Use Of Electronic Data Processing Research Articles

A Study Of The Use Of Financial Ratios In Smaller Business Enterprises

Entrepreneurs should be aware of the currently high rate of failure for small business firms and the consequent need for well-formulated and strategic planning, implementation and evaluation of the smaller business firm. Many of these basic forms of analysis can be derived from financial statement and reporting disclosures for the smaller business firm. These tools for management planning and decision-making are increasingly available with the use of electronic data processing (EDP) systems in the creation of financial data for a business organization.Recognizing the need for systematic use and evaluation of these financial data by small business owners, this study focused upon the use of a set of widely discussed financial ratios by a sample group of small business owners in the Chicago metropolitan area.

Role of Financial Information in Emerging Capital Markets

This paper adopts a conventional premise that financial information such as contained in audited financial statements and interim financial statements play a significant role in capital markets. However, for utility in capital markets, the paper further suggests that forward looking in addition to historical information seem to be more appropriate, not only in developed countries but also in emerging capital markets of less developed countries like Tanzania. A deliberate emphasis needs to be placed on provision of variance data to enable securities brokers, investment advisors and investors make a "discriminate" analysis between good and bad performance companies. In a world of advance information technology (IT), use of electronic data processing naturally provides a competitive niche in the instantaneous business decision making process in stock markets. African Journal of Finance and Management Vol.7(2) 1999: 154-168

Veränderungen der Katalogisierungstätigkeit durch regionale Verbundsysteme

The co-operative cataloguing of the titles in stock of regional libraries is a matter of priority to certify the local, regional and national supply with literature. For example in 1992 the Hamburger Bibliotheksverbund (HBV) extended into Nord-deutscher Bibliotheksverbund (NBV). With this development an integrated system of highly efficient interstate libraries was formed. The efficiency of this combined system is dependent on the inevitable co-operation of the associated libraries. There are enormous changes for the single scientific library affiliated to the Norddeutscher Bibliotheksverbund concerning the contents and the process of the cataloguing work, especially if the use of the associated regional systems is connected to the newly installed use of electronic data processing and if parallel to this and at the same time there is a new regulation for cataloguing being introduced. The work of the cataloguer is more and more concentrated on the computer screen, so that solutions have to be found for an ergonomic design of the work station compensating this unbalanced strain. The introduction of mixed work stations for example may extend the cataloguer's former field of activity.

Trends in Engineering Organizational Computer Use

Between 1978 and 1985, use of electronic data processing in the management of engineering organizations increased from 72% to 83%. During that time, significant changes took place in the locations of computer operations, sources of software, and types of computers used for management applications.

Analysis of hospital infection surveillance data.

How often infection rates should be calculated and how large a change is required for "significance" are pertinent questions in nosocomial infection surveillance programs. A method is presented which establishes outbreak threshold infection frequencies. Comparison is direct and immediate: computation of rates or use of electronic data processing is not required. We have validated this method, using computer systems, by comparing the distributions of mean weekly incidence and prevalence statistics for each ward by nosocomial infection site in an acute care general hospital against both our theoretical outbreak threshold limits and the distribution of proven infection outbreaks. Sensitive and specific distinction between random variation or sporadic cross-infection and true persisting outbreaks requiring intervention is obtained. This approach provides a simple and timely alternative to intuitive after-the-fact interpretation of infection patterns which is applicable to infection surveillance and cost-effective infection control in hospitals of all sizes.

The management of identification registers by statistical offices

The growing use of electronic data processing in the maintenance of administrative registers opens up an important road to statistical data collection provided that the registered units are included in the registers with a unique registration number and are classified in accordance with official nomenclatures. Statistical offices certainly have an important role to play in the definitions of units to be registered and of the nomenclatures and codes to be used. But under which conditions should statistical offices undertake to manage interadministrative identification registers? This seems to be the case if the statistical office adds significant' statistical' value to the definition and classification of the units concerned. Most typical illustrations of this situation can be found in the identification registers of enterprises and establishments. It should be noted that the keeping of interadministrative registers creates a heavy work load, as it is embedded in a legal and regulatory context which stipulates the meeting of fixed deadlines, reliability and confidentiality criteria, as well as the adaptation to specific management needs of privileged users. INSEE of France has assembled relevant experience in this regard. INSEE keeps an identification register of enterprises and establishments (SIRENE), a register of individuals (RIP), and uses a localization register (RIVOLI) kept by the fiscal administration.

