Use Of Lid Research Articles

통일신라 병뚜껑(甁蓋)의 분류와 전개

The use of the lid would have been essential in that the bottle is a container for storing or transporting the contents. However, unlike the Gobae and Hap lid of Silla, which are often used as the basis for historical records, there has been an aspect that has not been mentioned abou“t Iyeong-gae(lid with unusual shape)”as a bottle cap. In this paper categorized bell-shaped lids and disk-shaped lids with high frequency of excavation among the variant lids often found in set relationships with bottles and assigned temporality to each. In addition, the correlation with the Silla bottles was investigated by paying attention to the formal changes in Iyeong-gae. Accordingly, the development patterns of Iyeong-gae of the Unified Silla were divided into three stages.
 The first stage (mid/late 6th century ~ mid 7th century) is the appearance period of a bottle cap, and it is the time when the disk-shaped lids aperars along with the formation of attached rim. The second stage (late 7th century to mid 8th century) is the transition period of a bottle cap, and it is a time when it transitions from diskshaped lids to bell-shaped lids with the advent of small bottles. The third stage (late 8th century to 10th century) is the spread period of a bottle cap, and it is a time when the use of bell-shaped lids is expanded to special class spaces due to the fashion of small bottles. This overall change shows that Iyeong-gae is changing together according to the development of the bottles.

Influence of the STA boundary conditions on thermal decomposition of thermoplastic polymers

The analysis of polymer chemical decomposition is often highly dependent on the test conditions. In fact, thermal analysis tends to be far more sensitive to instrumental parameters than other branches of chemical analysis. Some of the boundary conditions in thermal analysis have been widely studied in the literature, such as the heating rate or the atmosphere. However, the influence of the sample mass, the gas flow or the use of lid has not been studied enough for thermoplastic polymers. The aim of this paper is to analyse how the experimental boundary conditions of the simultaneous thermal analysis apparatus affect the thermal decomposition of thermoplastic polymers. To do so, a set of 35 experimental tests have been performed including variation of the sample mass, gas flow rate, heating rate, atmosphere and the use of lid in the crucible. Results enable us to analyse the influence in the mass loss and in the energy release or absorbed in the thermal decomposition of thermoplastic polymers, showing the impact of each boundary condition over the thermal decomposition. A comprehensive analysis of the thermal decomposition behaviour of the PVC and LLDPE by considering the influence of all the boundary conditions of the STA is covered. It is especially remarkable the influence of gas flow in the oxidative reactions, and of heating rate in the chemical reactions that thermoplastic polymers undergo in their decomposition. Additionally, sample mass comparison shows only deviation in the oxidative reactions and does not show deviation for the non-oxidative reactions. That seems to show a higher effect on the results because of the energy release in the decomposition reactions than because of the thermal lag due to heat transfer on the sample, as it is usually thought.

Water deterioration in rural Honduras: an examination of three communities

In the article ‘Water sanitation, access, use and self-reported diarrheal disease in rural Honduras’ a questionnaire completed by 263 randomly selected adults attending a June 2011 medical brigade revealed differences in the examined variables between the geographically distinct communities of Coyoles, La Hicaca, and Lomitas located in the rural Department of Yoro area of Honduras. Unpublished data from this same study was analyzed to evaluate the sanitation of containers for water transport and storage, use of lids on containers, and hand washing prior to container filling between these same communities. P values were computed to determine significant differences both between variables (when all responses from all surveyed individuals were considered) and communities using the three-way χ and Fisher’s exact tests.

Effects of Pitfall Trap Lid Transparency and Habitat Structure on the Catches of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Tame Pasture

Captures of insects in pitfall traps are affected by features of trap design that may confound the interpretation of data. One such feature is a lid suspended over the opening of the trap to exclude debris and rainwater. In this study, we tested whether use of these lids affected captures of carabid beetles by altering the light conditions at the opening to the trap. In one experiment, we examined the effects of lid transparency (opaque, semitransparent, or transparent) on catch rates. In a second experiment, we manipulated the heights (high, medium, or low) of vegetation adjacent to the traps to test for lid transparency and vegetation height interactions. We found that significantly more carabids were captured with use of transparent lids compared with other lid transparencies. Fewest Agonum cupreum Dejean, 1831, were captured with use of opaque lids. No other effects were detected. Given these results, we advocate the use of transparent lids, which provide the benefits of traditional opaque lids while minimizing the effects of lid use on light conditions at the opening to the trap.

Risk of colorectal adenomas in relation to meat consumption, meat preparation, and genetic susceptibility in a Dutch population.

We studied the association between meat consumption and colorectal adenomas, and potential influence of genetic susceptibility to heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) formed during meat cooking at high temperatures. We studied HCA concentration in relation to preparation habits among 63 volunteers. Associations of meat consumption, meat preparation habits, and genetic susceptibility with colorectal adenoma risk were investigated among 431 adenoma cases and 433 polyp-free controls recruited at endoscopy. Participants completed a meat consumption and preparation questionnaire and provided blood for DNA isolation. Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferases (NAT) 1 and 2, sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1, and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) M1 and T1 were determined. HCAs were present in habitually prepared meat, although meat consumption (7 versus < 5x/week) did not increase the risk of colorectal adenomas (odds ratio (OR) 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-1.9). Also, presumed unfavorable preparation habits (e.g., use of lid, preference for darkly browned meat) did not increase adenoma risk (OR 0.8 and 0.9, respectively). Only the combination of NAT2 slow acetylation and frequent meat consumption (> 5x/week) slightly increased adenoma risk (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3). In this Dutch population, unfavorable meat consumption and preparation habits did not increase colorectal adenoma risk, and these associations were not influenced by relevant genetic polymorphisms.