Use Of Glauconite Research Articles

Characterisation and Environmental Significance of Glauconite from Mining Waste of the Egorievsk Phosphorite Deposit

This article presents the results of a study of glauconite obtained from phosphate rock waste. The aim is to study the morphological, structural and chemical characteristics of glauconite and to determine the potential for secondary use of mining waste in the agricultural sector. The electromagnetic separation method was used to obtain glauconite concentrate. The optimum parameters for obtaining the maximum mineral content in the concentrate were determined. Studies have shown that glauconite is characterised by globular, granular grains of the highly mature variety. Glauconite almost invariably contains inclusions of pyrite and apatite, which significantly improve the characteristics of the fertiliser. Laboratory experiments have shown that glauconite waste and glauconite concentrate have a positive effect on plant growth and development. The high potassium content, the favourable globular shape of the grains, and the presence of apatite and pyrite inclusions indicate the potential use of glauconite from mining waste as a potash fertiliser. Application of glauconite fertiliser to the soil will provide an opportunity to improve its texture, providing better moisture and aeration. The use of glauconite fertiliser is particularly valuable on acidic soils where apatite can be dissolved, making phosphorus available to plants. This nutrient additionally favours plant growth, as well as reducing the risk of heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Thus, glauconite from the waste of the Egorievsk deposit represents a promising fertiliser for improving soil quality and increasing crop yields.

FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF GLAUKONITE IN THE DNIEPER-DONETS DEPRESSION. ARTICLE 1. PALEOZOIC-MESOZOIC SEDIMENTS

Glauconite has a special material composition, characterized by a high and increased content of macroelements, such as potassium and phosphorus, as well as an increased content of microelements, such as zinc, manganese, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, boron, which stimulate growth and ensure the healthy functioning of plants. Therefore, the most widespread and promising may be the use of glauconite in agriculture, primarily as potash fertilizer and ameliorant. It is one of the most common minerals of the pre-Cenozoic sedimentary stratum of the Dnieper-Donets depression. There are no significant concentrations of glauconite in the Paleozoic sediments. In Mesozoic sediments, the mineral is present in the formations of all three systems. Among sediments of the Jurassic system, high concentrations of the mineral are observed in the Kimmeridgian layer. Among the sediments of the Cretaceous system, significant concentrations of glauconite are present in the formations of the Albian and Cenomanian layers. On the Erathem scale, an increase in the content and mass of glauconite from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic is observed. On the scale of the systems, an increase in the bulk mass of glauconite is observed in the direction of the Perm → Triassic → Jurassic → Cretaceous. At the lithological level, the most promising types of rocks of all layers are sands, less commonly silts, clays, and sandstones. At the stratigraphic level, the Cenomanian sediments are the most promising. In the horizontal plane, the most promising are the pit edge parts of the depression. In general, the wide distribution of promising layers of the Mesozoic indicates the unlimited mineralogenic potential of the depression on the glauconite raw materials. But the extraction from these sediments in the near future makes it difficult to deeply occur, insufficient capacity for such depths, location mainly under arable land or settlements. With the improvement of depth mining technologies, the use of this resource in the more distant future cannot be ruled out. This primarily concerns the joint manifestations of phosphorites and glauconite in the Mesozoic sediments.

Effect of glauconite and sepiolite together with oil supplementation on pellet quality criteria in broiler and laying hen concentrate

The aim of this study was conducted to determine the effect of glauconite and sepiolite together with oil usage on pellet quality criteria in broiler and laying concentrate. In recent years, no study was found in the literature focusing on the use of glauconite in pelleting. Therefore, the effect of sepiolite and glauconite on pellet quality criteria was investigated in pellet production in our study. Concentrated feeds were made by the rations research team, whose raw materials were taken from a commercial feed factory. Pellet concentrate feeds were produced with 7 batch (each batch was 100 kg). Disc that has hole diameter 3.5 mm and wall thickness of 70 mm was used in production. The study was carried out in two different. Firstly, 1% and 2% levels sepiolite and glauconite were added to each concentrate in pellet production without adding oil. Secondly, 1% and 2% levels sepiolite and glauconite and 1% vegetable oil were added to the concentrates during pelleting. In both experiments, the trial consisted of 1 control and 4 trial groups.The end of study, dry matter level of the pellets was statistically influenced by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite in broiler and laying hen pellet concentrates (with or without vegetable oil addition) (p<0.05). Pellet durability index of broiler and laying hens pellet concentrates (with or without vegetable oil addition) were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite. Pellet water activity of broiler and laying hens pellet concentrates (with vegetable oil addition). were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite. However, pellet water activity of laying hens pellet concentrates (without vegetable oil addition) were statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite (p<0.05). Pellet water activity has the lowest value especially in the groups in which glauconite is added. Consequently, vegetable oil addition did not affect pellet durability and water activity, but it did not adversely affect pellet production by increasing the dry matter level of pellets. Due to the positive effects of glauconite and sepiolite on the dry matter and water activity of pellets, it was concluded that glauconite can be used as feed additive in broiler and laying hens pellets and it can improve the pellet storage conditions.

