Use Of Fish Resources Research Articles

Management of Swanggi Fish (Priacanthus Macracanthus) in the Waters of the Port of Nusantara Fishery Port Ratu

Indonesia has two-thirds of its territory covered by sea, making it rich in marine resources, especially fish. According to the Census of Marine Life, there are around 950 thousand species that inhabit the world's oceans, but only about one percent have been exploited. In Indonesia itself, FishBase records around 4743 types of fish, making it the country with the largest Marine Mega-Biodiversity in the world (Jabbar, 2018). There are two main problems in the fisheries sector in Indonesia: economics and biology. Biological problems include threats to the sustainability of fish stocks, while economic problems are related to the lack of profits obtained by fishermen from catches and sustainable use of fish resources (Akoit and Nalle, 2018). The Archipelago Fisheries Port (PPN) plays an important role in supporting fishing activities in the Indian Ocean, including in Palabuhanratu, West Java. Palabuhanratu is an important location for landing various types of fish, especially large pelagic fish such as tuna and skipjack, as well as swanggi fish (Priacanthusmacracanthus), which experienced a significant increase in production from 573 tonnes in 2013 to 18,730 tonnes in 2015 (Sadewi et al., 2018). Swanggi fish is a demersal fish with high economic value that is in demand by the public and is an export commodity to Korea, Japan and China. However, high demand results in overfishing and a decline in adult fish stocks (Jabbar et al., 2017). This research is descriptive quantitative research which aims to measure the level of variables through samples. The analytical methods used include analysis of biological aspects of swanggifish, catch analysis methods, and sustainability analysis methods using Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH). It is hoped that the results of this research can provide a sustainable shrimp resource management strategy based on the data obtained.

Potential Conflict of Small-Scale Fishermen on the North Coast of Java: Case Study of Muarareja village, Tegal, Central Java, Indonesia

Fishing conditions on the North Coast of Java are known to experience overfishing; This then has an impact on low fisheries productivity which then triggers conflicts between fishermen, increases the poverty of fishermen, and threatens the food security of coastal communities whose livelihoods are very dependent on fish resources in the sea. Therefore, this study examines potential conflicts among small-scale fishermen in the use of fish resources and its impact on food security also the resolution of these conflicts. The method used is a qualitative approach supported by quantitative data. Data analysis refers to the structural-functional theory and conflict theory. The study results show that conflicts for livelihood mostly occur among small-scale fishermen. The forms of conflict that small-scale fishermen often perpetrate are vandalism and petty theft, with protests or sanctions that are given only to be silenced because coastal fishermen on North coast of Java still uphold Javanese culture, which prefers to live in peace and harmony. Some of the actions taken to secure food when conflict inevitably occurs are diversifying livelihoods, utilizing locally available food sources, maintaining applicable Javanese norms and customs as well as high utilization of social capital among small-scale fishermen. Conflict resolution among small-scale fishermen is usually carried out by simply being silent and forgotten over time or through deliberations mediated through religious leaders, rich fishermen (upper layer), and wise old fishermen. The dynamics of conflicts that occur among small-scale fishermen do not appear much because the existing conflicts are more latent.

Major changes in fish thermal habitat diversity in Canada’s Arctic lakes due to climate change

Climate warming is a major disruptor of fish community structure globally. We use large-scale geospatial analyses of 447,077 Canadian Arctic lakes to predict how climate change would impact lake thermal habitat diversity across the Arctic landscape. Increases in maximum surface temperature (+2.4–6.7 °C), ice-free period (+14–38 days), and thermal stratification presence (+4.2–18.9%) occur under all climate scenarios. Lakes, currently fishless due to deep winter ice, open up; many thermally uniform lakes become thermally diverse. Resilient coldwater habitat supply is predicted; however, thermally diverse lakes shift from providing almost exclusively coldwater habitat to providing substantial coolwater habitat and previously absent warmwater habitat. Across terrestrial ecozones, most lakes exhibit major shifts in thermal habitat. The prevalence of thermally diverse lakes more than doubles, providing refuge for coldwater taxa. Ecozone-specific differences in the distribution of thermally diverse and thermally uniform lakes require different management strategies for adapting fish resource use to climate change.

