Use Of GMOs Research Articles

Evaluation of in vitro prebiotic effects of galactomannan oligosaccharides derived from guar gum

SummaryGalactomannan oligosaccharides (GMOS) have been designated as the second generation of prebiotics. This study aimed to systematically investigate the prebiotic effects of GMOS. GMOS were obtained by the hydrolysis of guar gum (5 g L−1) using β‐mannanase (160 U g−1) for 4 h, with the molecular weight significantly decreased to 665 Da. The prebiotic activity of GMOS was verified, which displayed a great proliferation effect on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. After in vitro faecal fermentation, GMOS greatly improved the production of total short‐chain fatty acids (43.62 mM), especially butyric acid (7.44 mM). Meanwhile, the relative abundance of several beneficial bacteria, including Megasphaera, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, was greatly improved to 41.15%. Besides, the total relative abundance of several typical harmful bacteria decreased to 37.80%, indicating that GMOS can regulate the composition of intestinal flora. These results provide an important scientific basis for the further use of GMOS as a prebiotic.

Assessment of Benefits and Risk of Genetically Modified Plants and Products: Current Controversies and Perspective

Genetic transformation has emerged as an important tool for the genetic improvement of valuable plants by incorporating new genes with desirable traits. These strategies are useful especially in crops to increase yields, disease resistance, tolerance to environmental stress (cold, heat, drought, salinity, herbicides, and insects) and increase biomass and medicinal values of plants. The production of healthy plants with more desirable products and yields can contribute to sustainable development goals. The introduction of genetically modified food into the market has raised potential risks. A proper assessment of their impact on the environment and biosafety is an important step before their commercialization. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the risks and benefits of genetically modified plants and products, human health hazards by genetically transformed plants, environmental effects, Biosafety regulations of GMO foods and products, and improvement of medicinal values of plants by the genetic transformation process. The mechanisms of action of those products, their sources, and their applications to the healthcare challenges are presented. The present studies pointed out the existence of several controversies in the use of GMOs, mainly related to the human health, nutritions, environmental issues. Willingness to accept genetically modified (GM) products and the adoption of biosafety regulations varies from country to country. Knowledge about the gene engineering technology, debate between the government agencies, scientist, environmentalist and related NGOs on the GM products are the major factors for low adoptions of biosafety regulation. Therefore, the genetic transformation will help in the advancement of plant species in the future; however, more research and detailed studies are required.

A Review: Pollinator Services and Its Economic Evaluation

Pollinators are a crucial part of our ecosystem which aids the life of almost all living organisms present in this universe, and their contributions are justifiable according to Paretian efficient conditions. Though the services are an inseparable part of our life, property rights issues have made it difficult to evaluate the real worth of their services by Coase guidelines, the possible externalities they put to this universe, and the actual impact that free raiders have caused. This paper is based on techniques to incorporate those hidden services in economic assessment and policy formulation. For the economic evaluation of their services, we can quantify their values based on people's willingness to pay for the service, which aids in estimating the market value of producer and consumer's surplus, and the cost of the alternate means to achieve the same services, through production factor method, etc. To identify the sustainability of these ecosystem services, the regulation of pesticide use has to be integrated with these services. Farmers should focus not only on monoculture, but also on intensive farming, chemicals, making the least use of GMOs, and following Permaculture techniques in living and cultivation.

GM crops, farmers and consumers concerns: role of advocacy

The production of genetically modified crops for commercial release and agriculture resulting in a number of changes in the life style of an individual and farmers particularly. Scientists who analyze the impact of agricultural biotechnology from the socio-legal perspective; looked the tall claim of genetic engineering with suspicion. They claim alterations can change the organism's metabolism, growth rate, and/or may have down side effect on external environmental factors. This research paper tries to explore and examine the concerns raised from the socio-legal perspective as society should have minimum scientific knowledge in reference to use of GMOs and its derivatives. It is concluded with the finding that a reasonable policy with regard to their use by the farmers and others stake holders need to be prepared.

