Use Of Fluoride-containing Toothpaste Research Articles

AWARENESS OF DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS AND DENTAL INTERNS

Introduction. Promoting a commitment to dental caries prevention in young children plays a vital role in establishing healthy lifestyle habits that ward off dental diseases. The initial dental visit is as a cornerstone for fostering parental motivation in preventing dental issues and providing optimal conditions for the development of healthy eating habits, oral care practices, and the use of fluoride toothpaste. The foundation of dental knowledge, habits, and skills is laid within the family as children emulate adult behavior. Pediatric dentists, pediatricians, and primary healthcare personnel should serve as the primary and reliable sources of knowledge. As the determinants of dental caries are influenced by family-related risk factors, such as oral hygiene practices, the use of fluoride toothpaste, and sugar and carbohydrate consumption from an early age, parents bear the responsibility for creating an environment conducive to effective prevention. Dental professionals act as key information sources for oral health within the population and primary healthcare workers.
 Objective. This study aims to analyze the awareness of senior dental students and interns regarding the prevention of dental caries in infants and young children.
 Materials and Methods. A questionnaire was designed to assess awareness of dental caries prevention in infants and young children. The questionnaire, consisting of 13 questions with multiple answer options, was distributed to senior dental students and dental interns using an online Google form. It focused on evaluating knowledge of dental disease prevention, including the relationship between dental caries and behavioral risk factors such as nutrition, recommendations for oral care in children, and the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste.
 Results. Analysis of the questionnaire responses revealed that all participants were aware of the cariogenic nature of sugar, with 82.5% recognizing the caries-causing potential of fruit juices. However, knowledge regarding the cariogenicity of other products, such as fruits (8.8%) and dietary carbohydrates (25.4%), was limited. While the benefits of breastfeeding for a growing child are well-known, only 25.4% of senior dental students and interns recognized that prolonged, unregulated breastfeeding beyond one year contributes to early childhood caries. Moreover, 38.6% believed that bottle-feeding with milk formula can lead to tooth decay. Recommendations for feeding children from a spoon and cup after the eruption of the first milk tooth were not provided by any respondents. Only two individuals (1.8%) acknowledged that co-sleeping with the mother can pose a risk factor for childhood caries. Regarding oral hygiene recommendations for parents, only 12.3% of senior dental students and medical interns suggested the use of toothpaste and a brush, while guidance on selecting appropriate toothpaste for infants and young children was disregarded by all respondents. Additionally, the quantity of toothpaste to be applied and the age at which children should start brushing their teeth were not considered, with 53.5% of respondents believing that brushing with a toothbrush alone is sufficient.
 Conclusion. The survey exposed insufficient knowledge among senior dental students and medical interns regarding risk factors and evidence-based methods for preventing dental caries in infants and young children.

Practices of oral health maintenance, caries protective factors and caries experience in adults in Sekeloa Region

Introduction: Dental caries is still the most common oral disease experienced in Indonesia. Caries is caused by various factors. Practices in maintaining proper oral health are urgently needed to maintain healthy teeth and mouth to avoid various diseases, including caries. Caries prevention is inseparable from the role of protective factors that maintain the caries balance. This study was aimed at discovering the level of oral health maintenance practices, caries protective factors, as well as caries experience in adults in Sekeloa Region. Methods: The research method was descriptive cross-sectional with purposive sampling technique. The sample consisted of 61 permanent residents aged 35-44 years in South Sekeloa. Data was collected through questionnaire and DMF-T index examination. Discussion: Dental health maintenance practices including frequency, times, duration, techniques, type of brush bristles, use of brushes according to its lifetime, use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, use of interdental cleaning tools, frequency of dental visits, frequency of scaling procedures, and food consumption along with caries protective factors including the consumption of non-cariogenic snacks, xylitol chewing gum, use of chlorhexidine or fluoride mouthwash, pit and fissure sealant and topical fluoride treatments play an important role in preventing caries. Results: This study shows that subjects performed good practices of oral health maintenance (47.54%), adequate (50.82%), bad (1.64%), and good caries protective factors (1.64%), adequate (52.46%), bad (45.90%). The caries experience degree reached 9.13 and was categorized as moderate. Conclusion: The degree of caries experience in adults aged 35-44 years in the Sekeloa Region was moderate, oral health maintenance practices and caries protective factors were adequate.

