Use Of Flat Research Articles

Использование плоских сплоточных единиц на первоначальном сплаве лесоматериалов

The prohibition of drift floating used in the initial timber rafting led to an increase in the cost of supplying timber to consumers. Nowadays, the technology for rafting operations on small and medium-sized rivers is developing in two directions. The first is the use of bunches (micro-bundles) in initial timber rafting which, after rafting along the rivers with limiting rafting dimensions, are joined together to form, for example, a two-tiered bunch of rafting units. The second is the use of flat rafting units in initial timber rafting. In order to implement modern flat rafting units in initial timber rafting, an in-depth substantiation of the economic advantages of these rafting units compared to micro-bundles is required. The article proposes to carry out the assessment by using an inequality. At one end the inequality expresses the costs for rafting of flat rafting units with their subsequent joining into larger timber transportation units, drift floating of flat rafting units, forming rafts from them, towing these rafts, purchasing machines and equipment to organize rafting, and expenses for hauling the timber, which remain from the wood harvested during the year due to the close of navigation and limitation of rafting volume by insufficient carrying capacity, by overland transport. At the other end the inequality expresses similar parameters for micro-bundle rafting. Analytical dependencies setting up the above-mentioned parameters are found. The costs for timber hauling by overland transport considered in the method indicate that due to inefficient use of the carrying capacity of the rafting stroke the volume of timber rafting on a given section of the rafting route decreases. Consequently, there is a need to deliver the remaining timber to floating depots by land transport. The implementation of flat rafting units in initial timber rafting should provide higher carrying capacity of a rafting route compared to micro-bundles by reducing the draft and hence the volume of timber delivered to the floating depots by expensive overland transport. For citation: Vasiliev V.V., Afonichev D.N. The Use of Flat Rafting Units during the Initial Timber Rafting. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2022, no. 1, pp. 128–142. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2022-1-128-142

Multi-player dynamic game model for Bitcoin transaction bidding prediction

With the rapid rise of cryptocurrencies, it has become an urgent problem to realize the flat use of digital currency, with making it really put into use, and giving full play to its utility in the current economic market. This paper innovatively takes the maximization of user benefit as the key point to predict transaction bidding price combining dynamic game theory. The bidding price of user transaction not only refers to historical transactions, but also considers the impact on future subsequences, and the result describes the interaction between transactions in detail. Also this paper proposes a method to express user satisfaction and establishes a user benefit model accordingly, so as to ensure the transaction is packaged successfully to the greatest extent within the acceptable range of transaction pricing. Finally this paper compares the proposed model with conventional machine learning prediction algorithms, finding that when user does not participate in the trading for the first time, the prediction effect of this proposal is better than that of machine learning over small data sets, moreover superior to machine learning methods in prediction accuracy and sensitivity, with a lower time complexity.

BANTUAN PEMBANGUNAN RUSUNAWA PADA LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN TINGGI

With the issuance of Law Number 16 of 1985 concerning Flats, Draft General Guidelines for Compilation and Submission of Proposals for Development of Flats for Higher Education Number 1 of 2006 and Regulation of the State Minister of Public Housing Number 9/PERMEN/M/2008 concerning Guidelines for Assistance for Flats Development Simple rent (Rusunawa) at Higher Education Institutions and Boarding Education Institutions, so students can breathe a little easier to reduce the cost of education. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the use of flats in universities.The research approach used in this research is a quantitative approach and a qualitative approach. Quantitative methods emphasize the existence of variables as objects of research and these variables must be defined in the form of the operationalization of each variable. This research is an ex facto research because it is carried out after all events have taken place.The results of this study indicate that so far the utilization of the building has not been optimal. This is because the building design does not match the habits of building users, even though the building design is a uniform design from the rusunawa construction aid provider. Moreover, other regions have different local wisdom according to the characteristics of each region.

Young Customers’ Expectations in Terms of Implementing PropTech (Property Technology) on the Local Primary Residential Market in Poland

The aim of this study is to assess customers’ expectations in the use of modern technologies in the process of buying and subsequent use of flats on the local primary residential real estate market. The study has been conducted in order to achieve the above-mentioned goal. A survey questionnaire was used as a research tool. The subjects were young people (up to 35 years of age) from the area of Poznań (non-random sample selection, sample size n=220). Based on the research, it can be concluded that there is a large group of customers that are aware of modern technologies and claim that they would be willing to pay more for the technologies they choose. Probably this number could be increased if the buyers were pointed to specific savings from investing in modern solutions. The adopted spatial scope (city of Poznań) results from the specificity of this research area. And although there are no substantive grounds for major generalisations, taking into account the size of the market in Poznań, it can be assumed that in other large Polish cities customer preferences are similar.