The Use of Glauconite as a Feed Additive in Broiler Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology and Biomechanical Properties of Bones

The Use of Glauconite as a Feed Additive in Broiler Nutrition and Its Effect on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology and Biomechanical Properties of Bones

Use of glauconite as a non-reagent sorbent for the softening of drinking and boiler waters, industrial waste water

The article discusses the sorption of purification of water bodies from impurities using natural inorganic sorbents. The availability and low cost of minerals are an important economic advantage of their use for the purification of all types of water. The article describes a method of using an effective sorbent with high ion-exchange and sorption properties for purification of light oil products, for the purification of drinking or industrial water with a high content of heave technogenic metal ions and organic substances. Based on the data obtained, conclusions are drawn about the possibility of using the studied natural mineral sorbents for the extraction of impurities from waste and natural waters.

Use of glauconite as a non-reagent sorbent for the softening of drinking and boiler waters, industrial waste water

The article discusses the sorption of purification of water bodies from impurities using natural inorganic sorbents. The availability and low cost of minerals are an important economic advantage of their use for the purification of all types of water. The article describes a method of using an effective sorbent with high ion-exchange and sorption properties for purification of light oil products, for the purification of drinking or industrial water with a high content of heave technogenic metal ions and organic substances. Based on the data obtained, conclusions are drawn about the possibility of using the studied natural mineral sorbents for the extraction of impurities from waste and natural waters.

Use of Glauconite in Potato Cultivation Technology

In intensive technologies of cultivation of potatoes, the need for trace elements is increasing. The concentration of trace elements in plants is very small, but the importance of these elements in biochemical processes is difficult to overestimate. The deficiency of trace elements is the root cause of many functional disorders. Trace elements in plants are part of enzymes, stimulate and accelerate plant development, increase resistance to adverse environmental conditions, etc. Also, with their shortage, crop productivity decreases. The use of natural minerals, such as glauconite, containing trace elements, allows improving comprehensive nutrition and increase productivity. Getting early production of high quality potatoes in the summer is important and relevant in the modern world. The use of glauconite in the conditions of the Moscow region, along with fertilizers and irrigation, allows obtaining high-quality products and increasing productivity by 6.3... 29.0%.

Комплексне очищення промислових фенольних стічних вод з використанням адсорбентів з природної сировини

There has been presented the data on the composition of natural clays in order to select the optimum adsorbent in the technology of extracting from the liquid waste of the coke-chemical enterprise PRAT DKHZ in the city of Kamyanske phenols, rhodanides and ammonia. The advantages of the use of natural adsorbent glauconite in combination with cation flocculant CW 3279 in the complex purification of coke-chemical waste from phenols, rhodanides and ammonia are grounded, which are then fed to an active sludge with phenol- and rhodandestructive microorganisms. The process of activation of natural minerals — glauconite and zeolite with hydrochloric acid 7% HCl in the ratio of mineral sorbent: acid solution is used as 1: 6. The process of adsorption removal of phenols, rhodanides and ammonia from industrial wastewater in a laboratory installation with a stirrer with the use of glauconite, zeolite, bentonite, sunflower husk in the native form is explored; acid-activated zeolite and glauconite at doses of 2 g/dm3; bentonite and glauconite in combination with cation flocculant CW 3279 in volume of 5 ml/dm3 in the time interval 60—120 min. It has been experimentally determined that the most effective removal of phenols in industrial effluents from 410,74 mg/dm3 to 207,68 mg/dm3 occurs when using glauconite with cation flocculant CW 3279. It was investigated that when applying acid-activated zeolite with a dose of 2 g/dm3 and time contacting 120 min, reduction of the concentration of total ammonia from 1192,10 mg/dm3 to 340,60 mg/dm3, glauconite with cation flocculant CW 3279 — up to 510,90 mg/dm3 is provided. Degree of purification from rhodanide-ions by acid-activated zeolite has been reached in 1,5 times, whereas in the application of glauconite with cationic flocculant CW 3279 in 1,2 times. The regularities of adsorption extraction of phenols from model solutions have been established, which makes it possible to reduce their content from 1151,57 mg/dm3 to 355,36 mg/dm3 by glauconite in combination with cationic flocculant CW 3279 in the interval of 40—120 min. It is recommended to use glauconite at a dose of 2 g/dm3 in combination with cation flocculant CW 3279 — 5 ml/dm3 for 120 min drainage treatment. The sediment that is accumulated in the process of cleaning liquid waste is proposed to be processed and used as a binder in the paverment production.

