Use Of Kanamycin Research Articles

Risk Factor Analysis of Adverse Effects of Kanamycin and Capreomycin on Kidney Function in Multidrug-Resistant TB Patients

Background: Multidrug-Resistant TB treatment's high side effects and long duration are barriers to successful TB therapy. Various side effects such as age, gender, body weight, comorbidities, and drug dose can cause severe side effects, including impaired renal function (nephrotoxic). Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the risk factors of side effects of the failure of kanamycin and capreomycin therapy that can cause impaired renal function in Multidrug-Resistant TB patients. Methods: Data were collected retrospectively by searching and recording the medical records of Multidrug-Resistant TB patients at the Multidrug-Resistant TB Polyclinic. There were 183 patients at Dr Soetomo Hospital who met the inclusion criteria. Results: There was a significant relationship between gender in the kanamycin group and the appearance of side effects of renal impairment (p= 0.035). There was no effect of age, comorbid diseases, body weight, and dose of drug administration on the side effects of kanamycin and capreomycin in treating Multidrug-Resistant TB on impaired renal function (nephrotoxic). However, nephrotoxic side effects in elderly patients were more common in the kanamycin group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Gender affects the side effects of kanamycin and capreomycin in treating Multidrug-Resistant TB in nephrotoxic patients. In addition, stricter supervision of the use of kanamycin in elderly patients (>40 years) to minimize the incidence of side effects of impaired renal function in the treatment of Multidrug-Resistant TB.

Construction of a self-sufficient DNA circuit for amplified detection of kanamycin

Improper use of kanamycin can lead to trace kanamycin residues in animal-derived foods, which can pose a potential threat to public health. Isothermal enzyme-free DNA circuits have provided a versatile toolbox for detecting kanamycin residues in complicated food samples, yet they are always limited by low amplification efficiency and intricate design. Herein, we present a simple-yet-robust nonenzymatic self-driven hybridization chain reaction (SHCR) amplifier for kanamycin determination with 5800-fold sensitivity over that of the conventional HCR circuit. The analyte kanamycin-activated SHCR circuitry can generate numerous new initiators to promote the reaction and improve the amplification efficiency, thus achieving an exponential signal gain. With precise target recognition and multilayer amplification capability, our self-sustainable SHCR aptasensor facilitated the highly sensitive and reliable analysis of kanamycin in buffer, milk, and honey samples, thus holding great potential for the amplified detection of trace contaminants in liquid food matrices.

1,2-Diarylethanols-A New Class of Compounds That Are Toxic to E. coli K12, R2-R4 Strains.

An initial study of 1,2-diarylethanols derivatives as new potential antibacterial drugs candidates was conducted. Particular emphasis was placed on the selection of the structure of 1,2-diarylethanols with the highest biological activity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the model strains of Escherichia coli K12 (without LPS in its structure) and R2–R4 (with different lengths of LPS in its structure). In the presented studies, based on the conducted minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MBC tests, it was demonstrated that the antibacterial (toxic) effect of 1,2-diarylethanols depends on their structure and the length of LPS bacteria in the membrane of specific strains. Moreover, the oxidative damage of bacterial DNA isolated from bacteria after modification with newly synthesized compounds after application of the repair enzyme Fpg glycosylases was analysed. The analysed damage values were compared with modification with appropriate antibiotics; bacterial DNA after the use of kanamycin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, bleomycin and cloxicillin. The presented research clearly shows that 1,2-diarylethanol derivatives can be used as potential candidates for substitutes for new drugs, e.g., the analysed antibiotics. Their chemical and biological activity is related to two aromatic groups and the corresponding chemical groups in the structure of the substituent. The observed results are particularly important in the case of increasing bacterial resistance to various drugs and antibiotics, especially in nosocomial infections and neoplasms, and in the era of pandemics caused by microorganisms.

