the practical application of the submicrometer HS-Fe3O4 particle suspensions to microfluidic devices.

Solid State Joining of Thin Hybrid Sandwiches Made of Steel and Polymer: a Feasibility Study

The growing demand for more environmentally friendly vehicles has led to an increased use of light materials in the transportation industry with the aim to reduce structural weight, fuel consumption, and gas emissions, thereby boosting cost-effectiveness and recyclable properties. Complex multi-material steel-based components would allow to improve mechanical properties and minimize weight even further. In particular, new sandwich materials made by steel outer skins and a polymeric internal layer seems very promising for obtaining mechanical performance and lightness at the same time. Unfortunately, traditional welding techniques, like arc welding, laser welding, and resistance spot welding, usually used to join steels and aluminum alloys, cannot be applied for these materials due to their peculiar nature. In this paper, the feasibility of Friction Stir Welding to join thin sandwich components made of two steel outer layers and an internal polymeric layer was assessed. Both a pin and a pinless tool were used to weld the upper and the lower surface of the joint in order to obtain solid state bonding of the metal and fusion welding of the polymer at the same time.

The Convents of Manila: Globalized Architecture during the Iberian Union by Pedro Luengo

Reviewed by: The Convents of Manila: Globalized Architecture during the Iberian Union by Pedro Luengo Jethro Calacday PEDRO LUENGO, TRANS. CONCEPCION L. ROSALES The Convents of Manila: Globalized Architecture during the Iberian Union Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University, 2018. 293 pages. Laureled as the best book in history at the 2019 National Book Awards organized by the National Book Development Board, The Convents of Manila: Globalized Architecture during the Iberian Union reconstructs the global, cross-cultural history of the architectural ventures of the four traditional religious orders that were missioned in the Philippines: the Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans. The author, Pedro Luengo, is associate professor in the Department of Art History of the University of Seville and a prolific author who has published six other books and numerous essays and book chapters on the history of architecture in the Spanish empire. Undoubtedly the work of a brilliant and diligent historian who has mastered the Spanish imperial archives, The Convents of Manila is an indispensable [End Page 277] resource for scholars specializing on the Spanish colonial Philippines to discern leads in the labyrinthine maze of yet unused materials in Spain. Moreover, Concepcion L. Rosales's translation of the book from Spanish to English is a welcome gesture in addressing the language barrier between Spanish-speaking and English-speaking scholars of Philippine studies. Departing from the usual schema of studying the Spanish colonial Philippines in terms of "Spanish imperial expansion" (1), Luengo proposes that the framework of global cultural transfer is the "only … basis [by which] Philippine history [can be] understood" (ix). He argues that Philippine architecture is a confluence of Asian, native Filipino, Latin American, and European techniques and workmanship, indeed the result of a global "cultural dialogue." Luengo extensively uses archival materials from the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, and the National Archives of the Philippines in Manila, in addition to other religious and ecclesiastical archives in Spain. The book has seven chapters: two introductory chapters, four chapters dedicated to the architectural projects of each religious order, and a conclusion. The book's one major drawback, however, relates to its theoretical contribution: although Luengo demonstrates the connections of Philippine architecture with Asian and European influences, the idea of cultural transfer or cultural dialogue—the book's major proposition—is not conceptually defined. This fundamental lapse results in a rather confusing—but still promising—analysis of the evidence: was cultural transfer aesthetic or functional? Did cultural transfer mean the adaptation to the environment in which structures were built? Was it merely a matter of a multiethnic labor force coming together and sharing techniques? Hence, for the most part, the text just rehashes an old and obvious insight. For Luengo, "native professionals responsible for many of the churches … belonged to the pre-Hispanic architectural tradition in the Philippines" (21); they made use of "indigenous techniques [that] were quickly adopted by the missionaries and continued until the nineteenth century likely without modifications" (24). Brought to Manila by commercial and migrant ties with Fujian during the Ming dynasty (5), the Chinese controlled the entire construction supply system, but they also contributed their "knowledge of local wood and stone carving, as well as making bricks and tiles" (25). Carpenters and military engineers from Spain were also present, although they were fewer compared with native and Chinese workers (42–43). [End Page 278] Luengo suggests that "the arrival of [the] Spaniards meant a meaningful change in many building processes" (33) because it consolidated indigenous and Chinese techniques. Whereas precolonial natives made exclusive use of light materials and wood, the Spanish introduced stonemasonry and the making of lime and bricks. Spanish friars from Macao also applied techniques they learned in the Portuguese outpost to their new construction projects in Manila (11). For Luengo, this diversity in manpower, technical knowledge, and materiality highlights the "deep cultural dialogue among, at least, these three traditions" (33) of the indigenous, the Chinese, and the Spanish. In chapter 3, which discusses the Augustinian order and its Recollect branch, Luengo puts prime albeit unnecessary emphasis on the funding of the construction, the personalities who bought side chapels, biographical demystifications, and conflicts between the...