Biotechnological approaches to the use of glauconite in agriculture

We studied the efficiency of glauconite use as a natural sorbent in soils contaminated with heavy metals, as well as the possibility of its use as a natural mineral fertilizer. It has been shown that the addition of glauconite to soil contaminated with lead acetate and zinc sulfate leads to an increase in the total microbial number, micromycetes, actinomycetes and nitrogenfixing bacteria. They are determined main parameters of immobilization Agrobacterium radiobacter 204, Rhizobium leguminosarumbiovartrifoli, Flaviobacteriumfulvum L 30 on glauconite to create dry dosage forms of Biologicals. It was found that when creating dry dosage forms of biological product, the optimal ratios in the system of “biomass:glauconite” are 1:2 and 1:4 when dried for 24 hours at 22-24°C. Introduction of the developed method of immobilization will help toprolong the viability of microorganisms in the biological product at the required level for 4 months.

The use of glauconite for stabilization and improvement of ammonium nitrate agrochemical properties

The use of glauconite for stabilization and improvement of ammonium nitrate agrochemical properties

Defluorination of natural waters by filtration through glauconite treated with aluminum salts

It is shown that the use of glauconite modified by the aluminum layers makes it possible to reduce the content of fluoride-ions to the MAC level. Optimal conditions of modification have been established: pH 4–5, CAl 3+-0.15–0.2 mg/dm3. For obtaining high-quality water from underground waters a mixed medium of natural and modified forms of glauconite may be used.

A different perspective on glauconite as a chronometer for geologic time scale studies

There are advocates of the use of glauconite as a chronometer for geologic time scale studies who insist that if the geohistory of the sample in question is known in detail, one can ascertain before hand that the sample will yield a radiometric result that is accurate in the geological sense. Examples are presented indicating that while some glauconite samples may yield the correct age within their assigned analytical uncertainties when compared to high‐temperature minerals, others clearly do not and are too young by varying degrees. The outright acceptance of published results on glauconite can result in erroneous age estimates of various biostratigraphic levels and stage or epoch boundaries.

Some conventional potassium–argon and 40Ar/39Ar age studies of glauconite

Summary40Ar/39Ar age studies of some glauconites from well-known stratigraphical horizons reveal unexpectedly high ages compared with the conventional K–Ar age determinations. These have been interpreted in terms of nuclear and physico-chemical reactions sustained by the glauconites in the reactor. These impose severe limitations on the use of glauconite in the 40Ar/39Ar irradiation technique.

Glauconite

The term glauconite has been employed in two senses. It has been used most commonly as a morphological term for sand-sized greenish grains found in sedimentary rocks, but also as a name for a specific mineral species, a hydrated iron-rich micaceous clay mineral. The two uses are not synonymous, since not all morphological glauconite consists exclusively of mineral glauconite, nor is the latter restricted in its occurrence to such pellets. Mineral glauconite in sensu lato is a random interstratification of nonexpanding 10A˚layers and expanding montmorillonitic layers. The amount of expandable layers may be over 50 % but it is customary to restrict the name mineral glauconite in sensu stricto to varieties with less than 10 % expandable layers. The variation in amount of expandable layers explains many of the observed variations in the properties of glauconite including chemical composition (especially potassium content), thermal characteristics, cation exchange capacity, colour, refractive index and specific gravity. Mineral glauconite is believed to form by the progressive absorption of potassium and iron by a degraded layer silicate lattice of low lattice charge and elimination of other silicate-lattice types under suitable environmental conditions, of which the most critical seems to be the redox potential. The catalytic activity of marine organisms is no longer thought to be essential, although decaying organic matter and empty foraminiferal tests supply the ideal environment for glauconite genesis. The process of glauconitization is arrested by rapid sedimentation, so that there is a relationship between the variety of mineral glauconite formed and the nature of the host rock. Glauconite is found associated particularly with marine transgressions. Morphological glauconite grains are believed to form as casts, faecal pellets or by accretionary growth, but may have their morphology modified by subsequent re-working. A number of characteristic internal and external morphologies have been recognised. The wide range of environmental conditions suitable for its formation and its common detrital occurrence debars the use of glauconite in palaeo-environmental studies. Its major use in geology is for the absolute age dating of sedimentary rocks by the K-Ar method. Glauconitic deposits have no present day commercial value, but soils formed on glauconitic parent materials are notable for their fertility. Glauconite weathers by loss of potassium to produce a montmorillonitic or vermiculitic product with the release of, or oxidation of, structural iron, so that the grain has the appearance of having weathered to limonite.