Влияние аминогликозидных антибиотиков на патологию митоза в Allium-тесте

The research work examines the effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, streptomycin, canamicin, amycatin) and cytokinin 6-BAP on the pathology of mitosis in Allium–Test. Research methods: Allium–test, cytogenetic analysis, statistical analysis. Test results of aminoglycoside antibiotics showed an increase of 1.3–3.0 times pathological mitosis in the cells of meristematic tissue of onion roots compared to control in variants of gentamicin in concentrations of 50.0 and 100.0 mg/l and streptomycin — 150.0 and 1000.0 mg/l. At the same time, the use of kanamycin in concentration of 100.0 and 1000.0 mg/l and amicacin of 500.0 mg/l inhibits pathological processes in cells. When considering phase indices, the induction of aminoglycoside antibiotics of mitosis pathology such as mitosis delay in metaphase is noted, which is related to damage to the mitotic apparatus. In the examination of phase indices, induction of aminoglycoside antibiotics of mitosis pathology such as delay of mitosis in metaphase, which is associated with damage to the mitotic apparatus. The most significant changes in the passage of all major phases of mitosis were recorded in the variant ‘streptomycin, 1000 mg/l’. With the simultaneous use of gentamicin and 6-BAP (at a concentration of 5.0 mg/l) an increase in cells has been revealed with mitosis pathology compared to the corresponding variants, when these substances were used separately. The opposite result was noted in the case of the joint use of cytokinin and streptomycin, when the number of cells with mitosis pathology decreased. The data obtained indicate that the tested aminoglycoside antibiotics, primarily streptomycin at a concentration of 1000.0 mg/l, are able to change the rate of entry of the onion cells common into mitosis and the normal flow of fission processes.

Pharmacokinetics and other risk factors for kanamycin-induced hearing loss in patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

Objective: The toxicity associated with the use of kanamycin includes irreversible hearing loss. There are limited data describing the relationship between hearing loss and kanamycin pharmacokinetics (PK). We explored the association of kanamycin PK with hearing loss in patients on MDR-TB treatment.Design: We prospectively recruited patients on kanamycin-based MDR-TB treatment in Cape Town. Hearing thresholds from 0.25 to 16 kHz were tested at baseline and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. We determined kanamycin concentrations at steady-state in serial plasma samples over 10 h, and explored factors associated with hearing loss.Study sample: One hundred and two participants including 58 (56.9%) men had analysable audiometric data; median age was 34.9 years, 65 (63.7%) were HIV-positive, and 24 (23.5%) had been treated for MDR-TB previously.Results: Eighty-four participants (82.4%) developed hearing loss. We found a 3% (95% CI: 1–6%, p = 0.028) increased risk of cochleotoxicity for each 10 µg h/L increase in 0–10 h AUC.Conclusion: We describe a high incidence of hearing loss in MDR-TB patients treated with kanamycin, with higher AUC0–10 significantly associated with hearing loss.

Visual detection of kanamycin with DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles probe in aptamer-based strip biosensor

Kanamycin has been widely used to treat human and animal diseases. The excessive use of kanamycin causes its accumulation in animal-derived foods, and eventually threats human health. In the present study, we develop a lateral flow strip biosensor for fast and sensitive detection of kanamycin. The strip biosensor combines the easy separation of magnetic microspheres (MMS) with target-mediated chain displacement of single-stranded DNA and the capture of the visible DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) probe. The presence of kanamycin can competitively bind to the aptamer and release cDNA to the supernatant. The concentration of free cDNA, which is the direct target of the strip, is proportional to the concentration of kanamycin. The capture of DNA-functionalized AuNPs on the test zone of the strip through cDNA-induced hybridization provides a visual detection signal. The assay can be completed within 20 min. The visual detection limit by naked eyes of the strip is 50 nM. A linear detection range of 5–500 nM is derived for quantitative determination, with the detection limit of 4.96 nM (S/N = 3). This lateral flow strip biosensor can quickly and sensitively detect kanamycin in different food samples, which holds great application potential in medicine and daily life.

A rapid method for post-antibiotic bacterial susceptibility testing.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing is often performed to determine the most effective antibiotic treatment for a bacterial infection, or perhaps to determine if a particular strain of bacteria is becoming drug resistant. Such tests, and others used to determine efficacy of candidate antibiotics during the drug discovery process, have resulted in a demand for more rapid susceptibility testing methods. Here, we have developed a susceptibility test that utilizes chemiluminescent determination of ATP release from bacteria and the overall optical density (OD600) of the bacterial solution. Bacteria release ATP during a growth phase or when they are lysed in the presence of an effective antibiotic. Because optical density increases during growth phase, but does not change during bacterial lysing, an increase in the ATP:optical density ratio after the bacteria have reached the log phase of growth (which is steady) would indicate antibiotic efficacy. Specifically, after allowing a kanamycin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (E.coli) to pass through the growth phase and reach steady state, the addition of levofloxacin, an antibiotic to which E. coli is susceptible, resulted in a significant increase in the ATP:OD600 ratio in comparison to the use of kanamycin alone (1.80 +/- 0.50 vs. 1.12 +/- 0.28). This difference could be measured 20 minutes after the addition of the antibiotic, to which the bacteria are susceptible, to the bacterial sample. Furthermore, this method also proved useful with gram positive bacteria, as the addition of kanamycin to a chloramphenicol-resistant strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) resulted in an ATP:OD600 ratio of 2.14 +/- 0.26 in comparison to 0.62 +/- 0.05 for bacteria not subjected to the antibiotic to which the bacteria are susceptible. Collectively, these results suggest that measurement of the ATP:OD600 ratio may provide a susceptibility test for antibiotic efficacy that is more rapid and quantitative than currently accepted techniques.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency of carrot embryogenic callus using nptII and hpt selective genes