Carbon nanostructures/Mg hybrid materials for hydrogen storage

For achieving an economy based on renewable energy sources, effective solutions toward energy storage remain the main challenge. To date, there is no efficient systems to store electricity in large amounts. A promising solution is to accumulate energy in the form of hydrogen, which can then be conveniently stored and transported. However, compared to the volumetric energy density of fossil fuels, current technologies relying on hydrogen compression or liquefaction have major disadvantages, including low energy density and safety issues. The use of light materials forming hydrides could provide an alternative way to stock hydrogen with high volumetric energy densities. Herein, we present recent developments in the research for magnesium/graphene hybrid materials and their hydrogen-storage properties.

Application of lightweight materials in structure concept design of large-scale solar energy unmanned aerial vehicle

Carbon fiber composites and film materials can be effectively used in light aircraft structures, especially for solar unmanned aerial vehicles. The use of light materials can reduce the weight of the aircraft, but also can effectively improve the aircraft's strength and stiffness. The structure of the large aspect ratio solar energy UAV was analyzed in detail, taking Solar-impulse solar aircraft as an example. The solar energy UAV has a wing aspect ratio greater than 20, and the detailed digital model of the wing structure including beam, ribs and skin was built, also the Finite Element Method was applied to analyze the static and dynamic performance of the structure. The upper skin of the wing is covered with silicon solar cells, while the lower skin is light and transparent film. The single beam truss form of carbon fiber lightweight material is used in the wing structure. The wing beam is a box beam with rectangular cross sections. The box beam connected the front parts and after parts of the ribs together. The fuselage of the aircraft was built by space truss structure. According to the static and dynamic analysis with Finite Element method, it was found that the aircraft has a small wingtip deflection relative to the wingspan in the level flight state. The first natural frequency of the wing structure is pretty low, which is closed to the gust load.

Tool Selection in Drilling of Magnesium UNSM11917 Pieces under Dry and MQL Conditions Based on Surface Roughness

Nowadays, the use of lighter materials for transportation purposes is still a challenge; especially in the aeronautical and aerospace sectors. The use of certain materials, such as magnesium alloys which have exceptional mechanical properties relative to density as structural materials, allows a remarkable reduction of weight. These alloys have significant challenges in machining. On the one hand, their use with water-based lubricants can produce flammable hydrogen atmospheres and, on the other hand, the operational parameters can produce tiny chips which, at high temperature, could burn. Regarding the tools, drills are the most used ones in drilling operations; manufacturers do not always take in consideration magnesium alloys. This is why, sometimes, the data from other types of similar alloys need to be extrapolated. This work shows an experimental study about the drilling of magnesium pieces based on surface roughness. The main goal is to determine the tools that best suit the requirement of surface roughness for this type of operations, which, for the aeronautical sector, is from 0.8 to 1.6 μm. The tests have been conducted under different cutting conditions, using several types of tools and two sustainable lubrication systems. In particular, dry machining and minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL) system have been used. A design of experiments (DOE) has been used to optimize the resources. The average roughness, Ra, has been selected as a response variable. The roughness values obtained are lower than 0.9 μm (namely, from 0.13 μm to 0.87 μm); so, it is possible to increase some of the parameter values, in order to improve the productivity, without they go outside the established limits. The results have been analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. A model for estimating the expected surface roughness in terms of the Rae, has been developed.

Hollow Lateral Extrusion of Tubular Billets – Further Development of the Cold Forging Process

Light weight engineering in structural design and use of lighter materials are becoming increasingly important in bulk metal forming. Results gained by a DGF funded project which will be introduced in the following, concerning novel advancements of hollow lateral extrusion. Paper exhibits further development of this process, so cold forged components having undercuts without using a lateral tool plane easily can be manufactured. Thereby, the focus of attention is on the tool design as well as on the analysis of the unmodified forming process. Therefore, experimentally investigations have been carried out, failures on components are analyzed and process limitations of an experimental setup for cold forging of hollow billets at room temperature are illustrated.

Thermodynamic investigation of the [formula omitted]-Al–Fe–Si intermetallic ternary phase: A density-functional theory study

With the increasing use of light materials, controlling the purity and composition of these materials during production becomes more important. Phase diagrams calculated using thermodynamic data are an important tool in modeling of phase formation and composition. Here we discuss the measurement and calculation of thermodynamic data for the ternary τ4 compound from the Al–Fe–Si system. We focus on the heat capacity, a central quantity which is used for temperature extrapolations of the Gibbs energy. The measurement is restricted to a narrow temperature interval, therefore calculations are used to gain data over a wide temperature range. Calculations using density-functional theory in combination with the quasi-harmonic approximation (DFT–QHA) are compared to a simple empiric formula known as the Neumann–Kopp (N–K) rule. The DFT–QHA calculations are in good agreement with the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. Both calculations reproduce the same order of magnitude of the heat capacity as seen in measurements. However the N–K approximated cp shows systematic deviations from the expected behavior, and the difference between the two calculations increases with temperature. Above the melting point of Al, which is still below the melting point of the compound τ4, the N–K method is not applicable.

