Use Of Expletives Research Articles

Team and Coach Gender: The Effect of the Expletive Halftime Speech

Although expletive use is considered taboo in most societies, expletives are commonly used in sports. However, the impact of expletives on coaching effectiveness has not received significant attention because of the unique nature of sports in which fierce competition is condoned and even encouraged.Inthe current study, the researchers aim to examine whether expletives alter the effectiveness of speeches given by coaches across genders. Collecting data from a total of 133 respondents, ANOVA demonstrated that expletive word use during halftime speeches by coaches did not play a role in diminishing the coaching effectiveness, regardless of the coach's gender and the players' gender. Additionally, male and female participants perceived expletive speech differently, and student-athletes rated the speeches as significantly more effective than the nonstudent-athletes. This study suggests practical implications for female coaches, who may consider stepping out of traditional expected roles (e.g., supportive and caring) and adopting language in coaching traditionally reserved for male coaches, given that their choice of language will not negatively impact their coaching effectiveness. However, further examination is needed for the robustness of our findings as the current study does not necessarily demonstrate an increase in effectiveness or a positive shift in perceptions from the use of expletives.

Gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors influence how wildland firefighters communicate their work experiences

As climates change, natural resource professionals are often working on the frontlines of intensifying environmental disasters, acting in both scientific and emergency response roles. One subset of this group, wildland firefighters often engage in multifaceted careers that incorporate elements of resource planning, conservation management, community disaster relief, and operational management. Despite these STEM roles and nearly half (48%) of them having earned at least a bachelor's degree, usually in a STEM field, wildland firefighters are almost exclusively lumped with emergency responders in the scientific literature. We surveyed 708 wildland firefighters with 9 open response questions as part of a larger survey asking about experiences and attitudes in the United States federal workplace. From their responses and voluntarily provided demographic data, we extracted information about response length, use of hedges, tag questions and imperatives, use of personal language, use of expletives and derogatory language, use of apologetic language, and the types of responses provided. We then analyzed whether certain demographic and socioeconomic factors were statistical predictors of language use in wildland firefighter survey responses with the goal of ultimately providing a framework for differentiating and identifying factors that may influence employee retention, attitudes, morale, and experiences among wildland firefighter sub-demographics. We found that different demographic groups varied in their responses to questions: Minority groups used fewer words and were more likely to relate personal experiences than majority groups.

The profanity gap in contemporary Spanish society

Abstract This paper examines sex differences in the use of expletives in spontaneous informal conversations among the contestants in the Spanish version of Big Brother. The results of the analysis of a corpus of 33,050 words empirically support some of the previous findings of self-reported use obtained from questionnaires and interviews. However, some unexpected findings were also noted – two of the women employ profanity more commonly than two out of the five male participants and one female swears particularly often in mixed-sex conversations. According to the results of the study, the ‘profanity gap’ in Spanish society may be narrowing, but it has not completely disappeared.

‘STFU and start listening to how scared we are’: Resisting misogyny on Twitter via #NotAllMen

This article focuses on the strategies that were used to resist misogyny on the microblogging platform Twitter during March 2021, a time when the hashtag #NotAllMen was trending. We take a critical feminist approach, combining corpus linguistics with a qualitative analysis of #NotAllMen users’ discursive strategies. This particular iteration of #NotAllMen followed the disappearance and subsequent rape and murder of Sarah Everard, a 33 year old white woman who was abducted from a street in London, UK, whilst walking home. Following a keyword analysis (Scott 1997) to survey a dataset of 18,701 tweets containing the hashtag #NotAllMen, we identify salient themes in a sub-set of keyword concordances, and produce a detailed qualitative analysis of the strategies deployed in ten randomly sampled tweets. Despite #NotAllMen initally being used as a statement of protest against supposedly unfair accusations levelled at ‘all’ men, our analysis illustrates the use of resistant and empowering strategies which challenge the misogyny of this message, re-framing the hashtag and thus acting as a form of resistance to its original message: that not all men enagage in gender-based violence. We argue that this points to the strategic use of social media to challenge harmful rhetoric, whereby users exploit the affordances of hashtags. Twitter users engaged in strategies including resistance, opposition, and polarity to the hashtag, evidenced through the linguistic use of expletives, insults, and direct address, most often emerging through metadiscussion of the #NotAllMen hashtag itself; this works as a form of collective counter-protest through hashtag reframing. The hashtag reframing operates as a tool to show how those using the hashtag to focus on the defence of men, rather than critiquing the sociocultural dominance of misogynistic behaviour, ignored the fear experienced by all women and girls of being victims of gender-based violence, rape and murder.