Surimi Production from Tropical Mackerel: A Simple Washing Strategy for Better Utilization of Dark-Fleshed Fish Resources

Mackerel (Auxis thazard), a tropical dark-fleshed fish, is currently a viable resource for the manufacture of surimi, but the optimal washing procedure for more efficient use of this particular species is required right away. Washing is the most critical stage in surimi production to ensure optimal gelation with odorless and colorless surimi. The goal of this study was to set a simple washing medium to the test for making mackerel surimi. Washing was performed three times with different media. T1 was washed with three cycles of cold carbonated water (CW). T2, T3, and T4 were washed once with cold CW containing 0.3%, 0.6%, or 0.9% NaCl, followed by two cycles of cold water. T5, T6, and T7 were produced for three cycles with CW containing 0.3%, 0.6%, or 0.9% NaCl. For comparison, unwashed mince (U) and conventional surimi washed three times in cold tap water (C) were employed. The maximum yield (62.27%) was obtained by washing with T1. When varying quantities of NaCl were mixed into the first washing medium (T2–T4), the yield decreased with increasing NaCl content (27.24–54.77%). When washing with NaCl for three cycles (T5–T7), the yield was greatly decreased (16.69–35.23%). Conventional surimi washing (C) produced a yield of roughly 40%, which was comparable to T3. Based on the results, treatments that produced lower yields than C were eliminated in order to maximize the use of fish resources and for commercial reasons. The maximum NaCl content in CW can be set at 0.6% only during the first washing cycle (T3). Because of the onset of optimal unfolding as reported by specific biochemical characteristics such as Ca2+-ATPase activity (0.2 μmol inorganic phosphate/mg protein/min), reactive sulfhydryl group (3.61 mol/108 g protein), and hydrophobicity (64.02 µg of bromophenol blue bound), T3 washing resulted in surimi with the greatest gel strength (965 g.mm) and water holding capacity (~65%), with fine network structure visualized by scanning electron microscope. It also efficiently removed lipid (~80% reduction), myoglobin (~65% reduction), non-heme iron (~94% reduction), and trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide (~52% reduction) contents, which improves whiteness (~45% improvement), reduces lipid oxidation (TBARS value < 0.5 mg malondialdehyde equivalent/kg), and decreases the intensity of the gel’s fishy odor (~30% reduction). As a result, washing mackerel surimi (A. thazard) with CW containing 0.6% (w/v) NaCl in the first cycle, followed by two cycles of cold water washing (T3), can be a simple method for increasing gel-forming capability and oxidative stability. The mackerel surimi produced using this washing approach has a higher quality than that produced with regular washing. This straightforward method will enable the sustainable use of dark-fleshed fish for the production of surimi.

Use of Fish Resources and Prospects for Aquaculture Conservation in Water Bodies of West Kazakhstan Regions

The ability to meet the needs of the population in fish and fish products and its food security is one of the most acute problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to study the current state of fisheries in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to propose the development of fisheries in the West Kazakhstan region. Methods for studying of a condition of a fishery of Republic Kazakhstan statistical methods of the data analysis have been used, and exclusively the catch of fish and other water animals, and also dependence of physical volume of fish farming production on total quantity of the made production. In research topical questions of production capacity of fishing and fish-canning enterprises, by kinds and volumes of output production, economic indicators, and also on the enterprises which are carrying out purchase and realization of fish production, wholesale and retail trade, problems of marketing researches in the field of manufacture and safety of fish production are considered. Conclusions - proceeding from the received results it has been concluded that it is necessary to create laboratories and fish farming in autonomous objects, that will allow to develop innovative technologies of cultivation, conservation and replenishment of fish resources in water bodies of region, will provide educational base for training of future specialists, will create conditions for conservation and multiplication of fish resources of Kazakhstan, will increase food safety of the country, will solve key problems of fish industry development. Artificial fish farming involves intervention in the development of organisms in order to increase their productivity, such as regular restocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

Improving stable isotope assessments of inter- and intra-species variation in coral reef fish trophic strategies.