Heavy metal pollution and the risk from tidal flat reclamation in coastal areas of Jiangsu, China

Tidal flat is an important supplementary land resource. However, increasing tidal flat reclamation in China has resulted in severe environmental issues. Using single-metal pollution index and multi-metal Nemerow pollution index, this study aimed to evaluate the risks of heavy metal pollution among different tidal flat use types, including fish farm, farmland, pastoral land, industrial land, forest and unutilized land. The results indicated that, concentrations of all elements were higher than geochemical values; Cd posed the highest risk, followed by As and Ni. Fish farm created the highest risk, followed by farmland. Every one year increase in fish farming led to increases in sediment concentrations of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn and As by 0.73, 1.25, 0.68, 0.41, 1.22 and 0.20 mg.kg−1, respectively. Tidal flat reclamation in Jiangsu Province creates the risk of heavy metal pollution, and specific attention should be paid to the fodders and additives used in fish farming.

Implementation of Compliance Obligations for Public Flats Provision by The Commercial Flats Construction Actors

The need for flats as urban dwellings is very large and continues to increase along with the high population. One of the considerations of the flats, especially in urban areas, was inspired by the increasing scarcity of land. This study aims to determine the implementation of fulfilling the obligation to provide public flats by commercial flats. This research method is normative law. The approaches used in this study include the statute approach, conceptual approach, and philosophical approach. The results showed the fulfillment of the obligation to provide public flats by the commercial flats development actors can be done through grants, buying and selling or leasing, but the most realistic to be implemented is through buying and selling. The use of flats by leasing has a business aspect because it contains elements of commercial profit-making, this opens up opportunities for business people in the property business.

Coastal development history and tidal flat ecosystem conservation along the coast of Jiangsu Province, China

Jiangsu coast, with the unique feature of expanding tidal flat along the west border of the South Yellow Sea, has the famous coastal ecosystem of tidal flat, which is also the habitat for the long-distance migration birds. Using the comprehensive analysis of the historical documents and historical maps as well as the remote sensing images, the authors reviewed the development and conservation of the tidal flat in Jiangsu coast. The development of the tidal flat has a long history of more than two thousand years. Salt production was the earliest economic purpose of the tidal flat development, obvious transition of the tidal flat use changed from salt production to farming in the late nineteenth century. The large-scale reclamation began in the early time of 1910s and the fast reclamation periods in the past century corresponded with the policy-oriented supporting from the government. The conservation of the tidal flat and the salt marsh in the central part of the Jiangsu coast oriented the setup of the Yancheng Wetland Conserves in the year of 1983. The conflicts between the tidal flat conservation and the development in the past decades was discussed in the aspect of the key periods. Large amount loss of tidal flat resulted in the food-rich, continuous wetland became more fragmental and food shortage along the tidal flat of Jiangsu coast. The author believed the policy and the decision- making play important role in the conflicts about the coastal wetland conservation and development in Jiangsu Province. There are more potentials for the improvement of the coastal development policy and decision-making in the future.

Shallow water tidal flat use and associated specialized foraging behavior of the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran)

Evidence suggests the great hammerhead shark, Sphyrna mokarran, is vulnerable to a variety of anthropogenic stressors, and is an understudied species of shark due to its cryptic nature and wide-ranging movements. While recognized as both a pelagic-coastal and a highly mobile predator, minimal anecdotal evidence exist describing shallow water habitat use by this species. This report describes six cases in which a great hammerhead shark utilizes an inshore shallow water flats environment (<1.5 m in depth), five of which involve prey capture. These observations permitted identification of two novel behaviors that may allow great hammerheads to inhabit these shallow habitats: a (1) prey-capture technique termed ‘grasp-turning’ that involves burst swimming at tight turning angles while grasping prey and (2) a post-predation recovery period whereby the shark maintains head-first orientation into the current that may facilitate respiration and prey consumption. These behavioral observations provide insights into the natural history of this species.