Legal Regulation of Commercial Cultivation of Genetically Modified Crops: Foreign Experience

The risks associated with the widespread use of genetically modified crops in agriculture need to be assessed in detail and minimized, including by legal means. The world is divided into two camps regarding the attitude to the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops. In many countries, including the EU and the Russian Federation, it is prohibited by law. Such prohibitions are based on the precautionary principle in the widespread use of genetically modified crops due to insufficient knowledge of its consequences. The legal regulation of the risk management of the use of GMOs has been developed at the international level, for example, in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, to which the Russian Federation has not yet joined, but plans based on the tasks set out in the strategic planning documents. The legal regulation of the quality and safety of agricultural products in China is carried out in accordance with the law adopted in 2006. The Law on the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products regulating the issues of its production, as well as the implementation of state management and supervision of its quality and safety. The system for monitoring the risks of quality and safety of agricultural products in China is being established on an interdisciplinary basis. However, the issue of long-term security remains open. The existing approach in the Russian Federation to introduce a moratorium on the commercial use of genetically modified organisms is appropriate as long as the tasks of ensuring the country's food security can be solved by other methods and means. However, in order to prevent the lag of Russian science and technology in the field under consideration, the state should pay increased attention to their development and allocate sufficient funding, provided that strict state control is exercised over ensuring the safety of ongoing research.

ЗАКОНОДАВЧЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФІТОСАНІТАРНИХ ЗАХОДІВ БІОТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОЇ ПРИРОДИ

Introduction. The relevance of the problems of forming effective phytosanitary legislation is only gaining momentum, as the new environmental goals announced by the EU in its political and legal Green Deal course point to another prospect of reforming phytosanitary rules. In these conditions, it is extremely important for Ukraine to determine the real state of its phytosanitary legislation, its problematic and positive signs, to identify optimal ways of further improvement, taking into account the needs of guaranteeing food security, protecting the interests of agricultural producers, society and future generations. phytosanitary measures of biotechnological nature in the context of EU requirements. The purpose of the article is to study the state of legislative support for phytosanitary measures of a biotechnological nature in agriculture, to identify shortcomings and gaps in legislation in this area, to study international legal acts in the field of biosafety. Materials and methods. The materials of the research are normative and legal support for the regulation of the use of phytosanitary measures of a biotechnological nature, as well as the work of domestic and foreign authors who conduct their scientific and practical research in the areas of the application of phytosanitary measures and the use of biotechnology in the agriculture of Ukraine. Philosophical (general scientific) and separate scientific methods of cognition were used in the process of researching the legislative provision of phytosanitary measures of a biotechnological nature, in particular, the method of system- structural analysis, historical, comparative-legal methods, logical-structural and other scientific methods of researching legal phenomena. The system-structural method is applied to research the concepts of biotechnological and biological methods of achieving phytosanitary safety, definition of the concept of biotechnology. The application of the historical method of researching legal phenomena made it possible to analyze the retrospective aspects of the formation of legal regulation of the use of phytosanitary measures of a biotechnological nature in the agriculture of Ukraine. The formal-logical method was used when building the structure of the research, when presenting the main provisions, formulating definitions and categories, substantiating conclusions and recommendations. Agrarian and environmental legislation and the practice of its application were studied using the formal-logical method. The comparative legal method was used to study different scientific approaches to the content and form of legal regulation of the application of phytosanitary measures of a biotechnological nature under the law of Ukraine, the WTO and the EU. The formulation of the conclusions and proposals contained in the scientific study is made using the method of dogmatic (logical) analysis and interpretation of legal norms. Results. The scientific publication reveals the meaning of the concept of biotechnology, biotechnological and biological methods of achieving phytosanitary safety and establishes their differences. A review of normative legal acts in the field of application of biotechnology in Ukraine was carried out. It was established that the international legal regulation of the use of GM technologies to solve phytosanitary problems has certain limitations. An analysis of the domestic legislation that regulates the relations of creation, circulation and use of GMOs was carried out and the existence of two main principles of regulation of these legal relations was established: mandatory state registration and labeling. Conclusions were made regarding the inconsistency of the actual relations with the use of genetically modified plants with the state of domestic legislation in this area, which is characterized by the lack of mechanisms to ensure traditional and organic agriculture from the possible negative impact of genetically modified plants; construction of the entire legal regulation of GMO handling on only two key legal bases: state registration and labeling. Discussion. In further scientific research, it is proposed to focus attention on establishing the conformity (non-conformity) of the actual relationship with the use of genetically modified plants to the state of domestic legislation in this area.