Association between water, sanitation, general hygiene and oral hygiene practices of street-involved young people in Southwest Nigeria

BackgroundOral hygiene practices can be linked to personal hygiene practices, including access to water and other sanitation facilities. The objective of the study was to determine if there is an association between oral hygiene practices and water and sanitation hygiene (WASH) practices among street-involved young people (SIYP).MethodsA cross-sectional study recruited SIYP age 10–24 years in two States in Nigeria recruited through respondent-driven sampling in December 2018. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on water access, sanitation, personal and oral hygiene. The instruments used for collecting the data were standardized tools for measuring the phenomena studied. The association between knowledge and practice of oral hygiene; oral hygiene and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); and indicators of good oral hygiene were determined using binary logistic regression guided by two models.ResultsA total of 845 study participants were recruited. The proportion of SIYP with good knowledge of oral hygiene was low (31.2%), and fewer had good oral hygiene practice (8.9%). There were significant associations between knowledge and practice of tooth cleaning, use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, dental flossing, consumption of sugar between meals, and frequency of dental check-ups (p < 0.001 respectively). Respondents with good water collection and storage practices (AOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.24–3.24; P = 0.005) and those residing in Lagos (AOR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.61–5.06; P = 0.001) had a higher likelihood of having good oral hygiene.ConclusionGood oral hygiene practices of SIYP in Nigeria is associated with access to water collection and storage. WASH programs can have an impact on health through improved oral hygiene practices.

Health impact of supplying safe drinking water on patients having various clinical manifestations of fluorosis in an endemic village of west bengal.

Background:Excessive fluoride in drinking water causes dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis which is encountered in endemic proportions in several parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value and the permissible limit of fluoride as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is 1.5 mg/L. Studies showed that withdrawal of sources identified for fluoride, often leads to reduction of fluoride in the body fluids (re-testing urine and serum after a week or ten days) and results in the disappearance of non-skeletal fluorosis within a short duration of 10-15 days.Objective:To determine the prevalence of signs and symptoms of suspected dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis along with food habits, addictions and use of fluoride-containing toothpaste among participants taking water with fluoride concentration above permissible limit and to assess the changes in clinical manifestations of the above participants after consumption of safe drinking water with fluoride concentration below permissible limit.Materials and Methods:A longitudinal intervention study was conducted from October 2010 to December 2011 in a village selected randomly in Purulia District of West Bengal which is endemic for fluorosis. Thirty-six families with 104 family members in the above village having history of taking unsafe water containing high level of fluoride were selected for the study. The occurrence of various dental, skeletal and non-skeletal manifestations of fluorosis along with food habits, addictions and use of fluoride-containing toothpaste among the study population was assessed; the impact of taking safe water with fluoride concentration below permissible limit from a supplied community filter on these clinical manifestations was studied by follow-up examination of the above participants for six months. The data obtained is compared with the collected data from the baseline survey.Results:The prevalence of signs and symptoms of dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis was (18.26%), (18.26-43.26%) and (12.49-38.46%) among the study population. Withdrawal of source(s) identified for fluoride by providing community filters supplying safe water along with nutritional interventions lead to 1.92% decrease of manifestation of dental fluorosis, 2.88-18.26% decrease of manifestations of skeletal fluorosis and 3.8-5.77% decrease in manifestations of non-skeletal fluorosis within six months. Following repeated motivation of participants during visit there was also 2.88% decrease in the usage of fluoride-containing toothpaste, 4.81% decrease in consumption of black lemon tea, supari and tobacco which are known sources of fluoride ingestion in our body.Conclusion:Increased prevalence of dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis was found among the study population. Withdrawal of sources(s) identified for fluoride by supplying community filter, dietary restriction and other nutritional interventions led to decrease of manifestations of the three types of fluorosis within six months. The government should play a vital role in ensuring drinking water safety at the household and community level by supplying domestic filters at affordable costs and community filter along with nutritional intervention to the fluorosis-affected villages on a priority basis to mitigate the problem.

