Use Of Fair Value Research Articles

The market reactions for deferred compliance of IAS 41: an analysis of the agriculture sector in Indonesia

Research aims: This study aims to investigate the market reaction of post-IAS 41 implementation in Indonesia. IAS 41 Agriculture requires companies to measure biological assets at fair value, which will increase asset values and profit in the first year of its implementation. The increase in the asset values can have a favorable impact on companies’ share prices as fair value was not applied in Indonesia prior to the adoption of IAS 41. In addition, this study analyzes the disclosure compliance of IAS 41 in the interim reports during the implementation year.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study used non-parametric statistics, precisely the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and content analysis of financial statement disclosure about IAS 41 Agriculture. The sample of the study comprised 27 Indonesian companies with agriculture assets during the first year of the implementation of IAS 41. Research findings: The results of this study suggest no significant difference in market abnormal return after the first annual financial statements post-IAS 41 implementation were released in the first quarter of 2018. The results also indicate that at least 50% of the 27 sample companies did not use fair value for their biological assets in their first quarter of interim report during the implementation year. The use of fair value was only observed in the last quarter of 2018, as most companies made an effort to apply fair value. The late implementation of fair value in IAS 41 may explain the insignificance of the market's abnormal return reaction in the first quarter of the adoption year when the financial reports were released.Practitioner/Policy implication: The adoption of the new standard requires companies to comply with it right in the first quarter of the implementation year. The capital market regulator should impose stricter requirements for listed companies to apply the new standard starting with the first quarter of financial reports.Research limitation/Implication: The limitations of this study concern the observation period used for calculating abnormal returns, which did not conclude a ‘pure’ market reaction, and the sample of this research was limited to three industries: agriculture, basic chemicals, and consumer goods.

Application of fair value for non-financial assets valuation by higher education institutions: Status and prospects

Subject. This article examines the state-of-the-art and prospects for the use of fair value for the valuation of non-financial assets in higher education institutions. Objectives. The article aims to consider the areas of concern associated with the use of fair value for the valuation of non-financial assets in higher education institutions, in particular, for fixed assets, analyze the methods for determining fair value, and compare the main provisions for establishing fair value in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards and the Federal Accounting Standards for Fixed Assets for the Public Sector. Methods. For the study, I used comparison, systematization and generalization. Results. The article systematizes the main theoretical approaches to the study of issues related to the valuation of non-financial assets in accordance with the International Public Sector Financial Reporting Standards and Federal Accounting Standards. Relevance. The above basic provisions for the use of fair value for the measurement of non-financial assets by higher education institutions can be used for theoretical study of the issue, as well as in practical activities in State (municipal) budgetary and autonomous institutions.

Fair value accounting and the cost of corporate bonds: the role of auditor expertise

Purpose This study aims to examine the association between fair value accounting and the cost of corporate bonds, proxied by bond yield spread. In addition, this study explores the moderating role of auditor industry expertise at both the national and the city levels. Design/methodology/approach This study first examines the effect of the use of fair value on yield spread by estimating firm-level regression model, where fair value is the testing variable and yield spread is the dependent variable. To test the differential impact of the three levels of fair value inputs, this paper divides the fair value measures based on the three-level hierarchy, Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, and replace them as the test variables in the regression model. Findings This study finds that the application of fair value accounting is generally associated with a higher bond yield spread, primarily driven by Level 3 estimates. The results also show that national-level auditor industry expertise is associated with lower bond yield spreads for Level 1 and Level 3 fair value inputs, whereas the impact of city-level auditor industry expertise on bondholders is mainly on Level 3 fair value inputs. Research limitations/implications The paper innovates by exploring the impact of fair value accounting in a setting that extends beyond financial institutions, the traditional area of focus. Moreover, most prior research considers private debt, whereas this study examines public bonds, for which investors are more likely to rely on financial reporting for their information about a firm. Finally, the study differentiates between city- and national-level industry expertise in examining the role of auditors. Practical implications This research has several practical implications. First, firms seeking to raise debt capital should consider involving auditors, with either industry expertise or fair value expertise, due to the roles that auditors play in safeguarding the reliability of fair value measures, particularly for Level 3 measurements. Second, from standard-setting and regulatory perspectives, the study’s findings that fair value accounting is associated with higher bond yield spread cast further doubt on the net benefits of applying a full fair value accounting regime. Third, PCAOB may consider enhancing guidance to auditors on Level 2 fair value inputs, to further enhance audit quality. Finally, creditors can be more cautious in interpretating accounting information based on fair value while viewing the employment of auditor experts as a positive signal. Originality/value First, the paper extends research on the role of accounting information in public debt contracting. Second, this study adds to the auditing literature about the impact of industry expertise. Finally, and more generally, this study adds to the ongoing controversy on the application of fair value accounting.