Experiments were carried out to compare the efficiency of embryogenic carrot calli transformation using selective genes nptII and hpt. Our data showed that it is more preferable to use kanamycin concentration 100 mg/L and hygromycin 20 mg/L for the selection of transgenic shoots. Under the same conditions, the use of kanamycin yielded a greater number of transgenic shoots. It is, therefore, more preferable to use vector constructs containing gene nptII for genetic transformation of the Nantskaya 4 carrot cultivar.

Use of kanamycin for selection of Eucalyptus salignagenetically transformed plants

Background Several factors may affect the genetic transformation efficiency of woody species. One factor is the use of an efficient selective agent that inhibits the development of non-transformed cells and just allows the development of transformed tissues. The most used selection agent is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene, which confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics kanamycin, neomycin and G-418 [1]. The selective agent concentration in culture medium may have influence on shoot regeneration and high concentrations may promote adverse effects on organogenic potential [2]. The kanamycin effects in Eucalyptus are variable and depend on the species and genotypes [3]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of kanamycin concentration on transformation efficiency for Eucalyptus saligna cotyledons after co-culture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Kanamycin activates caspase-1 in NC/Nga mice

Abuse of antibiotics to treat children has been associated with an increased risk of the development of inflammatory diseases. The underlying mechanism behind this association still remains to be clarified. Here, we examined the mechanisms behind kanamycin-induced skin inflammation in NC/Nga mice. NC/Nga mice were orally administered kanamycin for 7 days consecutively. Blood, spleen and dorsal skin were taken 18 weeks after kanamycin treatment was stopped. Kanamycin significantly increased the allergic reaction. We also observed significant increases in caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression in the dorsal skin of the kanamycin-administered mice compared to the control mice. The increased enzymatic activity of caspase-1 in the dorsal skin of the kanamycin-administered mice increased the mRNA expressions of IL-1β and IL-18. The productions of IL-1β and IL-18 were also increased in the splenocytes obtained from kanamycin-administered mice. Kanamycin upregulated the TNF-α mRNA expression in the dorsal skin and the TNF-α production in stimulated splenocytes. The activation of nuclear factor-κB and degradation of IκBα were increased by kanamycin administration. Our findings suggest that the use of kanamycin during infancy may increase the potential for skin inflammatory reactions through the upregulation of caspase-1.

Topical Kanamycin: an Effective Therapeutic Option in Aerobic Vaginitis

Eighty-one patients with clinical diagnosis of aerobic vaginitis (AV) were included in the study. The patients were randomized for treatment, 45 with kanamycin (100 mg vaginal ovules for 6 days, consecutively) and 36 with meclocycline (35 mg vaginal ovules for 6 days, consecutively). The patients were examined before starting the study, 1-2 days after treatment and 30 days after the end of the study. At the first follow-up the patients showed different levels of symptom reduction. Reduction in the presence of leukocytes, vaginal mucosa burning and itching were statistically significant in the group treated with kanamycin with respect to the group treated with meclocycline. Moreover, there was also reduced isolation of Enterobacteriaeae (97%) in the group treated with kanamycin versus those treated with meclocycline (76%). At the second follow-up, vaginal homeostasis (normalization of pH and presence of lactobacilli) was more evident in the kanamycin-treated group. In conclusion, our data suggest that the topical use of kanamycin could be considered a specific antibiotic for the therapy of this new pathology.