Simplified Prediction Model for Accurate Assessment of Dental Caries Risk among Participants Aged 10-18 Years

Dental caries assessment needs to be targeted at specific age groups, as many risk factors are related to patient age. Pre-teen and teenage patients, who are still at risk of occurrence of new carious lesions, need more individualized caries management strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to identify caries-related risk factors and develop a simplified risk prediction model for dental caries. Risk factors for caries were assessed in 171 participants aged 10-18 years, based on a questionnaire survey, previous history of caries, oral hygiene, microorganism colonization, saliva secretion, saliva buffer capacity examinations, and the acidogenicity of dental biofilms. These risk factors were entered into a computer-based risk assessment program (the Cariogram), and correlations between these factors and Cariogram scores were investigated. Significant risk predictors were used to develop a simplified risk prediction model. The performance of this model in predicting dental caries incidence was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis, to determine its applicability to the management of caries. Our simplified prediction model included three predictors that were significantly associated with caries incidence: use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, the acidogenicity of dental biofilms, and saliva secretion (p < 0.001). The resulting model had a sensitivity and specificity of 60.5 and 85.0%, respectively, with a cut-off value of 69.41 as the threshold. The area under the curve of this model was 0.782 (95% confidence interval = 0.681-0.884, p < 0.001). Our new caries risk prediction model is expected to allow clinicians to accurately and easily predict patients' risk of occurrence of new caries.

Oral health practices and associated caries experience among secondary school students in Lagos State, Nigeria

Aim: The distribution and severity of oral diseases are significantly influenced by oral hygiene practices. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health practices among secondary school students in Lagos State, Nigeria and investigate the influence of oral hygiene practices on caries experience. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were administered and dental examinations conducted on 598 schoolchildren aged 11–20 years. The students were recruited from two Local Government Areas of Lagos State. Statistical significance was determined at P Results: Majority of the participants (57.6%) had never visited the dentist. “Lack of pain” (31.1%) and “no reason” (42.5%) were recorded as the reason for not visiting the dentist. While toothbrush alone was used as a cleaning item by 73.9% of the students, 70.4% used fluoride-containing toothpaste, and 76.9% brush their teeth twice daily. The prevalence of dental caries was 9.7%. Caries prevalence was significantly associated with the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste (P = 0.015) and frequency of cleaning (P = 0.04). Respondents who used fluoride-containing toothpaste were about 2 times less likely to develop dental caries (odd ratio [OR] = 0.425 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–1.32) and those who brush twice or more daily were 2.4 times less likely to develop caries (OR = 0.44 95% CI: 0.20–0.94). Conclusion: The oral health practices of the participants were not satisfactory. Although the prevalence of dental caries was low, it was significantly influenced by frequency of toothbrushing and the use of toothpaste containing fluoride.

Urinary fluoride excretion in preschool children after intake of fluoridated milk and use of fluoride-containing toothpaste.

To assess the urinary fluoride excretion in preschool children after drinking fluoridated milk with 0.185 mg F and 0.375 mg F and to study the impact of use of fluoride toothpaste. Double-blind cross-over study. Nine healthy children, 2.5-4.5 years of age. In a randomized order, participants drank 1.5 dl milk once daily for 7 days with no fluoride added (control), 0.185 mg fluoride added and 0.375 mg fluoride added. The experiment was performed twice with (Part I) and without (Part II) parental tooth brushing with 1,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste. The fluoride content in the piped drinking water was 0.5 mg F/L. Urinary fluoride excretion. The 24-hour urinary fl uoride excretion/kg body weight varied from 0.014 mg F for the placebo intervention and non-fluoride toothpaste to 0.027 mg F for the 0.375 mg intervention with use of 1,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste. The difference compared with the placebo intervention was not statistically significant for any of the interventions when fluoride toothpaste was used (p⟩0.05) while it was statistically significantly different when non-fluoride toothpaste was used (p⟨0.05). All sources of fluoride must be considered when designing community programs. With 0.5 mg F/L in the drinking water and daily use of fluoride toothpaste, most children had a fluoride intake optimal for dental health. In this setting, additional intake of fluoride milk was within safe limits up to 0.185 mg/day while conclusions about the safety of 0.375 mg/day were uncertain.