A Consistent Implementation of IFRS 13 and IAS 36 for Non-current Assets

There is much debate for both the academic community and accounting professionals with respect to the use of fair value and cost accounting, as well as the application of impairment to current and non-current assets. Fair value and impairment are two related concepts, the reason being that in order to proceed with the latter, the current market price of an asset should first be measured. IAS 36 came into force to stipulate that no asset should be valued above its current actual value. Assets’ revaluation affects not only the companies’ outcome but also the applied depreciation method, which must be adjusted accordingly to the new data. Assets that cannot be measured to their fair value, in accordance with the IAS instructions, are grouped to form identifiable units within the company that was able to generate cash inflows and be tested for impairment as a whole. In this article, we focused on presenting a methodology from a technical approach on these issues, whilst at the same time remaining compatible with the principles of both accounting and finance. Real-life data from existing companies have been used not only for the valuation of the same following their transformation into cash-generated units, but also for non-current assets by controlling both the impairment and the depreciation process. We use cash flow generation models through the business plan process and apply certainty and uncertainty techniques such as sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. After having reviewed the estimations and bearing in mind the structure of the model, we have concluded that specific parameters are affecting the fair value measurement on non-current assets. The value of this article is to develop a methodology that can be easily applied to different companies and is compatible with the spirit and provisions of both the international accounting standards as well as those of financial accounting.
 Keywords: FVA, cost accounting, finance, impairment, OR

Empirical Research of Fair Value Measurement in Chinese Financial Enterprises—Analysis Based on Commercial Banks and Securities Corporations 2007-2012

The use of fair value in China is closely linked with that of the United States, which calls for attention from the Chinese accounting academies. A series of hypothesis were tested and the relationship between the fair value information and the financial enterprises' value was examined. Results revealed that there is a correlation between changes in fair value and the share price of financial companies but not very significant. Furthermore, differences exist in the value relevance of fair value across financial companies (securities corporations and banks) during the sample period.

ОБЕСЦЕНЕНИЕ АКТИВОВ

The subject of the study is the specifics of the asset impairment procedure. The methodological basis of the research is analysis, synthesis, deduction, scientific abstraction and generalization of the results obtained. The analysis of the Conceptual foundations of international standards, international standards themselves, domestic federal standards and special literature on the subject of the study is carried out. The features of the regulatory regulation of the asset impairment procedure are highlighted. The conclusion is made about the terminological disorder in the names of valuations of depreciated assets. The lack of consistency in the formation of information about the impairment of assets in accounting and in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization is justified. The author concludes that there is a single nature of the procedures for depreciation and amortization of fixed assets and intangible assets. The interpretation of impairment as the amount of depreciation determined from the calculation of the changed conditions of use of the object is justified. The differences in the reflection of depreciation and impairment in the accounting system are highlighted. The article defines the differences between the depreciation and markdown of objects as a result of the revaluation. The author presents the differences in the use of fair value in impairment and revaluation. The article concludes that there is a synthesis of static and dynamic balance theory with simultaneous use of depreciation, revaluation and depreciation. The study showed that the joint use of revaluation, depreciation and amortization procedures does not allow calculating the financial result from ordinary activities. It is concluded that the mixing of the results of revaluation and impairment worsens the clarity of the reporting information. The study showed the need to search for a new synthesis of depreciation, depreciation and revaluation within the framework of accounting practice.

