Use Of Industrial Effluent Research Articles

Production of hydrogen from beverage wastewater by dark fermentation in an internal circulation reactor: Effect on pH and hydraulic retention time

• Interaction and the RSM should be performed to determine the optimal zone for H 2 . • Interaction between factors established that the pH was main factor in the operation. • Distribution of VFAs and multivariate statistics allow an integral analysis. Energy demand currently is mostly satisfied by the use of fossil fuels that present not only problems for the environment, but also are not renewable. Dark fermentation (DF) is a biological process that can provide an alternative to meet energy needs. The use of industrial effluents from carbon-rich waters in the production of hydrogen and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) through the DF is a promising strategy. However, determining the optimal operating conditions to increase the production of the sub-products has been not being thoroughly studied. This study aims at determining the optimal condition of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and pH to improve hydrogen production in an internal recirculation (IC) reactor treating beverage wastewater using Response Surface Methodology and interaction between factors. The study also assessed VFAs concentrations when operating at optimal conditions. The results showed that the combination of an 8.0 h HRT and 5.5 produced 30% of hydrogen and the interaction between factors established that the pH was the main factor influencing the results. Also, it was observed that the concentration of lactic acid did not inhibit the production of H 2 for the optimal value of pH. However, it is evident that more studies using HRT of less than 8 h and of VFAs distribution are needed. Future optimization technique considerations are necessary to reduce uncertainties for biological hydrogen production purposes.

Beneficial rhizospheric associated traits of chromate resistant bacteria for remediation of Cr (VI) contaminated soil

Agricultural fields are polluted with Cr (VI) due to the excessive use of industrial effluent for irrigation purposes. The current study was focused on evaluating and comparing the impact of chromate stress on wheat growth with distilled water and industrial effluent, with and without inoculation of bacteria. All chromate-resistant bacteria (UT8, UT25, AKR2, LM3, LM8, and NY2) isolated from polluted environments proficiently resisted K2CrO4 (1500 µg/ml). Staphylococcus simulans UT8 significantly produced plant-growth-promoting compounds such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (365.05 nmol α-ketobutyrate mg/protein/h), indole acetic acid (IAA) production (77.14 µg/ml), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Strain UT8 showed an increment in the germination of seeds (38.47%), and root and shoot length (95.19 and 119.29%, respectively) under chromate stress (350 µg/ml) as compared to uninoculated controls. Similarly, UT8 inoculated seedlings also exhibited remarkable augmentation in the plant height (49.18%), tiller number/plant (87.96%), and grain yield/pot (108.96%) under chromate as compared to inoculum free treatment (control). Scanning electron micrographs of S. simulans UT8 treated seedlings root exhibited enhanced colonization in the presence of Cr (VI). Chromate removal potential of strain UT8 and the competence to secrete active phytohormones make it among the agronomically potent microorganisms to enhance wheat growth in metal-polluted soils.

Bioprospecting Halophytes for Reclamation of Paper and Pulp Mill Effluent Irrigated Soil

Paper and pulp mills use a huge quantity of water in the manufacturing process and release a substantial quantity of salts in the effluent. The use of industrial effluents for irrigating crops due to the nutrient content in arid zones is under practice. The long-term use of paper and pulp mill effluent as a source of irrigation accumulates salts in the soil surface and rhizospheric zone. In this study, halophytes, namely Sesuvium portulacastrum, Salicornia brachiata, and Suaeda maritima were evaluated for their phytodesalination potential in paper and pulp mill effluent irrigated soil. Among these Sesuvium portulacastrum recorded the highest dry matter production (8.21 g pot-1), and the sodium accumulation was 6.7% greater than S. brachiata on 120th day. Furthermore, the soil EC was also 7.7 % lower in pots cultivated with S. portulacastrum than pots cultivated with S. brachiata. Hence, Sesuvium portulacastrum could effectively be used to phytodesalinate saline soils and ensure the sustainable cultivation of crops using paper and pulp mill effluent

Micronutrient Retention of Peas and Potatoes Exposed to Different Cooking Methods

Globally, the vegetables are too much important from human health point of view. To avoid from the decontamination and contaminating the vegetables, the quality, consumption and distribution among the consumer is commanded by the food safety terms according to [1]. The department of food safety has attained numerous importance in terms of production of food, transporting the vegetables, consumption by the consumers, disposing the vegetables and handling the vegetables. The problem of food safety occurs due to the major reasons of being the utilization of pesticides, the use of sewage sludge, use of industrial effluents and wastewater. The big threat now a days to the vegetable is the use of metal enriched pesticide and the use of contaminated wastewater that contains a number of pollutants injurious to the human health as they enter the food chain [2]. Lack of awareness and lack of proper storage abilities are the week points behind deteriorating the stuff and making them unfit for the future use by storing. That is the reason food free from the contaminants is the need of the hour.