The Importance of Autonomy of European Union Member States with regard to the Use of Genetically Modified Organisms on the Right to Healthcare – An Analysis of Judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union

The European Union Member States (hereinafter: EU MS) have the possibility of restricting or banning the cultivation of GMOs under the Directive 2015/412 but under certain conditions. EU MS must also pay attention to the provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the Euro-pean Union or Treaty Establishing the European Community (hereinafter: TFEU), the provi-sions relating to the free movement of goods, which is one of the key objectives of the func-tioning of the European Union. This contribution is based on the data obtained from an analy-sis of Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter: CJEU) cases concerning the use of genetically modified organisms (hereinafter: GMO(s)). The analysis highlights the link between environmental risk assessment and the right to healthcare. The purpose of this paper is to make the individual aware of the possibilities they have regarding the use of GMOs.

Regulation of the GM crops circulation in Ukraine: problems and ways to solve them

The purpose of the article is to investigate the world experience of GMO management, highlight gaps in the regulation of GM crops in Ukraine and develop recommendations for their elimination, taking into account the best European practices and domestic characteristics. Research methods. In the research process the following methods were used: dialectical methods of cognition of processes and phenomena, monographic method (for analyze the spread of GM crops in the world), statistical (for analyze the dynamics of areas under GM crops in the world), empirical method (for comprehensive assessment of the current state of the use of GMO), abstract and logical methods (for theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions). Research results. In the article the world experience of GMO management was presented. The current state of regulation of the use of GM crops in Ukraine was described and the main directions of its improvement were outlined. Given the lack of registration of GM varieties of agricultural crops in Ukraine, the feasibility of forming an effective system of their registration and implementation of a system of control and monitoring of the cultivation of only registered varieties of agricultural crops was justified. This approach should protect against the spontaneous importation and illegal cultivation of GM crops. In addition, the necessity of introduction of the complex approach to regulation of use of GM crops and GM products in Ukraine and intensification of process of unification of the domestic and European regulatory framework in the field of regulation of the use of GMOs was substantiated. Scientific novelty. The current state of regulation of the use of GM crops and GM products in Ukraine was investigated and prospects for its improvement taking into account the best European practice were outlined. Practical significance. It has been established that there are gaps in the state control over the use of GMOs, as well as in the issues of liability for offenses in the field of GMO management and biosafety. Measures to eliminate them were proposed. Refs.: 12.

Actual problems of legal regulation of agrarian relations in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus

The subject of consideration in this article is the trends in the development of agrarian and legal research conducted by the scientists of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus.The purpose of the study is to identify the problems that currently attract the attention of scientists and which, by and large, are common to both states, and to analyze the ways proposed by the researchers for legislative solutions to these problems.When writing the article, general scientific and special legal methods were used (analysis, generalization, formal legal, comparative legal, historical). This made it possible to reveal the current state of the agrarian legislation of the two states, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the legal regulation of relations in the agricultural sector of the economy, including gaps and contradictions, to outline areas for improving legislation.The legal problems of maintaining the balance of public and private interests in the agricultural sector, ensuring food, environmental, biological safety, issues of classification of agricultural sectors, organic agriculture (including aquaculture), the use of GMOs in the production of agricultural products are analyzed. Attention is paid to the issues of the legal status, state support and protection of the rights of agricultural producers and a number of others.The scientific novelty consists in the formulation of conclusions that develop the theory of agrarian law, and practical proposals for improving the legal regulation of relations in the agricultural sphere both in Russia and in the Republic of Belarus.