Facade structures design and their impact on traffic noise reduction

Traffic noise in urban areas has a significant impact on human health and quality of life. On the other hand, the need for energy savings and increased energy efficiency raises daily. For this reason, urban planners and designers are put the task to use all available measures affecting the increased comfort in buildings especially in dwellings rationally in accordance with energy efficiency measures. Contemporary construction and the use of lighter materials has resulted unfavorable acoustic situations and sometimes the optimization of the façade is final measure to protect users from outside noise.

Strong ellipticity and progressive waves in elastic materials with voids

In the present paper, we investigate a model for propagating progressive waves associated with the voids within the framework of a linear theory of porous media. Owing to the use of lighter materials in modern buildings and noise concerns in the environment, such models for progressive waves are of much interest to the building industry. The analysis of such waves is also of interest in acoustic microscopy where the identification of material defects is of paramount importance to the industry and medicine. Our analysis is based on the strong ellipticity of the poroelastic materials. We illustrate the model of progressive wave propagation for isotropic and transversely isotropic porous materials. We also study the propagation of harmonic plane waves in porous materials including the thermal effect.

Poroacoustic acceleration waves with second sound

A model for coupled acoustic waves and thermal waves in a porous medium is investigated. Due to the use of lighter materials in modern buildings and noise concerns in the environment such models for thermo-poroacoustic waves are of much interest to the building industry. We present a model for acoustic wave propagation in a porous material which also allows for propagation of a thermal wave. The thermodynamics is based on an entropy inequality of A.E. Green and N. Laws, [On the entropy production inequality, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 45 (1972) 47–53]. A fully nonlinear acceleration wave analysis is performed.

Thermo-poroacoustic acceleration waves in elastic materials with voids

A model for coupled elasto-acoustic waves, thermal waves, and waves associated with the voids, in a porous medium is investigated. Due to the use of lighter materials in modern buildings and noise concerns in the environment such models for thermo-poroacoustic waves are of much interest to the building industry. Analysis of such waves is also of interest in acoustic microscopy where the identification of material defects is of paramount importance to industry and medicine. We present a model for acoustic wave propagation in a porous material which also allows for propagation of a thermal wave. The thermodynamics is based on an entropy inequality of A.E. Green, F.R.S. and N. Laws and is presented for a modification of the theory of elastic materials with voids due to J.W. Nunziato and S.C. Cowin. A fully nonlinear acceleration wave analysis is initiated.

Poroacoustic acceleration waves

A model for acoustic waves in a porous medium is investigated. Due to the use of lighter materials in modern buildings and noise concerns in the environment, such models for poroacoustic waves are of much interest to the building industry. The model has been investigated in some detail by P. M. Jordan. Here we present a rational continuum thermodynamic derivation of the Jordan model. We then present results for the amplitude of an acceleration wave making no approximations whatsoever.

Economic Consequences of Increasing Polymer Content for the U.S. Automobile Recycling Infrastructure

SummaryEnvironmental awareness regarding resource use and emissions over the life cycle of the automobile has heightened the concerns for end‐of‐life (EOL) vehicle disposal. With increasing use of lighter materials to enhance fuel economythe steel dominated content of automobiles is changing to include a greater fraction of polymers. In light of impending regulations for vehicle disposal, various alternatives for remanufacturing and reuse of components and material disposal are under investigation. For example, if shredder operations are used to reclaim metallic materials, then the extent of disassembly will significantly affect proftability as well as the environment.Using goal programming, we explore changes to the current US. vehicle recycling infrastructure for their effects on dismantler and shredder proftabilities. To investigate the effect of lightweighting on the profrtabilrty of the recycling infrastructure, two specific vehicle designs are compared: a steel unibody and a polymer‐intensive vehicle. Other scenarios examine the outcomes for mandating removal of polymer materials during disassembly and for increasing the disposal cost of scrap polymer to that of hazardous waste. The results indicate that, if properly controlled, the current automobile recycling infrastructure in the United States can remain economically viable while it improves with respect to environmental considerations. Alternatively, implementation of certain policies that reduce profitability could cause disastrous consequences, resulting in the economic collapse of the infrastructure.

High dose, heavy ion implantation into metals: the use of sacrificial surface layers to enhance retention

While of considerable interest for the production of metallic alloys, high dose, heavy ion implantation is highly problematical, since the process is limited by sputtering effects. Sputtering is less significant, however, for light target materials, such as C and Al. This paper summarizes studies involving the use of light materials (such as C and Al) which act as slowly sputtering “sacrificial layers” when deposited on metallic targets prior to heavy ion implantation. The use of C and Al sacrificial coatings has enabled implanted ion retentions of 100% to be obtained in a number of ion-metal target systems, where the retentions in uncoated samples were as low as 20%. Ion implantation invariably leads to mixing at the sacrificial layer-metal target interface. This mixing may be detrimental in certain systems, so it is useful to be able to minimize or remove this mixed region. To achieve this, a number of techniques have been investigated: (1) removal of the mixed region in the latter stages of the implant; (2) using a barrier layer or chemical effects to minimize mixing at the sacrificial layer-metal interface; (3) choosing a sacrificial layer material which forms a mixed region which has desirable properties. The results of these investigations, for a number of different ion-target systems, are outlined in this paper.