Fish have one of the highest occurrences of individual specialization in trophic strategies among Eukaryotes. Yet, few studies characterize this variation during trophic niche analysis, limiting our understanding of aquatic food web dynamics. Stable isotope analysis (SIA) with advanced Bayesian statistics is one way to incorporate this individual trophic variation when quantifying niche size. However, studies using SIA to investigate trophodynamics have mostly focused on species‐ or guild‐level (i.e., assumed similar trophic strategy) analyses in settings where source isotopes are well‐resolved. These parameters are uncommon in an ecological context. Here, we use Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R (SIBER) to investigate cross‐guild trophodynamics of 11 reef fish species within an oceanic atoll. We compared two‐ (δ 15N and δ 13C) versus three‐dimensional (δ 15N, δ 13C, and δ 34S) reconstructions of isotopic niche space for interpreting guild‐, species‐, and individual‐level trophic strategies. Reef fish isotope compositions varied significantly among, but also within, guilds. Individuals of the same species did not cluster together based on their isotope values, suggesting within‐species specializations. Furthermore, while two‐dimensional isotopic niches helped differentiate reef fish resource use, niche overlap among species was exceptionally high. The addition of δ 34S and the generation of three‐dimensional isotopic niches were needed to further characterize their isotopic niches and better evaluate potential trophic strategies. These data suggest that δ 34S may reveal fluctuations in resource availability, which are not detectable using only δ 15N and δ 13C. We recommend that researchers include δ 34S in future aquatic food web studies.

The state of use of fish resources in small reservoirs of the Rivne Oblast

Poaching and unregulated amateur fishing have led to impoverishment and, in some places, complete extermination of populations of industrially valuable fish species in Rivne Oblast, so the activities of special commercial fisheries ensure the preservation of fish resources. The purpose of the study is to analyse the state of the water fund of the Rivne Oblast, the use of fish resources of these reservoirs, in particular, the results of the activities of special commercial fisheries, industrial and amateur fishing, and aquatic bioresources. According to the State Agency of land reclamation and fisheries in Rivne Oblast, over the past twenty years, there has been a tendency to reduce the volume of fish caught and introduced into natural and artificial reservoirs. Since 2010, due to low profitability, the activities of fishing organisations have been completely stopped, although previously commercial fishing of aquatic living resources took place on large water bodies, in particular in Rivers (Horyn, Ikva, Styr), lakes (Nobel, Putylivske), reservoirs (Mlynivske, Khrinnytske). Nowadays, the main method of fishing, in addition to the activities of special commercial fisheries, is unorganised amateur fishing. Specialised public organisations of amateur fishermen unite from 8 to 15 thousand amateur fishermen and sportsmen, carry out organised amateur fishing, are engaged in the introduction of fish resources into the water bodies of the region (carp, herbivorous fish, common pike, and silver crucian carp). Carp and crucian carp make up the largest share of fishermen’s catches; pike, common perch, silver carp, roach and rudd are less common. The state of fishery management in special commercial fisheries of the Rivne Oblast has not changed over the past 10 years. As of 2021, there were only 11 of them left in the region, working on lease terms; and several private enterprises where commercial fish is grown in full-system and non-system farms. The volume of young fish entering almost all farms has tripled compared to 2015, while the volume of fish caught has slightly increased. Analysis of the state of use of fish resources in small reservoirs is necessary for further rational extraction and restoration of fish resources in small reservoirs of the Rivne Oblast

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN ALAT TANGKAP DI KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH

F ishermen in Central Bangka Regency still use traditional fishing gear and simple technology. These types of fishing gear need to choose the best fishing gear as a form of optimizing the use of fish resources to find out the right fishing gear development strategy in Central Bangka Regency. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with four criteria of biological, technical, economic and social aspects, these results indicate that a sustainable fishing technology unit can be developed on priority one, namely fishing gear with a value of VA = 13.26, on the second priority, namely hand line with a value of VA = 12.87 and on the third priority, namely the bagan tancap with a value of VA = 11.56 and the first priority of the fishing gear development strategy is more directed to the strategy of developing facilities and infrastructure (WO) with a value of 0.309 followed by the second priority, namely the development of fishing gear (SO) with a value of 0.265 and the third priority is optimizing fishermen's cooperatives (ST) with a value of 0.247.