SU‐E‐T‐781: Using An Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) for Correlating Linac Photon Beam Energies

Purpose:Electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) have proven to be useful for measuring several parameters of interest in linear accelerator (linac) quality assurance (QA). The purpose of this project was to evaluate the feasibility of using EPIDs for determining linac photon beam energies.Methods:Two non‐clinical Varian TrueBeam linacs (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA) with 6MV and 10MV photon beams were used to perform the measurements. The linacs were equipped with an amorphous silicon based EPIDs (aSi1000) that were used for the measurements. We compared the use of flatness versus percent depth dose (PDD) for predicting changes in linac photon beam energy. PDD was measured in 1D water tank (Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne FL) and the profiles were measured using 2D ion‐chamber array (IC‐Profiler, Sun Nuclear) and the EPID. Energy changes were accomplished by varying the bending magnet current (BMC). The evaluated energies conformed with the AAPM TG142 tolerance of ±1% change in PDD.Results:BMC changes correlating with a ±1% change in PDD corresponded with a change in flatness of ∼1% to 2% from baseline values on the EPID. IC Profiler flatness values had the same correlation. We observed a similar trend for the 10MV beam energy changes. Our measurements indicated a strong correlation between changes in linac photon beam energy and changes in flatness. For all machines and energies, beam energy changes produced change in the uniformity (AAPM TG‐142), varying from ∼1% to 2.5%.Conclusions:EPID image analysis of beam profiles can be used to determine linac photon beam energy changes. Flatness‐based metrics or uniformity as defined by AAPM TG‐142 were found to be more sensitive to linac photon beam energy changes than PDD.Research funding provided by Varian Medical Systems. Dr. Sasa Mutic receives compensation for providing patient safety training services from Varian Medical Systems, the sponsor of this study.

Fast Wavelet-Based Model Predictive Control of Differentially Flat Systems

A system is differentially flat if it is Lie–Bäcklund (L-B) equivalent to a free dynamical system that has dimensions equal to that of the input of the original system. Utilizing this equivalence, the problem of nonlinear model predictive control of a flat system can be reduced to a lower dimensional nonlinear programming problem with respect to the flat outputs. In this work, a novel computational method based on Haar wavelets in the time-domain for solving the resulting nonlinear programming problem is developed to obtain an approximation of the optimal flat output trajectory. The Haar wavelet integral operational matrix is utilized to transform the nonlinear programming problem to a finite dimensional nonlinear optimization problem. The proposed approach makes use of flatness as a structural property of nonlinear systems and the convenient mathematical properties of Haar wavelets to develop an efficient computational algorithm for nonlinear model predictive control of differentially flat systems. Further improvement on computational efficiency is achieved by providing solutions with multiple resolutions (e.g., obtaining high resolution solutions only for the near future, but allowing coarse approximation for the later stage in the prediction horizon).

Time-varying controller based on flatness for nonlinear anti-lock brake system

It is shown that by the use of flatness the problem of pole placement, which consists in imposing closed-loop system dynamics, can be related to track desired trajectories in the finite-dimensional linear time-invariant case. Polynomial two-degree-of-freedom controller can then be designed with the use of an exact observer and without resolving the Bézout's equation. In this paper, an extension of these developments is proposed in the linear time-varying (LTV) framework. The proposed approach is illustrated with the control of nonlinear model of an anti-lock brake system. The time-varying controller obtained from the LTV model ensures the trajectory tracking of the nonlinear model.

Measurement of changes in linear accelerator photon energy through flatness variation using an ion chamber array

To compare the use of flatness versus percent depth dose (PDD) for determining changes in photon beam energy for a megavoltage linear accelerator. Energy changes were accomplished by adjusting the bending magnet current by up to ± 15% in 5% increments away from the value used clinically. Two metrics for flatness, relative flatness in the central 80% of the field (Flat) and average maximum dose along the diagonals normalized by central axis dose (FDN), were measured using a commercially available planner ionization chamber array. PDD was measured in water at depths of 5 and 10 cm in 3 × 3 cm(2) and 10 × 10 cm(2) fields using a cylindrical chamber. PDD was more sensitive to changes in energy when the beam energy was increased than when it was decreased. For the 18-MV beam in particular, PDD was not sensitive to energy reductions below the nominal energy. The value of Flat was found to be more sensitive to decreases in energy than to increases, with little sensitivity to energy increases above the nominal energy for 18-MV beams. FDN was the only metric that was found to be sensitive to both increases and reductions of energy for both the 6- and 18-MV beams. Flatness based metrics were found to be more sensitive to energy changes than PDD, In particular, FDN was found to be the most sensitive metric to energy changes for photon beams of 6 and 18 MV. The ionization chamber array allows this metric to be conveniently measured as part of routine accelerator quality assurance.