Characterization of sugar factory effluents from different factories of north coastal Andhra Pradesh, India and its effect on soil properties

Sugarcane is important sugar crop which is accounting for approximately 80 percent of world sugar production. Sugarcane is one of the important agro industrial crops of commercial importance grown in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. During processing of cane, sugar mills will discharge huge amounts of wastewater as large quantities of water is utilized in sugar mills. However, water resources are limited and a wide gap exists between available water supply and the amount of water required for intensive cropping, appropriate use of industrial effluents may be helpful in meeting a part of the increased water demand. No systematic study has been carried out so far to assess the relative heavy metals availability in soils irrigated with effluent waters. Therefore, a study was undertaken to survey both surface and subsurface soils irrigated with effluent waters for availability of heavy metals and also to assess the contents of the pollutant elements in sugar industrial effluents at the point of source. Survey of effluents and irrigation waters for their quality (heavy metal, RSC, SAR, pH and EC) with special reference to sugarcane cultivation in different factory zones of North Coastal Zone was carried out during 2011-12 and 2012-13.Effluents samples were collected from all the five existing sugar factory areas of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh viz., M/s Thummapala Cooperative sugar factory, Anakapalle, M/s Etikoppaka Cooperative sugar factory, Darlapudi and M/s Govada Cooperative sugar factory, Chodavaram of Visakhaptanm district; M/s GMR Sugar factory, Sankili of Srikakulam district and M/s NCS sugars, Bobbili of Vizianagaram district. Results revealed that all sugar factory effluents are highly acidic with the pH values varying from 4.32 (M/s Govada Cooperative sugar factory, Chodavaram) to 5.50 (M/s Etikoppaka Cooperative sugar factory, Darlapudi). However after effluent treatment, the pH values in all the factory areas were reached to safer limits. Concentrations of magnesium, calcium, sodium and sodium absorption ratios are within the limits in all the factory effluents. Heavy metals viz., cadmium and lead also not recorded in factory effluents, whereas cobalt, nickel and chromium are found in traces. Hence, effluents from all the sugar factories can be used safely for irrigation with respect to concentration of heavy metals in the sugar factory effluents. Data on soil analysis results revealed that, effluent irrigated soils are neutral in reaction with non-saline in conductivity. Mean organic carbon content pertaining to all the five factory soils was medium in range. Hence, it is found safe to irrigate soils with treated sugar factory effluents as of soil physico-chemical and chemical properties are at permissible limits and for sugarcane cultivation.

Growth and Production Response of Corn (Zea mays L.) by Bokashi of Cow Waste and Tempe Industrial Liquid Waste

The study aims to investigate the response of growth and production of the corn plant (Zea mays L.) due to the provision of bokashi cow dung and Tempe industrial liquid waste. This study was conducted in February 2017 until June 2017 at Lahan Perkebunan Rakyat Jalan Manunggal Ujung, Desa Bandar Klippa, Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan, Medan Tembung. The design used was Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications and consisted of two factors studied: Bokashi consisting of four levels, e.i : B0 : Control, B1 : 15 ton/ha, B2 : 30 ton/ha and B3 : 45 ton/ha. The use of industrial liquid waste Tempe consisting of four levels, namely, e.i: L0 : Control, L1 : 30 ml/l, L2 : 60 ml / l, L3 : 90 ml/l. The observation data was followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the use of bokashi cow dung had a significant effect on the observation parameters of height, leaf length and cob weight in corn plants that have been observed and not significant to the observation of leaf number, leaf area, dry seed weight each plot. The use of industrial effluent of Tempe has a significant effect on leaf length parameter at age 6 weeks after planting and cob weight/plant each plot but not significant effect on observation of plant height, leaf number, leaf area, dry seed weight each plot.