Reevaluation of Use of Glauconite for Radiometric Stratigraphic Dating: ABSTRACT

Glauconite is a potassium- and rubidium-bearing clay mineral that forms at the seawater-sediment interface in marine environments. As such, it should be useful in End_Page 1393------------------------------ the determination of absolute ages of sedimentation of sedimentary zones. K/Ar and Rb/Sr ages from glauconites are about 10-20% lower than the age of sedimentation where external controls on the ages are available. Previous studies have indicated that these low ages are not attributable to normal diffusion loss of Ar from glauconite crystallites. The possibilities of argon loss from open potassium sites, such as on crystal surfaces and from expanded layers, was investigated by acid dissolution techniques. These studies show that potassium is removed from glauconites with low expandabilities at 3 different rates. The highest dissolution rate corresponds to cation exchange and comprises 5-10% of the total potassium. About 5% of the total potassium is removed at a much slower rate than that of cation exchange, but at an order of magnitude faster than most of the potassium. The amount of potassium in open sites, interpreted to be subject to argon loss, was compared with the difference between radiometric age and stratigraphic age for some samples. It appears that low radiometric ages from glauconites can be explained largely by the presence of potassium in sites where argon is readily lost, although such factors as late epigenetic gain of potassium by glauconite may contribute to their low radiometric ages. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1394------------

Reevaluation of Use of Glauconite for Radiometric Stratigraphic Dating: ABSTRACT

Reevaluation of Use of Glauconite for Radiometric Stratigraphic Dating: ABSTRACT

Geochronology Applied to Exploration Problems: ABSTRACT

The present facilities for isotope age measurements at the Shell Development Company, Exploration and Production Research Division Laboratory, permit measurement by all of the well established age methods--potassium-argon, rubidium-strontium, uranium-lead, and thorium-lead. This gives us the advantage of a wide choice of minerals, and at least among the igneous and metamorphic rocks some age data can usually be obtained by at least one of the methods mentioned. Age measurements are often used to determine the age of igneous rocks encountered in wells. This enables the geologist to judge whether additional sedimentary reservoirs could be expected. In some places the age might suggest that true igneous has been reached and that no further sedimentary section can e reasonably expected. In other places, the presence of igneous sills and dikes, or volcanic layers is suggested, below which additional reservoirs could be expected. Samples of bottom-hole rocks from wells drilled prior to the general use of age determination methods have now been examined with the same objective. In general the results of these measurements on wells in different parts of the United States can be shown to fall in line with the suggested basement periods (G. R. Tilton and S. R. Hart, Science, vol. 140, p. 357, 1963). Frequently age determinations are used to determine time and influence of igneous activities in new exploration areas. In this case surface samples are used. This type of information helps to unravel the structural evolution of an area. This is important background for any study of the hydrocarbon potential of a new exploration province. The use of glauconite for potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium dating of sediments has been common for many years in oil exploration for obvious reasons. The use of the minerals in bentonite to date sediments is the subject of another paper in this symposium (R. E. Folinsbee, H. Baadsgaard, G. L. Cumming, and J. Nascimbene, Radiometric Dating of the Bearpaw Sea). The first dates on both biotite and zircon in bentonites were those measured at the Shell laboratory. Recently we have been measuring the age of detrital minerals in sediments as an aid in determining the source of conglomerates and micaceous sandstones, and this work is continuing. End_of_Article - Last_Page 524------------