Problems of application of fair value in financial accounting

New FSBU (FSBU 25/2018, FSBU 5/2019, FSBU 6/2020, FSBU 26/2020 and FSBU 14/2022) for Russian commercial organizations (including healthcare organizations) introduce the use of fair value in domestic accounting cost. This assessment will have to be applied in a number of situations to account for leases, fixed assets, inventories, capital investments, intangible assets. At the same time, there is no standard in the system of Russian accounting standards that deals with the assessment of fair value. In this regard, the accounting standards mentioned above refer the user to the direct use of international standards containing regulations on the application of fair value. With the exception of FSBU 25/2018 “Lease Accounting”, which refers to IFRS 16 “Leases” and other international financial reporting standards, the rest of the new FSBU indicate the need to apply in Russian accounting to determine the fair value -sti of the international standard IFRS (IFRS) 13 “Fair Value Measurement”. This determines the relevance of studying the problems of using fair value in Russian accounting and using IFRS 13 regulations to determine its value. The results of the study complement the study of the problems of using fair value to evaluate accounting objects. The research methods were comparison, analysis, synthesis, grouping method, systemic and logical approaches. As a result of the research, the areas of application of fair value for accounting for lease transactions, inventory valuation, capital investments, fixed assets and intangible assets are systematized, scientific points of view on the assessment of objects at fair value are summarized. The results of the study reveal positive and problematic aspects of the application of IFRS 13 regulations and contain proposals for solving problematic issues of determining the fair value in Russian financial accounting.

RELEVANCE OF FAIR VALUE IN BIOLOGICAL ASSETS: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON MARKET PERCEPTION VERSUS THE ACADEMIC PERCEPTION

Criticisms have been made from both the academic and business environments about the importance and usage of fair value (FV), especially for assets related to agricultural products without an active trading market. For analyzing what is the relevance of the FV method to biological assets for users, an experiment was made with 217 market professionals attending the Executive MBA course and 155 undergraduate students in accounting, from the perspective of the Counterfactual Thinking Theory. The following stimuli were considered if: (i) the result (losses or gains) arising from the evaluation at FV, (ii) the type of biological asset (with or without liquidity), and (iii) the managerial decision (held the asset to the maturity date or make it available for sale) interfere in the judgment of the relevance of FV in biological assets. The findings indicate that the use of FV is relevant for the measurement of biological assets in opposition to the historical cost. Type of asset (eucalyptus as without an active market) and managerial decision (make it available for sale) led to different perceptions for academicians that considered more relevant the use of FV. For market professionals, results also indicate the type of asset (eucalyptus) affected their FV judgment as an appropriate metric for value asset. Our findings also can be concluded that the perception of the relevance of the FV method is greater to evaluate biological assets (bovines and forests) than the reliability in the process and the outcomes.

Naknadno merenje stalne imovine - uticaj izbora koncepta fer vrednosti na ukupan sveobuhvatni rezultat listiranih kompanija u Republici Srbiji

In response to investor demands, with the introduction of the fair value (FV) concept, other comprehensive income (OCI) has become a significant indicator of changes in the current values of certain financial statement items in successive periods. Although it deviates from the traditional concept of historical cost (HC) and its prudence principle, on which reliability rests, the use of fair value contributes to the relevance of the presented information. The total comprehensive income (TCI), as a summary of realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in the income statement, i.e. OCI, represents a valuable base of relevant information for investors and other users of financial statements. The paper focuses on a sample of listed entities on the Regulated Capital Market of Serbia for the period 2016-2020 and finds that the FV concept is predominantly used for the subsequent measurement of property, plant and equipment (PP&E). In addition, we analyze the impact of changes in the fair value of certain non-current assets' items (i.e.: PP&E, intangible assets and long-term investments) on TCI. Our research shows that some OCI items have a divergent impact on TCI, and, thus, different information power, which can increase uncertainty, i.e. make it harder for analysts to predict net income.