Antibiotic-induced DNA methylation changes in calluses of Arabidopsis thaliana

This study was carried out to determine the involvement of the antibiotic kanamycin, commonly used as a selective agent in transformation protocols, in the phenomenon of somaclonal variation. Both genetic and epigenetic events were looked for. Two complementary approaches were used to evaluate global methylation changes in the genome of callus derived from the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana L.; immunolabelling using monoclonal-antibodies raised against 5-methylcytosine in order to define the relative abundance of methylated cytosine; the analysis of methylation-sensitive polymorphism technique (MSAP) to assess methylation changes at CCGG sequences. In addition, the same samples were analysed using AFLPs in order to determine the extent of genomic change with respect to callus grown in the absence of kanamycin and plants grown from seed. The use of kanamycin as a selective agent caused extensive methylation changes in the genome with both hyper- and hypomethylation events seen. However, the net result was genome-wide hypomethylation: this effect was dosage dependent; the higher the dose, the greater the effect. At the same time, sequence mutation was detected.

The isopentenyl transferase gene is effective as a selectable marker gene for plant transformation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petite Havana SRI).

A selection method for transformed cells which does not inhibit regeneration is important for the establishment and optimization of a transformation protocol. We have assessed the 35S-ipt gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a selectable marker gene. The identification of ipt-expressing cells from nontransformed cells enabled morphological selection without the use of kanamycin and also allowed for the elimination of a high proportion of nonexpressing cells. Ipt selection of tobacco leaf discs (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petite Havana SRI) resulted in a 2.7-fold higher transformation frequency compared to kanamycin selection. Overexpression of the ipt gene favored plant regeneration from transformed cells, and the transformation frequency of the ipt plus kanamycin selection resulted in a 1.6-fold higher transformation frequency than kanamycin selection alone. These results indicate that this procedure might provide a strategy whereby transgenic plants can be efficiently obtained and some of the problems related to the use of antibiotics diminished.

Study of different antibiotic combinations for use in the elimination of Agrobacterium with kanamycin selection in carnation

The effect of several β-lactam antibiotics on shoot regeneration, growth and rooting of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), and their use in combination with kanamycin in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation studies, was determined. Carbenicillin, cefotaxime and ticarcillin increased the regeneration rate when added alone in non-inoculated explants; whereas, with inoculated explants, this effect was only observed in ticarcillin-containing medium. Cefotaxime inhibited root growth in both transgenic and non-transgenic shoots. Rooting of non-transgenic shoots was completely inhibited in all culture media containing kanamycin. The different antibiotics used, alone or in combination, did not prevent the occurrence of false positive shoots, but it was possible to select transgenic shoots when rooting was induced in a kanamycin + ticarcillin-containing medium. Regenerated transformed shoots were free of Agrobacterium after culturing in rooting medium, as was proven by the PCR analysis for the nptI gene, the antibiogram and the culture of tissue pieces of transgenic shoots on LB broth. The use of kanamycin and timentin with or without carbenicillin, was very useful in the transformation procedure, for the elimination of Agrobacterium in regenerated shoots before their transfer to greenhouse conditions and also in the selection of transgenic versus false-positive shoots.

Effects of kanamycin on tissue culture and somatic embryogenesis in cotton

The aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin was evaluated for its effects on callus initiation from hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, proliferation of non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli, initiation and development of somatic embryos in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). On this basis, the potential use of kanamycin as a selective agent in genetic transformation with the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene as the selective marker gene was evaluated. Cotton cotyledon and hypocotyl explants, and embryogenic calluses were highly sensitive to kanamycin. Kanamycin at 10 mg/L or higher concentrations reduced callus formation, with complete inhibition at 60 mg/L. Kanamycin inhibited embryogenic callus growth and proliferation, as well as the initiation and development of cotton somatic embryos. The sensitivity of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos to kanamycin was different during the initiation and development stages. Kanamycin was considered as a suitable selective agent for transformed callus formation and growth of non-embryogenic callus. Forty to sixty mg/L was the optimal kanamycin concentration for the induction and proliferation of transformed callus. The concentration of kanamycin must be increased (from 50 to 200 mg/L) for the selection of transformation embryogenic callus and somatic embryos. A scheme for selection of transgenic cotton plants when kanamycin is used as the selection agent is discussed.

Synthetic polymer sulphonated polyisoprene as a universal anticoagulant for laboratory testing.

To evaluate the feasibility of a synthetic polymer, sulphonated polyisoprene (SPIP), to be used as a new laboratory anticoagulant, hematological items were compared between blood samples anticoagulated with EDTA and SPIP, as were biochemical and electrolyte items between serum samples and SPIP-anticoagulated blood. Among hematological items, the average platelet count of the SPIP group was significantly lower than that of the EDTA group, due to platelet aggregation in the SPIP group. Addition of kanamycin to SPIP, but not of aspirin or prostaglandin E1, restored platelet count to about 80% of that in the EDTA group, and increased coefficients of correlation with the EDTA group for most hematological items examined. For biochemical and electrolyte items, high (> 0.95) correlation coefficients were obtained for 15 of 18 items between the serum and SPIP-anticoagulated samples. However, for some of these items, the addition of kanamycin decreased coefficients of correlation. Thus, SPIPs are excellent candidates for new anticoagulants that can be used for evaluation of hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte items with a single test tube in routine laboratory work. However, some improvements are required for use of kanamycin as an additive to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by SPIP, and in maintaining reliability of biochemical and electrolyte measurements.