장봉도 갯벌을 이용하는 대형 갑각류 군집의 계절 변화

This study examined the community structure and temporal variation of the macro-crustaceans on Jangbong tidal flat, Incheon, Korea. Macro-crustaceans on this tidal flat were collected using a modified otter trawl from November 1999 to January 2001. The macro-crustaceans comprised 32 species, 7,741 individuals, and 29,211.3 gWWt during the study period. The Jangbong tidal flat was dominated numerically by three shrimp (Palaemon carinicauda, Crangon affinis, and Metapenaeus joyneri) and two portunid crabs (Charybdis japonica and Portunus trituberculatus). The macro-crustacean assemblages were divided into two different season and species groups based on the q-mode and r-mode clustering methods. In terms of q-mode, they consisted of a winter species group from December through April and a summer species group from May through November. The r-mode analysis showed that the species group visiting the tidal flat in winter was dominated numerically by palaemonid and crangonid shrimps, while a species group characterized by an abundance of portunid crabs and penaeid shrimps was more frequent in spring, summer, and autumn. In conclusion, our study revealed distinct temporal variation in the tidal flat use by macro-crustaceans around Jangbong Island, Incheon, Korea.

Invertebrate prey activity varies along the tidal cycle and depends on sediment drainage: Consequences for the foraging behaviour of waders

The influence of prey activity on the use of intertidal flats by foraging waders is largely unknown. Due to differences in sediment drainage some flats remain covered by a layer of water during much of the exposed part of the tidal cycle, whereas others drain soon after the passage of the tidal line. Invertebrate prey may respond to the presence of water over the sediment, so their activity is likely to vary throughout exposure and among differently drained sites. Because active prey tend to be more conspicuous to predators, sediment drainage may also influence the foraging behaviour and intertidal flat use by waders. Using video recordings and controlled drainage experiments, we studied how the activity of the two most important wader prey in the Tagus estuary, Hediste diversicolor Malmgren and Scrobicularia plana (da Costa), is influenced by sediment drainage, and how it varies throughout the exposed part of the tidal cycle. H. diversicolor was far more active in well drained sediments and at later phases of the exposure period. In contrast, activity of S. plana peaked in early phases of exposure but declined quickly as the sediment drained, except when poor drainage maintained a thin water layer. In concordance with these results, wader species that feed extensively on S. plana in the Tagus tend to follow the tidal line and concentrate on poorly drained areas, while those that prefer H. diversicolor are not tide-followers and remain on well drained areas. This agreement suggests that sediment drainage and associated prey rhythms greatly influence wader foraging patterns on sediment flats.

Polynomial Controller Design Based on Flatness

By the use of flatness the problem of pole placement, which consists in imposing closed loop system dynamics can be related to tracking. Polynomial controllers for finite-dimensional linear systems can then be designed with very natural choices for high level parameters design. This design leads to a Bezout equation which is independent of the closed loop dynamics but depends only on the system model.

Plans for post‐war housing in the UK: The case for mixed development and the flat

It is curious that despite widespread preoccupation with the use of flats in public housing since the Second World War, and despite the number of studies of the high flat ‘boom’ of the 1950s and 60s, there has been little interest in the arguments advanced for the flat during the 1940s. Yet the debate during these years, as the country was coming to focus on the task of reconstruction, was critical to the direction of housing policy and the forms of housing in the immediate post‐war years. During the mid 1940s we can see for the first time in Britain the elaboration of a broad‐based argument in favour of building flats, not just for special groups such as those being moved from slum clearance schemes, but as part of a general response to the problems of housing and reconstruction (Fig. 1). In the government publications that established the basis for reconstruction, such as the County of London Plan and the Housing Manual 1944, there is official encouragement for housing layouts that combined houses for l...

AbstractIntestinal Obstruction: Further Experiences in the Use of Flat Abdominal Films. ZeitlinN. S., M.D. and MazelM. S., M.D.,Radiol. 45, September 1945, 267.

AbstractIntestinal Obstruction: Further Experiences in the Use of Flat Abdominal Films. ZeitlinN. S., M.D. and MazelM. S., M.D.,<i>Radiol</i>. 45, September 1945, 267.