Effect of a school-based oral health education programme on use of recommended oral self-care for reducing the risk of caries by children in Nigeria.

Caries is a major oral health problem children with efforts focused on promoting use of caries prevention methods. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of a school-based oral health education programme on use of oral self-care measures for reducing caries. A structured school-based oral health education programme was implemented in six schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria for 4 years. At the end of the project, information was sought from school children in their last year and final 2 years of studies on the use of fluoridated toothpaste, consumption of sugar-containing snacks more than once a day, frequency of tooth brushing and flossing, and time of the last dental check-up. Predictors of the use of preventive oral health practices for caries were determined. School children who received the intervention were more likely to report frequent use of fluoride-containing toothpastes (P < 0.001), more likely to brush twice a day (P = 0.03), less likely to consuming sugar-containing snacks less than once a day (P = 0.03) and less likely to use dental floss once a day (P < 0.001) when compared to the control group. This long term school based educational programme was able to increase school children's use of fluoride-containing toothpaste and twice daily tooth brushing, which are critical tools for reducing the risk of caries.

Longitudinal evaluation of fluoride levels in nails of 18–30‐month‐old children that were using toothpastes with 500 and 1100 μg F/g

This study aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in the fingernails and toenails of children aged 18-30 months during use of fluoride-containing toothpastes supplemented with calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) or sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP). According to the toothpaste used, children (n = 56) were randomly assigned into three groups: 500 μg F/g with 1% TMP, 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP, and 1100 μg F/g. Fingernails and toenails were collected monthly over a period of 330 days, from the beginning of toothpaste use. Fluoride concentration in the water consumed by the volunteers and fluoride intake from diet and toothpaste were also determined. Fluoride analyses were performed with the electrode after hexamethyldisiloxane-facilitated diffusion or by the direct method, according to the samples. Data passed normality and homoscedasticity tests and were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance (anova) and 1-way anova followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < 0.05). Fluoride levels in the fingernails and toenails as well as fluoride intake from toothpaste were similar for the groups treated with 500 μg F/g with 1% TMP and 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP toothpastes, but significantly lower than the 1100 μg F/g group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted among the groups regarding fluoride intake from diet and that by water consumed by the volunteers (P > 0.05). The results of the longitudinal study suggest that the level of fluoride present in nails was lower with the use of toothpastes with a low fluoride concentration.

Estimated dietary fluoride intake for New Zealanders

Existing fluoride concentration and consumption data were used to estimate fluoride intakes from the diet and toothpaste use, for New Zealand subpopulations, to identify any population groups at risk of high-fluoride intake. For each sub-population, two separate dietary intake estimates were made--one based on a non-fluoridated water supply (fluoride concentration of 0.1 mg/L), and the other based on a water supply fluoridated to a concentration of 1.0 mg/L. Fluoride concentration data were taken from historical surveys, while food consumption data were taken from national 24-hour dietary recall surveys or from simulated diets. Mean and 95th percentile estimations of dietary fluoride intake were well below the upper level of intake (UL), whether intakes were calculated on the basis of a non-fluoridated or fluoridated water supply. The use of fluoride-containing toothpastes provides additional fluoride intake. For many of the population groups considered, mean fluoride intakes were below the adequate intake (AI) level for caries protection, even after inclusion of the fluoride contribution from toothpaste. Intake of fluoride was driven by consumption of dietary staples (bread, potatoes),beverages (particularly tea, soft drinks, and beer), and the fluoride status of drinking water. Estimates of fluoride intake from the diet and toothpaste did not identify any groups at risk of exceeding the UL, with the exception of infants (6-12 months) living in areas with fluoridated water supplies and using high-fluoride toothpaste. In contrast, much of the adult population may be receiving insufficient fluoride for optimum caries protection from these sources, as represented by the AI.