Disreputable Spaniards Versus Middle‐Class Limeños: The Coloniality of Speech in Lima, Peru

At the height of the Spanish economic crisis that began in 2008, tens of thousands of Spanish migrants and Peruvian return migrants moved to Peru following openings in an unprecedentedly promising Peruvian job market. Tensions ensued; colonial history came to be more actively discussed by locals as the number of Spanish businesses increased. This article shows that extant notions of “local” and “foreign” emerge from sets of complex characterological figures defined by sign‐clusters that index “Peruvianness” and “Spaniardness,” developed to uphold middle‐class speech practices as quintessentially Peruvian. Three features are explored: excessive volume, the presence of the phoneme /θ/ in speech, and the perceived excessive use of expletives. Enregistering these features as “foreign,” middle class, nonmigrant Limeños sought to match their actualized upward mobility within the space of the city to the world stage, but in doing so, they ironically repurposed colonial forms of respectability to criticize the behaviors of Spanish migrants and return migrants who they found to be tainted by Spaniardness. This case demonstrates that while the specific colonial aspirational horizon (i.e., directly copying the metropole) may be gone, its ethos remains moored to nationalized ideologies of propriety, respectability, and class distinction.

Brand vulgarity

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the use of expletives and derogatory terminology in the naming structure for companies, products and brands; a marketing strategy which is growing across a wide range of industries. The author defines this concept as brand vulgarity and explores the practice, as it situates in the midst of irony, as terms commonly held as taboo and societally indecent, are moving into the mainstream.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws on the established literature in branding, profanity and ironic marketing to create a conceptual framework through which to understand brand vulgarity.FindingsBrand vulgarity is intended to capture attention. However, several factors influence consumer receptivity and acceptance. These factors include perceived offensiveness exposure and the reclaiming and reappropriation of vulgar terms. Brand vulgarity not only challenges traditional approaches to nomenclature in branding but the building of brand image as well.Social implicationsThe marketplace has become a brand war demarcated by fierce competition each entity vying for attention. The use of vulgar terminology and the growing ease of consumer receptivity calls to question changes in sociocultural sensitivity and its influence on social acceptance of brand vulgarity.Originality/valueThis work breaks new ground as the first to introduce the concept of brand vulgarity and examine the practice across multiple industries.

The sound of Passion and Indifference

Extending affective speech communication research in the context of authentic, spontaneous utterances, the present study investigates two signals of affect defined by extreme levels of physiological arousal—Passion and Indifference. Exemplars were mined from podcasts conducted in informal, unstructured contexts to examine communication at extreme levels of perceived hyper- and hypo-arousal. Utterances from twenty native speakers of Canadian/American English were submitted for perceptual validation for judgments of affective meaning (Passion, Indifference, or Neutrality) and level of arousal (“Not At All” to “Very Much”). Arousal ratings, acoustic patterns, and linguistic cues (affect/emotion words and expletives) were analyzed. In comparison to neutral utterances, Passion was communicated with the highest maximum pitch and pitch range, and highest maximum and mean amplitude, while Indifference was communicated via decreases in these measures in comparison to neutral affect. Interestingly, Passion and Neutrality were expressed with comparable absolute ranges of amplitude, while the minimum amplitudes of both Passion and Indifference were greater than those of Neutral expressions. Linguistically, Indifference was marked by significantly greater use of explicit expressions of affect (e.g. I don't care…), suggesting a linguistic encoding preference in this context. Passion was expressed with greater use of expletives; yet, their presence was not necessary to facilitate perception of a speaker's level of arousal. These findings shed new light upon the paralinguistic and linguistic features of spontaneous expressions at the extremes of the arousal continuum, highlighting key distinctions between Indifference and Neutrality with implications for vocal communication research in healthy and clinical populations.