Characteristics of purse seine fisheries in the Sulawesi Sea (case study in Tumumpa fishing port)

The purse seine is the dominant fishing gear operating at the Tumumpa Fishing Port with a vessel of >90%. The purse seines that have developed are large pelagic targets, with the main catch targets being skipjack, mackerel tuna, and tuna. Tuna, mackerel tuna and skipjack are important commodities for fisheries in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics of purse seine fishing gear and its catch in the Sulawesi Sea. Data collection was carried out for two years from 2019-2020 at Tumumpa Fishery Port. Indications for the use of fish resources are calculated by comparing the length-at-first-capture (Lc) with the length-at-first-mature (Lm). The results showed that purse seines are very dominant in exploiting large pelagic resources (skipjack, mackerel tuna and tuna) with the proportion reaching 78%, small pelagic (21% scads and 1% other fish). The large pelagic fishing season using the purse seine vessel occurs in May – November, with 2 peak seasons in July and September. While the small pelagic occurs in May – September, with the peak occurring in July. The size when the frigate tuna was first caught was at a fork length of 25.15 cm (Lc) and Lm in a size of 28.52 cm for females and 28.29 cm for males. Meanwhile, the first scads was caught (Lc) at a length of 21.4 cm with the length-at-first-mature (Lm) being 20 cm for the female and 19 cm for the male. Based on this analysis, it was shown that the purse seines is a selective fishing gear for small pelagic fish but not selective for large pelagic fish.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Jalur Penangkapan Dan Penempetan Alat Penangkapan Ikan (Studi Kasus Pada Nelayan Di Pelabuhan Karangantu Kota Serang, Banten)

R e gulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia Number 71 / Permen-Kp / 2016, aims to realize the utilization of fish resources that are responsible, optimal and sustainable and to reduce conflicts over the use of fish resources based on the principles of management of fish resources. In implementing the regulation, it creates dynamics in fishing communities. The focus of this study examines the evaluation of the fishing lane policy and the placement of fishing gear on Fishermen in the Serang Port of Serang, Banten. The theoretical study in this study uses the William N. Dunn (1990) Policy Evaluation approach. The research method is a qualitative approach with a descriptive analytic research design. The results showed that the characteristics of the fishing track in the Karangantu Archipelago Fisheries Port, most fishermen had small scales. Government policy does not provide levies for fishermen who lean in the Port of Karangantu PPN. Government policies related to fishing gear have been issued Ministerial Regulation No. KKP. 71 of 2006, as a reference to bring order to fishermen in conducting operations in the Banten Bay Area and even throughout Indonesia. The policy is not implemented optimally because fishermen who operate in the port of Karangantu are mostly small-scale fishermen, while those who are regulated should pay attention to the characteristics of the type of boat and the size of the boat. The fishing area is carried out in a 4-mill marine area, and using fishing gear. The use of Cantrang or Arat Mini fishing gear similar to Trawling Tiger is actually not permitted and even there are no permits for fishermen who violate the rules of fishing gear, but these conditions are still used by fishermen. For enforcement, government support related to operational budgets is needed to support operations at sea.

Использование коренными малочисленными народами рыбных ресурсов Ненецкого автономного округа

Fishery is a traditional activity of the Nenets living in the Arctic. It complements the main type of economic activity of the Nenets — reindeer herding. The aim of the research is to summarize research data and analyze the dynamics of the use of fish resources by the Nenets in the Area territory. The Nenets often carry out fishing for free, without obtaining permits. The Nenets catch from 0,3 to 1,0 tons of fish per family annually. They use fish for their own nutrition and feeding of dogs. Fish and fish products are an important element of the traditional diet of the indigenous peoples of the North. Fishery in fishing areas by the Nenets is not in demand. State bodies provide fish resources to the Nenets for use. Only an insignificant part of the Nenets apply to obtain fish for use. In contrast, most of the family communities apply for fish resources for use. Every year the Nenets receive 108.09 tons of fish resources for use. One family uses 1,877 tons of fish. The estimated value of fish resources used by the Nenets is about 3 300 tons of fish annually.