Fluoride-containing toothpastes available in two European countries

The caries-preventive effect of fluoride is well known. The widespread use of fluoride-containing toothpastes and mouthrinses has been recommended to reduce dental caries. Many kinds of fluoride-containing toothpastes are available in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of fluoride-containing toothpastes on the market in two European countries. Fluoride-containing toothpastes were purchased from retail outlets in Cardiff, United Kingdom, and Frankfurt, Germany. The ingredients labels were studied to determine the type and concentration of fluoride. Most of the toothpastes contained sodium fluoride (56.4%); some contained monofluoroacetic sodium (31.7%), stearyl trihydroxyethyl propylenediamine dihydrofluoride (1.0%), aluminium fluoride (1.0%), stannous fluoride (2.0%), or amine fluoride (5.0%). The concentration of fluoride in these products ranged from 800 to 1,500 ppm.

Fluoride-containing mouthrinses in three European countries

The caries-preventive effect of fluoride is well known. The widespread use of fluoride-containing toothpastes and mouthrinses has been recommended to reduce dental caries. Many kinds of fluoride containing toothpastes are available in Japan. However, only two kinds of mouthrinses which contain fluoride are comically available. The aim of this study was to investigate the current status of fluoride-containing mouthrinses on the market in three European countries. Fluoride-containing mouthrinses were purchased from retail outlets in Athens, Amsterdam and Geneva. The labels of ingredients were studied to determine the type and concentration of fluoride. Most of the mouthrinses contained sodium fluoride (90%); some contained stannous fluoride (5%) or potassium fluoride (7%). The concentrations of fluoride ranged from 100 ppm to 500 ppm.

フッ化ナトリウム配合歯磨剤の口腔内動態に関する研究

Although fluoride has been widely used for caries prevention in various ways, attention is now being paid to the use of toothpaste containing fluoride for caries control.The inhibition of decalcification and the remineralization of initial carious lesions should be promoted by the continuous presence of fluoride derived from toothpaste in dental plaque and saliva.In this study, I assessed the effects of toothpaste containing 100 or 250 ppmF- as NaF on the fluoride level in the oral environment, on selected organic acids in plaque, and on the number of bacteria in plaque.The results obtained were as follows:1) Fluoride concentration in both plaque and saliva was increased significantly by the use of fluoride-containing toothpastes (p<0.05).2) With 250 ppmF- toothpaste the fluoride concentration in plaque and saliva was higher than that obtained when 100 ppmF- tooth paste was used. However, these levels decreased to almost the original levels after 60 minutes. Therefore, the oral clearance of fluoride is apparently rapid.3) Acid production in plaque was inhibited significantly by the use of fluoride-containing toothpastes (p<0.001).4) When the 250ppmF- toothpaste was used for 5 days, the bacterial number in plaque tended to decrease.5) These data suggest that fluoride-containing toothpaste could prevent caries incidence even at a concentration as low as 100 or 250 ppmF-.

Superficial fluoride levels and response to in-vitro caries-like lesion induction of enamel from Bristol (U.K.) and Birmingham (U.K.) human deciduous teeth

Surface enamel fluoride levels were measured in deciduous canine teeth from Bristol, with non-fluoridated water supplies, and Birmingham, with fluoridated water supplies. Three populations studied were from Bristol (teeth shed before 1960), Bristol (after 1975) and Birmingham (after 1975). Up to 75 μm from the enamel surface, fluoride concentrations of post-1975 Bristol and Birmingham teeth were, respectively, × 1.3 and 3.4 greater than those of pre-1960 Bristol teeth. The increase in the Bristol teeth is presumably due mainly to the increased use of fluoride-containing toothpastes, that in Birmingham to fluoridated water plus the use of fluoride toothpastes. No difference in the rates of penetration into enamel of acid-gel induced, caries-like lesions were found between the two Bristol populations; Birmingham teeth showed a reduction of 10 per cent in penetration rate. It is suggested that raised fluoride levels in surface enamel do not reduce solubility sufficiently to account, by themselves, for the recent nationwide marked reduction in caries in children. Possibly, the raising of plaque fluoride levels is a more important factor, affecting demineralization, remineralization and bacterial activity.