Linguistic Defamiliarization in The Text of Ahmad Tohari’s Novel Trilogy

This research is entitled Linguistic Defamiliarization in the text of Ahmad Tohari’s Trilogy. One of problems discussed is the form of linguistic defamiliarization in the text of Ahmad Tohari’s novels united in a trilogy. The purpose of this study is to describe the form of linguistic defamiliarization in the text. Theoretically, this research contributes (1) to adding a new insight about the writing Ahmad Tohari’s rhetorical style and (2) to the preparation or writing of the history of Indonesian literary theory. Meanwhile, among the practical benefits that can be obtained is the appreciation of interesting language and literature learning. This research is a qualitative descriptive study employing an analytical approach and hermeneutic technique. It was carried out in such a way because it was difficult to avoid using an eclectic method to analyze a novel. The use of integrated the methods was expected to get maximum results. The data in this study were linguistic data in the form of sentence fragments contained in the text of the novels in the trilogy, namely Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk, Lintang Kemukus Dini Hari, and Jentera Bianglala. The data were in the form of chunks of the characters’ speech and the author’s narration in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences and discourse that allegedly contained forms of defamiliarization. The data collection technique employed in this study was the documentary technique and first level of semiotic reading technique. The data collection technique used in this study can be described as follows, (1) reading the text of the trilogy employing the first level of semiotic reading technique, i.e. the heuristic reading. This reading technique was based on a linguistic convention; (2) keeping records of data coded according to the characteristics on the data cards; (3) classifying the data according to the types of problems, namely the forms defamiliarization at word, phrase, clause, sentence, and discourse levels. On the data analysis stage, a second level of reading technique was applied, that is the hermeneutic technique, to provide the overall meanings of the text. The results of this study show that the form of text defamiliarization in Ahmad Tohari’s trilogy are in all linguistic levels, i.e. word, phrase, clause, sentence and discourse ones. At the word level, the defamiliarization is in the form of connotative meaning utilization, exploiting the Javanese words, the use of foreign terms, the use of expletives, and the utilization of compositum. Meanwhile, at the phrase level it shows the use of endocentric attributive phrases, endocentric connective phrases, verbal phrases, noun phrases, and prepositional phrases. An the clause level it shows the use of verbal clauses, adjectival clauses, and nominal clauses. The sentences found in the text are in the form of simple sentences and compound/complex sentences with varied structural patterns, both compound and complex sentences.

A Study on the Audio Comparison Expletive Filtering System using TTS

Objectives: The use of expletives on online is increasing more and more. As online is used by various age groups, preventing the use of expletives is required. The purpose of this study is to use TTS and wave audio files to increase the accuracy of the existing language filtering. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In the Default setting, the text of the expletive BASE data that becomes the filtering standard is stored on the DB using TTS that reads the text into audio and the visualization program that produces the audio file into a wave file. When the text is inputted by the user, the device reads the text through the TTS Program, and the speech is visualized to be produced into a wave file. The inputted text is searched in the base data. The produced wave file and the wave file of the base data are compared, and when the match rate is 80% or higher, it is inserted into the DB. Findings: The proposed system is for increasing the accuracy of the language filtering of the expletives which are used in the online chat of online games. There were various studies on the expletives, but for the filtering on swear words, the swear filter is mostly used. However, there are limits in detecting swear words that are modified. Therefore, it is expected that this system will enable the improvement of detecting modified swear words to lead to healthy use of language through online. Improvements/Applications: It is considered that further studies are required to improve the expletive search engine to strengthen the restriction of expletive use, and to collect accurate and various expressions of expletive data to enable real-time, automated language filtering.

Rating Offensive Words in Three Television Program Contexts

Renewed attention to the use of expletives on television has been spurred by several recent high-profile on-air incidents. This study investigates which words television viewers find most offensive in varying contexts: broadcast TV, cable, and premium channels. Results show significant differences in perceived offensiveness of words depending on the context in which words are heard. Male and female respondents, liberals and conservatives, and religious and nonreligious respondents also differ in their perceptions of the offensiveness of words spoken in prime time.