TAXONOMIC AND ECO-FAUNISTIC FEATURES OF THE NOWADAYS FISH FAUNA OF THE GULF OF ODESA, THE DNIESTER MOUTH FOREFRONT NEAR-SHORES AND COASTAL WATERS OF THE SNAKE (ZMIINYI) ISLAND

Introduction (relevance). The sea ecosystem investigations and investigations of its individual components, in particular, coastal ichthyocenoses, remain relevant. It’s very important for the development and implementation of measures for the conservation and rational use of fish resources of the entire Black Sea.The aim of this work is ichthyofauna investigations of the coastal areas in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. Main results. The inventory of the fish fauna species composition in the Gulf of Odessa, the Dniester mouth forefront near-shores and Snake Island coastal waters (North-Western Black Sea) is provided. In the results of the long-term ichthyological studies we registered: 80 fish species (from 63 genera, 37 families, 27 orders) in the Gulf of Odessa, 64 species (from 56 genera, 35 families, 27 orders) in the Dniester mouth forefront near-shores, and 76 species (from 63 genera, 40 families, 27 orders) in Snake Island coastal waters. The structures of fish assemblages are present in the comparative aspect. The long-term changes of the fish fauna species composition are discussed. Also we discussed the changes in the fish habitat conditions in the North-Western Black Sea, causes of the new species appearances in the study area, the effects of the invasive species on the native fauna.Suggestions (Conclusions). In total 98 species (from 79 genera, 42 families, 28 orders) of marine, brackish-water, anadromous and freshwater fish were identified. The number of fish species may increase in the case of the penetration and dispersal of new invading species, or transit of the freshwater fish into the coastal sea areas. The value of similarity of the ichthyofauna of the Odessa Bay and the Dniester mouth forefront at the species level is 80.6 %, of the Dniester coastal area and the coastal waters of the Snake Island – 77.1 %, of the Odessa Bay and coastal waters of Snake Island – 76.9 %. Key words: fish fauna; Gulf of Odessa; Dniester River mouth; Snake (Zmiinyi) Island.

Post-Brexit: Untangling the fishing mesh

Fisheries is one of the key issues in the negotiations for an agreement between the UK and the EU on their future relationship. At the end of the transition period, the UK will have full sovereignty over its waters but the EU is demanding the continuation of the existing pattern of fishing as far as possible. This article untangles the different elements of the issue. It demonstrates the international legal requirements for the regulation of fishing that will have to be met by the UK. To meet its obligations with regard to access to and use of fish resources under international law, a close cooperation with the EU and other neighbouring countries will be necessary. As the EU negotiation position links a free trade agreement with an agreement on fisheries while the UK is seeking discrete trade and fisheries agreements, the position at the end of 2020 is very uncertain. The problems regarding the trade in fish and fishery products, customs duties and sanitary product standards will be examined. EU provisions on environmental standards and marine protected areas will in principle no longer be applicable in the UK, but marine environmental protection is an obligation of international law so the protection of the marine environment and ecosystems in UK waters post-Brexit will be considered. We conclude by considering whether Brexit will deliver anticipated benefits.

Рыбопродукционный потенциал озер Республики Карелии на современном этапе

The state, use of fish resources of the main fishing reservoirs of the Republic of Karelia and the features of their operation are summarized and analyzed. The studies included the identification of possible causes of changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ichthyofauna of the region, an analysis of the degree of use of the raw material base and the development of measures to optimize fishing. By the example of the largest inland water bodies (lakes and reservoir lakes) of Karelia was revealed that a characteristic feature of fishing in the region is its focus 
 on the removal of the most valuable (protected) fish species during the underutilization of stocks of other species. As a result, the fishing potential, estimated at 4.3-5.1 thousand tons, is realized only by 20-25%, while the catch of economically and genetically valuable species (salmon, whitefish) is practically not recorded by statistics and the fishing industry is not used enough. According 
 to the research results, the fish productivity of the region’s inland water bodies is presented, which must be taken into account when determining the nature of fishing. The obtained specific biologi-cal, biostatistical and fishing materials for the leading reservoirs of the Republic of Karelia allow us to consider ways of further development of fishing