Organizmy transgeniczne w Unii Europejskiej

Na świecie wzrasta powierzchnia upraw transgenicznych i liczba uwolnionych do środowiska odmian GMO. W państwach członkowskich UE występują odmienne tendencje, to jest uprawa GMO jest ograniczona do jednego produktu i występuje tylko w dwóch państwach. W UE rośnie sprzeciw wobec organizmów transgenicznych, a badania opinii mieszkańców Unii wskazu-ją na ich obawy i brak aprobaty dla żywności GM. Zwiększyła się liczba krajów stosujących klau-zule ochronne uniemożliwiające stosowanie GMO zatwierdzonych do obrotu na jednolitym rynku. Rośnie natomiast import genetycznie zmodyfikowanej paszy z krajów uprawiających rośliny GM. Obowiązujące w UE zasady prawne uznawane są za restrykcyjne i ograniczające uprawy transge-niczne.

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THEIR USE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of issues related to the peculiarities of legal regulation of the use of modern biotechnologies in the condition of globalization. Particular attention is paid to the problem of inconsistent approach to the formation of terminology mechanism of the current legislation, regulating the relevant social relations.Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of the use of biomedical technologies (assisted reproductive technologies, genetic engineering, human organ and tissue transplantation, cellular technologies), as well as to the problem of the production and use of GMOs.

Disharmonization in the Regulation of Transgenic Plants in Europe

Disharmonization in the Regulation of Transgenic Plants in Europe

Assessing the emergence of bioeconomy by the radical technology inquirer tool

This paper reports research results from the application of the Radical Technology Inquirer (RTI) approach on the emergence of bioeconomy as part of the mega wave of socio-technical change that has taken off with the global financial crisis of ca. 2008 and is expected to peak around 2030. The appearance of bioeconomy-related phenomena on this wave was found to be strongly related on the one hand to eight Global Value-Producing Networks (GVNs), and on the other hand on 14 Radical Technological Solutions (RTS). A correlation of these two types of findings reveals an even smaller number of highly promising global value networks (on health, quality of life, and governance) and technological breakthroughs (on DNA research, biosensors, and industrial use of GMOs). The latter appear to follow mostly converging technological pathways, with the bio-info convergence pattern playing the dominant role.

Biotechnological Production of Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals in Plant Cell and Organ Cultures.

Plant biofactories are biotechnological platforms based on plant cell and organ cultures used for the production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, although to date only a few of these systems have successfully been implemented at an industrial level. Metabolic engineering is possibly the most straightforward strategy to boost pharmaceutical production in plant biofactories, but social opposition to the use of GMOs means empirical approaches are still being used. Plant secondary metabolism involves thousands of different enzymes, some of which catalyze specific reactions, giving one product from a particular substrate, whereas others can yield multiple products from the same substrate. This trait opens plant cell biofactories to new applications, in which the natural metabolic machinery of plants can be harnessed for the bioconversion of phytochemicals or even the production of new bioactive compounds. Synthetic biological pipelines involving the bioconversion of natural substrates into products with a high market value may be established by the heterologous expression of target metabolic genes in model plants. To summarize the state of the art of plant biofactories and their applications for the pipeline production of cosme-, pharma- and biopharmaceuticals. In order to demonstrate the great potential of plant biofactories for multiple applications in the biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, this review broadly covers the following: plant biofactories based on cell and hairy root cultures; secondary metabolite production; biotransformation reactions; metabolic engineering tools applied in plant biofactories; and biopharmaceutical production.

The International Regulatory Framework for the Use of GMOs and Products Thereof as Food Aid

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Необхідність удосконалення системи моніторингу токсикантів в Україні

The article presents the main methodological approaches and criteria for the necessity of development and introduction of the State Toxicological Monitoring of Forms in Ukraine, including GMOs, taking into account the requirements for sampling, criteria for determining its periodicity, risk analysis, requirements for testing laboratories.The main components and goals of the complex system of state monitoring of sources of GMOs in feed, feed additives, premixtures for farm animals and poultry are presented. The main methodical approaches and criteria for the development and implementation of the State monitoring of feed in the GMO content in Ukraine are given, taking into account the requirements for the selection of samples, the determination of the frequency of their selection, and the analysis of risks at all stages of the chain «production – consumption».Implementation of toxicological monitoring, including monitoring of sources of GMOs in feeds, will ensure awareness, and in the future ensure the protection of human, animal and natural environment, will create conditions for the safe practical use of GMOs for economic purposes, prevent uncontrolled use of GMO sources feed.