The Reflection of the Adoption of IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” on the Procedures for Auditing Insurance Contracts in the Iraqi Environment

IFRS 17 aims to provide a unified basis for accounting for all types of insurance contracts, including reinsurance contracts, in a manner that benefits both investors and insurance companies and enhances the ability of the financial statements of insurance companies for comparison between companies listed in financial markets around the world. According to this standard, insurance contracts are accounted for on the basis of the Asset-Liability Approach and the use of fair values that the standard requires updating regularly in order to provide more useful information to the users of financial statements, as a result of the failure of reporting requirements for insurance contracts in the Iraqi environment to provide adequate and honestly representative information about the result of the activity and the financial position as a result of the failure of the requirements of the unified accounting system for banks and insurance companies with regard to providing appropriate bases for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts compared to IFRS 17. Consequently, the insurance contracts audit program prepared by the Federal Board of supreme audit is insufficient and lacks the necessary procedures, also, this program includes audit procedures for insurance companies only and does not include companies that deal in contracts of an insurance nature, as well as the absence of an integrated program or guide approved by private auditing companies and offices in the Iraqi environment for the purpose of auditing these contracts, which requires a statement of the importance of adopting the International Financial Reporting Standard IFRS 17 and its reflection on the audit procedures that auditors must adopt when auditing insurance contracts. The two researchers relied on the opinions of a sample of academics and professionals specialized in this field by preparing a questionnaire that focused on the importance of adopting IFRS 17 and the reflection of adoption on the procedures for auditing these contracts in the Iraqi environment. The most prominent finding of the research is the need to adopt IFRS 17 because it provides clear and specific guidelines that help provide more useful information to users of financial statements in companies that deal in insurance contracts, as well as the impact of adopting this standard on the insurance contract audit procedures approved by the Federal Board of supreme audit and private auditing companies and offices in the Iraqi environment

A comparative analysis of the use of fair value and alternative valuation methods in IFRS

Subject. This article analyzes the various types of value used in IFRS to assess assets and liabilities. Objectives. The article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the types of value used in IFRS when assessing assets and liabilities, and identify the features of the use of fair value as a type of value, considering the use of certain levels of fair value and restrictions on their use. Methods. For the study, we used the systems analysis, comparative study method, information structuring, data grouping, deduction, and other methods of scientific research. Results. The article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each of the valuation methods described in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting – IFRS. It systematizes the standards that use certain types of value, and analyzes the features of the use of fair value. The article also identifies factors that affect the ability to measure a higher level of fair value. Conclusions. Fair value is one of the most used valuation methods in international accounting practices. However, the use of fair value in estimating the value of reporting items is limited due to the complexity and high cost of its qualitative valuation. This makes companies use alternative valuation methods.

Fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations: scope and features of formation

The Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 5/2019 “Inventories” provides for a fairly broad application of fair value measurement of the inventories of non-budgetary sphere organizations (including healthcare organizations). An even more active use of fair value is suggested by FAS 6/2020 for the measurement of property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. The specified value is entered into the domestic accounting of the listed assets for the first time and is unusual for many Russian accountants. All this indicates the relevance of a detailed study of issues related to the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment of the aforementioned organizations. In this article, the scope and features of the formation of this measurement are investigated. Other issues related to this measurement will be analyzed by us in the next article. The research methods were analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systemic approach. As a result of the research carried out, the article defines the scope of the fair value measurement of inventories and property, plant and equipment in the Russian accounting of organizations that are not budgetary sphere organizations, analyzes the features of the formation of such a measurement of these assets, identifies the most important problematic issues in this area and identifies ways to solve them.