Factors affecting the transformation of 'Marshall McIntosh' apple by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The goal of this research was to develop an efficient transformation system for 'Marshall McIntosh' apple. To determine the optimum combination of agar and Gelrite gelling agents in the media to maximize regeneration and minimize hyperhydicity (vitrification), the following combinations of agar (A)+Gelrite (G) in g l-1 were tested: 7.0 A+0 G; 5.2 A+0.6 G; 3.5 A+2.5 G; 1.7 A+1.8 G; and 0 A+2.5 G. Both 5.2 A+0.6 G and 3.5 A+1.2 G provided greatest regeneration of healthy non-hyperhydric shoots. To determine the optimal concentration of aminoglycoside for the selection and regeneration of transgenic 'Marshall McIntosh' on agar-Gelrite-based media, kanamycin was tested at 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg l-1, and paromomycin was tested at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg l-1. Kanamycin was more effective than paromomycin in the initial selection of transgenics. For selection of transformants of 'Marshall McIntosh', the use of kanamycin at 25 mg l-1on 5.2 A+0.6 G solidified medium is suggested. By optimizing the medium and selection conditions, a protocol was developed that resulted in four transgenic lines as confirmed by a GUS assay, NPT II ELISA, PCR, and Southern analysis. In repeated experiments with this protocol, transformation efficiencies of 3.1 and 2.6% were obtained.

Somatic hybridization between Solanum tuberosum and species of the S. nigrum complex: Selection of vigorously growing and flowering plants

Fusion experiments were performed between diploid (2n = 2x = 24) or tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) potato genotypes and four species of the Solanum nigrum complex, namely S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72), S. villosum (2n = 4x = 48), S. chenopodioides (2n = 2x = 24) or S. americanum (2n = 2x = 24 and 2n = 6x = 72). All five accessions of the S. nigrum-species were successfully hybridized with at least one of the potato genotypes. Somatic combining abilities were influenced by the ploidy level as well as the genotype of the parental species. The use of kanamycin or hygromycin resistance as cell-selectable markersystem had no influence on somatic combining ability, but such markers can be useful to improve efficient selection of somatic hybrids in sufficient numbers. At least 20% of the hybrids of each successful combination performed well in vitro. However, only 60 genotypes out of 761 somatic hybrids were vigorous as well as flowering in the greenhouse. Analysis of the DNA content of somatic hybrids could be used as a criterion for the indirect selection in vitro of hybrids that were vigorous in the greenhouse. Flowering somatic hybrids of S. nigrum (+) 2x potato and S. americanum (+) 4x potato were selected with the aim of introgression of resistance traits after recurrent backcrossing with cultivated potato.

Replacement arthroplasty using the Charnley prosthesis in old tuberculosis of the hip.

This report is based upon a retrospective study of a consecutive series of twenty patients who had tuberculosis of the hip in quiescent state. Two patients had only a short history but were included in this study. An interesting feature at the time of operation was that in many cases the bone showed old features of tuberculous disease despite the long history of quiescence. A modification of the Charnley technique is discussed. In addition, details of radiographic assessment before operation, antituberculous drug therapy and the use of Kanamycin in bone cement are given. The complications and results are recorded.

Results of hearing testing at 7-year follow-up of kanamycin-treated newborn infants.

A follow-up study 7--8 years after kanamycin treatment of 83 newborn infants in the Tampere University Central Hospital is described. The Apgar scores ranged from 1 to 10, about half of the patients being premature. Only in 1 case (1.2%) a slight bilateral high-tone loss was found. This patient's birth had been complicated by ablation of the placenta with subsequent cesarean section and he had neonatal sepsis as well. The cause of this hearing defect is thus not necessarily the use of kanamycin. Because of the extended use of reserve antibiotics, microorganisms resistant to modern antibiotics may necessitate in some vital cases the use of kanamycin. Our results indicate that, if serum concentrations are monitored adequately, the use of kanamycin does not necessarily result in a hearing defect.