Socio-cultural values as a dimension of fisheries governance: The cases of Baltic salmon and herring

The socio-cultural values associated with fish and fisheries affect the utilization and management of fish resources. However, these values often remain implicit in fisheries governance. This paper suggests addressing values explicitly to enhance the legitimacy of governance. We analyzed the values related to Baltic salmon and herring in Finland and Estonia, based on stakeholder interviews. By identifying similarities and differences between the values associated with two species in two countries, this paper demonstrates the multivalued nature of fish and fisheries. Based on our analysis, we recommend explicit and systematic inclusion of values in the early stages of governance processes to ensure morally reasoned management and use of fish resources.

Post-productivist transformation as a challenge for small-scale fisheries: Changing preconditions and adaptation strategies in the Finnish Archipelago Sea Region

This article focuses on changes in the use of fish resources and its interrelationships with societal and natural transformations in the Baltic Sea setting within the last 100 years. The study area, the Finnish Archipelago Sea Region, consists of unique coastal landscape with shallow water areas between thousands of islands and islets. Fishing income was traditionally combined with shipping and small-scale agriculture, but today fishing families’ income combinations are more diverse. The fishing livelihood in the archipelago is typically seasonal operation and targets several fish species with e.g. gill nets.Extraction of fish resources has been of utmost economic and cultural importance in the Archipelago Sea Region: fisheries contributed to habitation of outer parts of the region at the turn of the 20th century. In mid 20th century fishing started to lose its profitability and many islands became desolated. Decline in the fishing employment was due, for instance, to technical development, urbanization and industrialization of the society. In the 1970s a new innovation, fish farming in net cages, compensated for the decline of capture fisheries. At the same time the production landscape of fishing peasants began its change towards one of leisure and nature conservation. This post-productivist transformation contained not only an increase in the competition of space, but also a remarkable change in people’s perceptions and values about the use and governance of fish resources. This analysis is based on a wide collection of published articles, books and documents, together with unpublished interview material illuminating the most recent transformations.

СОСТОЯНИЕ КОРМОВОЙ БАЗЫ БЕНТОСОЯДНЫХ РЫБ В ДЕЛЬТЕ РЕКИ УРАЛ И СЕВЕРНОМ КАСПИИ

The paper presents the results of the research held in spring-autumn, 2014. In the course of the research there were used complex field observations. There was determined qualitative composition of zoobenthos of the lower reaches and the delta of the Ural (13 taxons) and the North part of the Caspian Sea (33 taxons, main groups: crustaceans, molluscas and worms), quantity and biomass of main species and groups of zoobenthos. In the lower reaches of the Ural Oligochaeta worms made the largest group, Chironomidae larvae made a smoller group. In August average biomass of zoobenthos in the delta of the Ural made 16.66 g/m2. In the North part of the Caspian Sea maximum domination index belonged to Oligochaeta - 12.5; Hypanis vitrea vitrea had 7.1; Chironomidae larvae - 6.4. Corophiidae were numerous , with domination index 6.3; Balanus improvisus had 6.2; Hediste diversicolor - 4.7. Domination index of other bottom organisms didn’t exceed 3.8. Average biomass of bottom organizms in the North Part of the Caspian Sea made: in June - July 20.48 g/m2, in September 9.212 g/m2. Stern zoobenthos took (without taking into account large molluscas and barnacles) 8.14 and 3.8 g/m2, respectively. The data obtained can be used for determining methods of saving and stable use of fish resources in the Ural-Caspian Sea basin.