Swearing at work and permissive leadership culture

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the use of expletives and swearing in the workplace. It proposes to challenge leadership style and to suggest ideas for management best practice.Design/methodology/approachCase studies and qualitative analysis were applied, methods that fit well for this sensitive topic.FindingsThis paper identifies the relevance, and even the importance, of using non‐conventional and sometimes uncivil language in the workplace.Research limitations/implicationsSample size and representativeness present limitations.Practical implicationsThere is a need for leaders to apply, under certain circumstances, a permissive leadership culture. This paper advises leaders on how it may lead to positive consequences.Originality/valueThe paper is an original contribution to an area where research is scarce. A certain originality element stems from the fact that, focusing on swearing language, the paper found it necessary to use swear words (avoiding usage of the explicit form); bearing in mind the purpose of the paper, the paper hopes that this will not cause offence to the readership of the journal.

Expletives: Men only?

In this paper it is suggested that there might be a relationship between social power and expletive usage. After a general discussion of the linguistic correlates of social power, and of expletives and their functions, the question of whether there is any relationship between the sex of the speaker and the use of expletives is addressed. A review of literature on the topic reveals a decidedly and rocentric bias in the use of these terms (which are seen to enjoy a covert prestige value in many communities), despite a noticeable lack of any reliable supportive data. The second half of the paper reports on an investigation carried out on 160 adolescents in which an attempt was made to measure the respective effects of the following variables on the use of expletives: sex, age, and type of school. Stereotyped expectations of coy, non‐swearing females are not upheld (although sex differences are significant), and a measure of support is found in favor of the hypothesis that there might be a relationship betwee...

An investigation into the use of expletives by males and females in Grahamstown

OPSOMMING Dat daar verskille mag voorkom in die spraakgewoontes van mans en vrouens is nie 'n nuwe begrip nie. Taal stereotipering bly voortduur in ons kultuur, selfs sonder voldoende bewys van die geldigheid daarvan. Slang en taboe-uitdrukkings word al lank as behorende tot die manlike terrein beskou. Vrouens wat suke uitdrukkings besig, word as voorbarig, onwaardig, onwelvoeglik en onopgevoed beskou. By wyse van 'n vraelys is 'n opname onderneem onder Engelssprekende inwoners van Grahamstad ten einde die gewoontes en houdinge t.o.v. die gebruik van kragwoorde te ondersoek. Numeriese waardes is n.a.v. die gebruiksfrekwensie en sko-kwaarde van die uitdrukking daaraan toegeken. Die hoofvraag waaroor duidelikheid gesoek is, was of die gestereotipeerde beeld dat vrouens die gebruik van kragwoorde vermy, juis was. Daarbenewens is ook gepoog om vas te stel of ouderdom, huwelikstaat, opvoedingspeil, omgewing en of daar in die respondente se ouerhuis kragwoorde gebesig is, enige moontlike uitwerking op die tellinge gehad het. Na volledige ontleding van die uitslae word voorlopig voorgestel dat daar tog 'n mate van waarheid steek in die mening dat vrouens se gewoontes t.o.v. kragwoode anders is as die van mans, hoewel dit onjuis sou wees om ferm te kon stateer dat alle vrouens kragwoorde vermy. Dit wil voorkom of daar 'n duidelike neiging tot linguistiese bevryding onder die jonger en meer opgevoede vroue-respondente was, wat dui op 'n losmaak van vooroordeel en 'n styging in die gebruik van baie taboe-uitdrukkings.

Structure Dependence in Grammar Formation

Structure Dependence in Grammar Formation

The Teaching of Expletives

The most neglected part of speech in the teaching of German is the expletive. No body of exercises to inculcate the appreciation or proper use of expletives exists, nor indeed any proper approach to their explanation. Students are usually told by their instructors that these words add flavor or color to German and can best be picked up by wide experience in reading or speaking the language, a remarkably lax treatment of the subject as compared with the detailed treatment accorded the noun, adjective, verb, etc. The student as a result has no way of knowing the difference between: Hier herrscht aber auch gar keine Ordnung! and its flat counterpart: Hier herrscht keine Ordnung. He does not distinguish between: Er ist doch nicht krank? and Er ist nicht krankI