Perbandingan Perlakuan Akuntansi Aset Biologis Berdasarkan PSAK 16 dan PSAK 69 Pada Perusahaan Agrikultur

This study aims to provide an overview of the differences in the accounting treatment of biological assets before and after the implementation of PSAK 69, namely based on PSAK 16 and PSAK 69. This study analyzed the implementation of PSAK 69 in agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2018. The data analysis technique used in this study is an interactive model analysis technique namely to know the difference in accounting treatment for biological assets based on PSAK 16 and PSAK 69 in 15 agricultural companies. The are three aspects in compared; first on the recognition aspect, based on PSAK 16, agricultural companies recognize plantation crops as assets and do not recognize agricultural products as biological assets. Meanwhile, PSAK 69 measures the biological assets of agricultural companies using fair value less costs to sell and biological assets are not depreciated. Based on PSAK 16, agricultural companies disclose matters related to depreciation.Meanwhile, based on PSAK 69, agricultural companies disclose descriptions of biological asset groups and the value of gain/ losses arising from the use of fair value. Based on the results of the analysis 3 of 15 agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2018 has implemented PSAK 69 as much as 100%, the rest apply PSAK 69 as much as 50% to 94%.

Fair Value as a Measurement Basis: The Case of Agriculture in Portugal

The entities that operate in the agricultural activity, during the management must make decisions, which depend a lot on the information that is available in the opportune moment. Timely information and reliable accounting records are essential in this process. For the measurement of biological assets at fair value, there must be an active market. The fair value is based on the current location and condition of the asset and will therefore result from its price in the relevant market. There may, however, be advantages and disadvantages in the use of fair value in the measurement of a biological asset, a topic that will develop in this article.

Analysis of differences in measurement of fair value and historical value of biological assets on income smoothing (Study on agricultural companies in Southeast Asia and Australia)

Biological assets are assets of living things in the form of animals and plants. There have been various debates regarding the measurement of biological assets. The debate is related to the use of fair value and historical value in measuring biological assets. Historical value is considered less relevant because it does not reflect present value, while fair value is not considered as expected because it causes fluctuations in earnings and retains manipulation. This study aims to analyze the effect of fair value and historical value measurements on biological assets on income smoothing and the tendency of earnings manipulation in companies that use fair value. The results of different tests show that there is not enough evidence to state that companies that use fair value tend to have higher income smoothing than companies that use historical value. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that investors should not only focus on company profits but also use other considerations such as future economic conditions, management performance, and government regulations.

MEASUREMENT PALM OIL AS BIOLOGICAL ASSETS USING PSAK 69 THAT ADOPT IAS 41

IAI has just implemented PSAK 69 which is the adoption of IAS 41. Indonesia has a large oil palm plantation, which requires an assessment of reliable biological assets. The use of fair value in accordance with PSAK 69 wants to be seen to be implemented or not. The researcher used a literature study to see how IAS 41 was adopted by PSAK 69 in various countries. Of the 9 journals analyzed only one said that fair value can be relied on compared to historical value. Fair Value is very difficult to use because there are several constraint factors. Therefore, the assessment of FFB which is an agricultural product from oil palm has a variety of acquisition values in accordance with the location of the plantation area.