Effects of food supply and stream physical characteristics on habitat use of a stream‐dwelling fish

AbstractIdentifying the environmental factors that affect freshwater fish can be crucial for their conservation and management. Despite the widespread investigation of relationships between fish habitat use and environmental variables, there is a paucity of knowledge on how abiotic and biotic factors jointly influence stream fish habitat use. Three New Zealand South Island streams were selected to investigate the habitat preference of a stream‐dwelling galaxiid, banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus). Fish abundance in several permanent pools was determined by spotlighting at night once a month from June 2008 to May 2009. Drifting invertebrates and key physical features of each pool were measured at the time of fish sampling. An information‐theoretic approach (AIC) indicated that the most parsimonious candidate model to predict banded kokopu biomass was the one that included pool area, undercut banks, water velocity, overhanging vegetation, invertebrate drift density and an interaction term between invertebrate drift density and water velocity. Banded kokopu biomass was positively related to pool area, undercut banks, overhanging vegetation and invertebrate drift density. Our study suggests that fish resource use patterns need to be understood in the context of multiple interacting ecological factors, including prey abundance.

PENEGAKAN HUKUM YANG BERORIENTASI PADA KEBERLANJUTAN SUMBER DAYA IKAN

Area of Indonesia consists of 80% water, which contains abundance of potential fish resources, Those fish resources should be utilized for as much as prosperity and welfare for Indonesian. In fact, fish resources haven’t enhanced the living standard, which is sustainable and equitable. Issues on fisheries come up such as exaggeration of fishing, theft fish, illegal fishing activities and the use of fish resources that exceeding the generation of fish itself. That circumstance will cause harm for the state, the fishermen, as well as people in general. The use of tools that harm the nature will cause the decrease of fish resources and threat the sustainability of fish resources. The aim of writing this article is to analyze law enforcement related to the sustainability of fish resources and the sustainability of fish resources, viewed from the perspective of justice. As the result of the study, law enforcement to protect the fish resources generally has not given attention to the sustainability of fish resources, therefore fishermen still use unfriendly tools to catch the fishes. Those unfriendly tools will cause the occurrence of over-fishing and will impact to the environmental damages. Those kinds of things will destruct the fishes, therefore the quantity of fish will have deteriorated and even could be extinct. Those environmental damages would suffer the present generation as well as the next generation since they couldn’t consume fish which is very essential for the growth of the human body and eradicate the job for the people as the fishermen. The present generation will be sinful if the next generation will get the impact of what the present generation done. In order to reduce more over-fishing activities and the distrust of the fish habitat it needs the law enforcement, which is oriented to the sustainability of fish resources. The sustainability of fishery resources couldn’t maintain its existence, this could be seen as the symbol of environmental damages. In this case, the law also needs to make integration of fish resources sustainability to be processed so that it will result output law enforcement which is oriented to fish resources sustainability. As a conclusion, in law enforcement oriented to fish resources sustainability, it needs to be thought by the lawmaker to embed that the law should contain idea or concept about justice, legal certainty, the significance of fish resources and the implementation of the law itself. In the fish resources utilization and law enforcements, it needs to pay attention to the justice principle; intergenerational equity; intergenerational equity; precautionary; conservation of biological diversity; conservation of biological diversity.

Fish assemblages across a vegetation gradient in a restoring tidal freshwater wetland: diets and potential for resource competition

Marsh habitats have been the focus of recent worldwide restoration efforts due to their degradation and destruction as a result of human development. We assessed fish resource use at a naturally restoring marsh (Liberty Island, California, USA) by comparing diet composition, stomach fullness, normalized stomach weight, and diet overlap across a vegetation gradient. Fish were collected using gill nets and fyke nets at six sites during spring 2010, summer 2011 and winter 2012. We analyzed 392 stomachs from the eleven most abundant species collected. Prey composition and biomass varied seasonally for all fish species, but there were no notable differences across sites or seasons for stomach fullness or normalized stomach weight for most fish species. Results from non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and two-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) indicated minimal diet overlap between species (R = 0.633, p = 0.001) and seasons (R = 0.413, p = 0.001). Seasonal habitat and resource use across the vegetation gradient was species-specific. Small but significant spatial diet differences were detected for inland silverside, striped bass and bigscale logperch. Delta smelt exhibited seasonal diet differences by shifting from chironomids and zooplankton during spring, to amphipods and zooplankton during winter. More generally, fish maintained stomach fullness across all sites and seasons while maintaining minimal dietary overlap. Our study emphasizes the importance of tidal marshes as feeding habitat for several fish species, including the endangered delta smelt.