Analiza regulacji prawnych w zakresie wykorzystania GMO

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO THE USE OF GMOSThe aim of this article is to present and analyse the regulation of international law, EU law and Polish law, related to GMOs. The most important moment for the creation of international regulations was the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Within the EU there are lots of directives and regulations to protect against the risks related to the use of GMOs. In Poland there is the lack of acomprehensive law in the field of genetic engineering, currently there are several acts adopted in the form of alaw, which relate to various aspects of GMOs.

GMOs IN THE POLISH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES CONSUMER AWARENESS

The use of GMOs brings numerous benefi ts at the same time raising fears of threats to human health and the environment. The aim of this study is to present the way GMOs are perceived by fruit and vegetables consumers, their attitude to genetic manipulations and knowledge of the presence of GMOs on the Polish food market. A survey conducted among 200 people served to accomplish this aim. The research shows that the majority of the respondents see GM foods as hazardous to health and they refuse to buy transgenic fruit and vegetables. At the same time 80% of them do not have suffi cient knowledge about GMOs, their cultivation and presence on the market as GM food. This also refers to a group of people with a university degree. As many as 1/3 of the surveyed do not know whether GMOs are present on the Polish market, and only 9% indicated GMOs share of over 60% of the market, while nearly 70% of the respondents pointed to the presence of transgenic fruit and vegetables, listing a number of their species. This shows the need for widespread education and dissemination activities.

Spread and Potential Risks of Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetic engineering is a technique that allows to detect, isolate, multiply and transplant specific genes in another living organism. The introduction of genes in another living organism or other species is a process unstable and insecure with side effects and consequences difficult to predict on the recipient genome and interaction with the surrounding environment. The main proponent are big business owners of patents in the field of GMOs and other stakeholders, including some GMO growers and scientists, as well as international trading partners. The potential economic interests in relation to GMOs in the field of plant breeding are considerable, the world annual turnover of the seed market has now exceeded 35 billion Euros. Today the world market is dominated by only a handful of large operators. The same multinational companies operating in the food, plant protection chemicals, energy and pharmaceutical industries. This concentration allows a small group of corporations to exercise considerable control over the entire production chain of food and related products, thus putting at risk the freedom of choice, the accessibility of prices, open innovation and diversity genetics. The development and dissemination of GMOs through these centuries-old-traditions have been called the Green Revolution. The greater use of chemicals in agriculture offers the possibility of a higher gain, but requires a greater dose of herbicides over time, which makes it necessary to look for a more aggressive chemical solution. However, on the basis of objective evidence one can conclude that genetic engineering is not fundamentally new to these historical applications. The advent of genetic engineering marks a definitive break between the biotechnology of “old” and the “modern” conception. Among the arguments used more frequently to support the use of GMOs, is the need to fight hunger, to ensure the supply of food to a growing world population and the fight against climate change. The majority of genetically modified varieties currently on the market are grown for forage and feed for livestock, for meat and milk consumed in the Western World, or to produce biofuel or plastics. The increase in non-food use of edible agricultural products has pushed-up the prices of raw materials and foodstuffs on the world market, which has done nothing but exacerbate food insecurity and poverty in the world. The problems of the global food supply difficulties arise not so much from production to distribution since global production is equivalent to over 150% of global consumption. Consequently this requires a political and economic solution rather than agricultural innovation.

GMO Regulation in Europe: Undue Delegation, Abdication or Design Flaw?

On 22 April 2015 the European Commission published a review of the current GMO legislation (the GM Review) and tabled a proposal for its amendment (the GM Proposal). The GM Proposal aims to allow to the member states to ban on their territory the use of GMOs authorised under the EU legislation. This is very similar to the possibility for opting out from cultivation of authorised GMOs which was finally adopted earlier this year. While this may look like a new trend, all the more interesting in the context of possible Brexit, Grexit and Danish opt-out from the provisions on Justice and Home Affairs, the present article will focus only on the GM Review, which essentially admits that the existing GMO regime is a failure.