Fair value accounting implementation challenges in South Africa

PurposeThe objective of this research is to explore the challenges being encountered when applying and implementing fair value accounting requirements, focusing specifically on the determination of fair value per International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 13: Fair value measurement (IFRS 13) in the South African capital market.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from 20 detailed interviews, primarily with preparers and interpretively analysed to identify how individuals internalise the requirements of IFRS 13 and the challenges associated with its application. The researchers focus specifically on South Africa because of its status as a developing economy and, at the same time, its extensive experience in applying IFRS.FindingsSouth African preparers appear reluctant to change from a conventional cost-based measurement approach to one grounded in fair value. Primary concerns include the perceived usefulness of fair value accounting and its conceptual appropriateness, given its perceived de-emphasis of the traditional stewardship role of financial reporting. Related challenges to the application of IFRS 13 include concerns about the cost of determining fair value; the inherent subjectivity of fair value measures and the practical difficulty of calculating fair values when markets are not efficient or where business environments are complex and dynamic where Level 1 inputs are not widely available for all assets and liabilities. These challenges encourage preparers to choose accounting policies, which minimise the use of fair value or apply the provisions of IFRS 13 legalistically.Research limitations/implicationsData are collected from a group of respondents from a single developing economy. Additional research on the application of IFRS 13 in other developing markets will be required to conclude on the relevance of economic, cultural and social factors for the understanding and implementation of new accounting standards by practitioners.Practical implicationsStandard setters and regulators cannot assume that new accounting standards will be interpreted and applied as intended. Even when compliance with IFRS is mandatory, preparers have considerable discretion when it comes to operationalising accounting prescriptions. Unless the challenges raised by preparers are addressed, misapplication of IFRS is likely to continue.Originality/valueThe research makes an important empirical and practical contribution by providing primary evidence on the operationalisation of IFRS 13 in a novel setting. It complements earlier research which has focused primarily on the conceptual/theoretical dimension and on American and European perspectives.

An analysis of the extent and use of fair value by JSE Top 40 companies

Fair value’s advantages, disadvantages and ideology have been debated thoroughly by academics and practitioners for decades. The few implementation papers which do exist are primarily concerned with developed economies. This gap is despite the prior literature acknowledging the likely difficulties of fair value use by less developed markets and economies. This paper contributes to addressing this gap by providing an analysis of the extent and use of fair value by Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) Top 40 companies for the period 2013–2017. This paper finds limited use of fair value by JSE Top 40 companies. On average, only 184 assets and liabilities make use of fair value each year and this has not changed significantly over time. Most fair value use is by the financial services industry (41%) and for financial instruments (80%). Critically, only 28% of all financial elements made use of Level 1 inputs, and only 15% were classified overall as Level 1 inputs. The findings suggest Level 1 inputs are not widely available for financial elements and are rarely available for non-financial assets. When fair values are used for non-financial assets, this is mainly for investment property, commodity-inventories and impairment tests. Because of the reliance on Level 2 and 3 inputs, the results suggest fair value is a costly measurement basis to implement in South Africa and frequently requires management judgement. The consequence is that many fair values are susceptible to bias and manipulation.

Analysis of Differences in Measurement of Fair Value and Historical Value of Biological Assets on Income Smoothing (Study on Agricultural Companies in Southeast Asia And Australia)

Biological assets are assets of living things in the form of animals and plants. There have been various debates regarding the measurement of biological assets. The debate is related to the use of fair value and historical value in measuring biological assets. Historical value is considered less relevant because it does not reflect present value, while fair value is not considered as expected because it causes fluctuations in earnings and retains manipulation. This study aims to analyze the effect of fair value and historical value measurements on biological assets on income smoothing and the tendency of earnings manipulation in companies that use fair value. The results of different tests show that there is not enough evidence to state that companies that use fair value tend to have higher income smoothing than companies that use historical value. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that investors should not only focus on company profits but also use other considerations such as future economic conditions, management performance, and government regulations.

An Analytical Study for the Relationship between Fair Value Accounting and Earning Management

The use of Fair Value in financial reporting has developed a debate about the impact of fair value accounting on Earning Quality. FVA is a market-based measurement. Nevertheless, Fair Value is considered unreliable and often it is subject to managerial discretion, especially when markets are illiquid or inactive. Fair value is based on subjectivity in estimation that allows management opportunities for the exercise of judgments and intentional bias as a result the quality of financial reporting decrease and negatively affects stakeholders’ decisions. Management discretion can result in a higher earning quality and in a reduced amount of earning quality.