Some research opportunities in hospital pharmacy

Research opportunities in hospital pharmacy, especially in administrative and managerial areas, are discussed. Six areas of hospital pharmacy practice that have potential for research are discussed: personnel, inventory, services, evaluation, management, and research/education. Specific topics mentioned are employee satisfaction, technicians and their impact on hospital pharmacy, purchasing, use of electronic data processing in inventory control, extent of decentralization of pharmaceutical services, pharmacy and therapeutics committees, reimbursement for consultations and pharmacokinetics services, quality assurance, evaluation of pharmacy management, and the cost-benefit ratio of research and education activities.

The index line as a new aid in clinical and forensic toxicology

On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, we investigated the use of electronic data processing for clinical toxicological purposes. Initially, sufficient funds were available for a comprehensive approach to the problem and programs covering the following areas were established: 1. A casuistic data program; 2. an identification program for wild fruits; 3. a program for the identification of tablets by their shapes. Due to a subsequent lack of funds, it was necessary to develop a partial solution: this solution is what we call the Index Line. The Index Line--limited data on poisonings--should enable the user to receive information by telex from the German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information, i.e., information on "who has what, where". As a first step the continuous Index Line registration of all cases of poisoning recorded at the poison control centers in Munich, Freiburg, Hamburg, and Nürnberg as well as at the State Institute for Food, Pharmaceutical and Forensic Chemistry in Berlin was founded in 1975. To participate in the program, complete instructions are necessary.

NOMIS: A Computerized Information and Communications System for a Statewide Medicolegal Investigative System

Abstract The New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator was created by the New Mexico State Legislature in a series of statutes which became effective on 1 July 1973. The comprehensive nature of this legislation and its subsequent statewide implementation created a unique opportunity for the effective use of electronic data processing for augmenting the functions of the office. Accordingly, preliminary planning was begun early in 1975 with the employment of two part-time programmers and the placement of equipment orders. Preliminary system development and programming was accomplished before the delivery of the equipment in June, 1976.

Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Elektronischer Datenverarbeitung bei der Erforschung der Geschichte des Mittelalters

Research supported by computers in the field of medieval history, although developed in several areas, still produces controversial discussions. An attempt is made here to determine the possibilities and limits of the use of electronic data processing, with a critical eye of the various areas of application. The operation of electric calculators, which require a restriction to specific categories of questions, doubtless leads to new and different utilization of historical materials and data. From the point of view of how these materials are used, projects that have been developed to date can be divided into three categories of analysis: historical texts, personal history data, and economic-historical data.

Informations‐ und Datenverarbeitung im Apparate‐ und Anlagenbau

AbstractProcessing of information and data in construction of equipment and plant. Computers are playing an everincreasing role in plant construction. Partly integrated programming solutions have meanwhile become available for many sectors of the engineering and commercial sides of plant design. The design and construction of larger plants, which because of the necessity to save on energy and raw material consumption and to conform with ecologically unobjectionable standards are becoming more and more complex, is virtually impossible without the aid of computers. And this development trend is still continuing. At present efforts are mainly directed at the use of computers in the preparation of engineering drawings and to the assembly of partly integrated processing steps of larger integrated complexes. Projects of this nature are often beyond the capabilities of individual firms and demand cooperative development. Apart from a few exceptions, electronic data processing has not been exploited in plant construction beyond the commercial side. Even NC machines are frequently not employed in plant construction, mainly because of the custom‐built nature of the components. Essential rationalization even in this area poses the question of the extent to which a wider use of electronic data processing might be helpful.

Computers, Local Governments, and the Litany to EDP

The demands and problems facing local governments in metropolitan areas have increased so dramatically since 1960 that the notion of an is commonplace. In most urban and suburban jurisdictions, the scope and cost of goods and services provided by local governments have risen enormously while there has been no corresponding increase in fiscal capacity. And the greater complexity and interdependence of problems has vastly increased the decision makers' cognitive costs in gathering information, searching for solutions, and implementing and monitoring policies. Under these crisis conditions, the longing for some deus ex machina is strong. To this point, the prime candidate for this role is the computer and the use of electronic data processing (EDP). City and county governments are currently spending more than $1 billion per year on EDP. With the broad capabilities of third generation hardware and with the development of sophisticated software, the computer's potential for aiding local government seems great. Moreover, the success or at least the promised success of the use of EDP for particular activities in particular city or county governments has been well publicized. A body of largely promotional information has been transmitted by the literature in the computer field and in the fields of local government professionals. As a result, the perceptions and expectations about the benefits of EDP are generally high among local government officials. This article will suggest that a to EDP has developed. The article is meant to stimulate critical thinking and research about the by presenting controversial observations which merit systematic analysis. Only recently has empirical * Given the serious problems facing urban/suburban local governments, the search for a deus ex machina solution has centered upon the extensive use of computers and electronic data processing (EDP). For a variety of information-processing tasks, the contributions of EDP have been substantial. However, there has developed among many local government actors a litany to EDP. This consists of certain canons about the beneficial impacts of computers on local government operations. This article on the basis of case study analysis in 12 cities and counties, identifies major components of the to EDP. These include the beliefs that EDP is staff-reducing and cost-reducing, that EDP provides better information for decision makers, that EDP increases the superordinate's ability to monitor subordinates, and so on. The evidence suggests that the is often misleading and occasionally incorrect. The article presents generalized findings meant to temper the uncritical acceptance of the to EDP.