Morpho-physiological characteristics of Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp grown in a controlled environment using effluents from a beverage bottling company.

The use of industrial effluents for agricultural practices due to waste management properties, water scarcity, or cultural belief affects both the physiology and morphology of cultivated crops. This study reports the investigation of the agro-potentiality of the effluents from a beverage bottling company on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under a controlled environment. This greenhouse experiment was carried out within Obafemi Awolowo University. The effluents were applied at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% concentrations using untreated (A) and treated (B) effluents separately in two groups. Physicochemical properties of the effluents were determined using standard methods. Exchangeable cations present in the effluents were investigated via the ammonium acetate exchange way. Morphological and yield parameters were measured in ten replicates. Transverse sections of the leaf, petiole, and stem were also investigated under a light microscopy. General linear model was used for statistical analysis with means compared using Tukey's HSD test at p < 0.05. The effluents had pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids in the range of 7.4-7.5, 599.0-693.0 μS/cm, and 395.0-455.0 mg/l, respectively. The exchangeable calcium and potassium concentrations in the effluents range 1067.00-1937.50 and 190.0-343.50 mg/l. Application of effluent A had no significant effect on number of pods per group, seeds per pod, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area of cowpea (p > 0.05). There was a significant effect of effluent A on the number of leaves and shoot height (p < 0.05). The application of effluent B had a significant effect on the mean number of leaves and seeds per pod at higher (40-50%) concentrations (p < 0.05). Amendment with effluent B showed no significant effect on the mean shoot height, leaf length, width and area, pods per group, pod length, and girth size (p > 0.05). The frequency of guard cells was observed to decrease with increasing effluents (A and B) concentration on the abaxial epidermis. Likewise, a "black deposit" was observed in the vessels in the stem taken from group amended with effluent A at high concentrations (30-50%). No anatomical differences were observed in the petiole and leaf transverse sections of the control and amended subgroups. The untreated and treated effluents showed agro-potentiality. However, crops grown need to be monitored for the health impacts on man and animal, as risk of crop cellular disruption exist.

Effect of industrial effluent on soil properties, essential nutrient and pollutant element status of soils and plants in a vegetable growing near Jajmau industrial area of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Effect of continuous irrigation with industrial effluent for more than three decades on soil physical, physico-chemical properties; and major, secondary and micronutrient with pollutant element status of soils and plants in Jajmau area of Kanpur city of Uttar Pradesh was ascertained. Long term alone use of industrial effluent for growing crops, particularly vegetables, may result in the uptake of toxic metals by crop plants, with the chance of their access into the food chain. While the use of industrial effluent with alternate irrigated with well water, the physical properties of soils were observed to be improved. An appreciable increase in organic carbon; available N, P, K and micronutrients were recorded in the alternate with industrial effluent and well water irrigated soils over that of the alone Industrial effluent irrigated soils. Electrical conductivity of alternate irrigated soils was much below the threshold limit of salinity. Long-term application of industrial effluent water resulted in the accumulation of heavy metals in surface soil; the concentration of these elements is approaching the maximum permissible limits suggested. The mean content of total Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb in the soils irrigated with industrial effluent water was 1.53, 1.09, 1.12, 1.14, 1.01, 1.23 and 1.01 times as compared to their content in the alternate irrigated soils, and the concentration of these metals in sugar beet grown on industrial effluent-fed soils was higher by 1.34, 1.16, 1.32, 1.51, 1.34, 1.65 and 1.26 times, respectively. The relative availability of the metals was recorded in the order of Pb > Cu > Zn > Mn > Cr > Ni > Fe. The concentration of heavy metals in sugar beet plant grown on industrial effluent was higher as compared to their tolerance level indicating their accumulation in plants. The results suggest that industrial effluent irrigation improves soil physical properties and fertility status indicating its potential for use in agriculture. However, accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plant necessitates its safer use of alternate industrial effluent with well water to safeguard soil health and reduce the risk of animal and human health hazard. Sugar beet was found more suitable in comparison to other vegetables under study and can be used for phytoremediation purposes to minimize the concentration of heavy metals in soil.