Establishment of the Judicial Information System (JURIS) in the Federal Republic of Germany

After some first impulses had been received from learned writers, preparatory work for the use of electronic data processing (EDP) in overcoming the difficulties in obtaining information in the legal system was taken up in the Federal Ministry of Justice as early as in 1967.

The Carolina Population Center Family Planning Administrator Training Game

This role-playing game for family planning administrators is a technique for the learning of effective planning and rational allocation of economic resources of population control programs. Through the use of electronic data processing, the game provides valuable experience in the sort of decision making that public health officials seldom encounter before going into the field. The game simulates an environment in which the family planning administrator' must make his allocation decisions and from which he receives feedback in the form of demographic results. The game may be made to react to simulate a particular country if the game leader has access to the relevant data, thus providing preparation for decisions in the field.

The use of computer programs for tissue typing and immunogenetic research.

Experience in the use of electronic data processing for tissue typing and immunogenetic research is presented and some of the important features of typing programs are discussed. The cell typing program is set up for the use of updated serum information. It forms the basis for a summary analysis of the 2 × 2 tables which includes correlation coefficients, phenotype frequencies, gene frequencies, haplotype frequencies, and the linkage disequilibrium parameter (delta). A minimumX2program is described for the test of the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium and for the estimate of gene frequencies. The family analysis lists the sera according to the different backcrosses and according to the specificities, and assigns the paternal chromosomes to the offspring.The sera typing program gives criteria for sera selection: strength of reaction, frequency and false positive and negative reactions in relation to the typed specificity. The detection of new antigens is described in a few theoretical examples.

PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING IN BIOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

SummaryProblems in the use of electronic data processing (EDP) in biological collections are explored. To accomplish this, the uses of EDP, actual and potential, are first set forth. The uses are divided into three groups, depending on the source from which the relevant information is obtained. The problems themselves are then grouped into nine mutually exclusive categories. Each problem is discussed in detail. The concept of a decision context is introduced. Its use in making the overall decision as to whether or not EDP should be used in a particular situation is explained. A questionnaire on the problems of EDP in biological collections was returned by 22 curators. Their comments are incorporated into the appropriate places of the text.

Interpretation of Costs

The use of electronic data processing now permits more alternatives to be analyzed for a given engineering project and has focused attention on the suitability of the various economic analysis techniques used throughout the profession. A critique of methods of economic analysis is presented. The implications of input decisions are examined, including the compatibility of alternative plans, the handling of generated traffic, and the conversion of trips from an alternate mode. A theoretical investigation of the most commonly used methods of analysis is presented. It is shown that the normal benefit-cost ratio method may not produce rational solutions or solutions which are compatible with other methods of analysis. The minimum cost method is shown to be consistent with the incremental cost methods. The adoption of this method is proposed because of its simplicity and its ability to retain indentification of the various component costs.

Statistical maintenance cost control for multiproduct plant

The statistical maintenance cost control system provides a direct method for reporting maintenance costs for multiproduct plant in a form suitable for interpretation by plant management and control within the maintenance department through the use of electronic data processing. This system distributes maintenance cost equitably for each product. It can also indicate precisely how efficiently each supervisor spends every maintenance dollar on labour and material, when compared to standard cost and what he spends it on. Furthermore, it is possible to control or take action during the progress of maintenance work and not after the completion of the job.

Electronic Data Processing of Capture-Recapture and Related Ecological Data

The disadvantages of ecological and wildlife management data processing and analysis by hand and with desk calculators are discussed along with the advantages of electronic data processing. A standard field form is suggested for capture-recapture observations which will facilitate the transfer of data to permanent punched-card storage. A time-cost comparison of manual and electronic processing of these data is presented which shows savings by electronic methods. Suggestions are made for additional use of electronic data processing in ecological studies. Limitations are discussed. Data processing for definitive studies of animals and their environments involves time-consuming, tedious operations of sorting, tabulation, and computation. This paper discusses the advantages of electronic data processing for ecological studies, presents an efficient generalized field record form for capture-recapture studies, and describes the use of a program for simultaneous analysis of capture-recapture data by three methods of population estimation. PROBLEMS OF DATA COLLECTION